The force of contraction (of the heart) can be changed by:

a. beta1 adrenergic rececptors. Increasing cAMP leads to increases in PKA, which increases sarcoplasmic calcium by opening VG Ca+ channels for a longer time, opening SR Ca2+, and increasing the rate of Ca2+ removed by SERCA pumps

b. beta2 adrenergic receptors. Increasing cAMP leads to increases in PKA, which increases sarcoplasmic calcium by opening VG Ca+ channels for a longer time, opening SR Ca2+, and increasing the rate of Ca2+ removed by SERCA pumps

c. muscarinic ACh receptors. Activation of the receptors leads to decreased Ca2+ entry and increased K+ entry in ventricles

d. not by the parasympathetic NS (at least, not the ventricles)

Answers

Answer 1

The correct answer is letter A

Sinoatrial node (SA) or pacemaker or sino-atrial node: special region of the heart, which controls the heart rate. It is located near the junction between the right atrium and the superior vena cava and consists of a cluster of specialized muscle cells. The rhythmic frequency of these muscle fibers is approximately 72 contractions per minute, while the atrial muscle contracts about 60 times per minute and the ventricular muscle, about 20 times per minute. Due to the fact that the sinoatrial node has a faster rhythmic frequency in relation to the other parts of the heart, the impulses originating from it spread to the atria and ventricles, stimulating these areas so quickly, so that the rhythm of the SA node becomes the rhythm of the whole heart; that's why it's called a pacemaker.

Answer 2

Final answer:

Beta adrenergic receptors can change the force of heart contraction through cAMP activation, while muscarinic ACh receptors have opposing effects.

Explanation:

The force of contraction (of the heart) can be changed by:

Activation of beta1 adrenergic receptors leading to increased cAMP, PKA, sarcoplasmic calcium release, and SERCA pump activity.

Activation of beta2 adrenergic receptors which also increase cAMP, PKA, sarcoplasmic calcium release, and SERCA pump activity.

Stimulation of muscarinic ACh receptors leading to decreased Ca2+ entry and increased K+ entry in ventricles.


Related Questions

On her first visit to China, Jane did not know how to pay for the produce she had selected at a market. She watched several Chinese women pay for their selections, and then Jane copied their behavior. In this example, Jane used ________.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is: Modeling.

Explanation:

Modeling in psychology can be understood as a method or technique introduced by psychologist Albert Bandura, that states that individuals can learn behaviors by imitating others.

For example, a teenager learns to kick the football by watching his best friend who is an experienced player do it. The teenager imitates the way his friend kicks the ball. His friend serves as a model for him.

In this particular case, On her first visit to China, Jane did not know how to pay for the produce she had selected at a market. She watched several Chinese women pay for their selections, and then Jane copied their behavior. In this example, Jane used modeling.

Question Options:

A) shaping

B) stimulus discrimination

C) modeling

D) stimulus generalisation.

Answer: Modeling involves the learning of a new skill by copying other people. This method is used in cognitive-behavioral techniques of psychotherapy whereby an individual learns solely by copying.

This concept was introduced by introduced by Albert Bandura in his famous 1961 Bobo doll experiment.

Jane copying/imitating the behavior of of other Chinese women is an example of modeling.

Resiliency in Adolescence What makes some teens more resilient and better able to handle adolescent stress than others? Offer an example of a common teen stressor, and consider Erik Erikson’s ideas about identity development during adolescence, cultural influences, and peer and family relationships. Support your reasoning with information from the text and other course materials.

Answers

Answer:

Erikson's theory of social development explaines how adolescence is a stage were teens are building their identity or self. They are discovering and exploring new ideas an building likes and dislikes. Creativity, new intrests, friends, the possibility to have a role to identify to, or some dream or ideal which helped them stablish goals will help them be more resilent.

Explanation:

Identity vs confussion role is the stage in which adolescents have a crisis of what are day going to be, who are day going to become. A lot of insecurities and problems occure so in this process the more secure, and self rely a person can be, they can outgrow the problems and create solutions.

Art, making friends, having intrests in sports, all this can help them be creative and resilient. Having aspirations for instance can help them.

Imagine that Reva has joined Enviropro, her neighborhood environmental-cleanup group. Enviropros objective is to maintain a clean neighborhood and provide better garbage collection facilities. Reva encourages her friend Marcel to join the group as well. Marcel refuses as he does not want to pay to join this group. He argues that he already gets collective benefits even without having paid an enrollment fee to join the group. In this scenario, Marcel's argument best exemplifies _______.

Answers

The correct answer is the free-rider problem

Explanation: Free-rider Problem, in economics, refers to the case of someone who benefits from resources, goods or services without paying the cost of the benefit.

As in this text, this free-rider problem is very normalized in our capitalist society, some people take advantage of others and this increases social inequalities

Marcel's argument best exemplifies the "free-rider problem," where individuals benefit from a collective good without contributing, potentially undermining the sustainability of community initiatives like EnviroPro.

Marcel's argument best exemplifies the "free-rider problem." The free-rider problem occurs when individuals benefit from a collective good or service without contributing or paying their fair share.

In this case, Marcel enjoys the benefits of a cleaner neighbourhood and improved garbage collection facilities provided by EnviroPro, even though he refuses to pay the enrolment fee to join the group.

The free-rider problem is a classic issue in economics and public goods theory. Collective efforts like environmental clean-ups or public goods, in general, are often underfunded or under-supported because some individuals, like Marcel, choose not to contribute financially.

They rely on others to do the work and fund the initiatives, believing they can still enjoy the benefits without cost.

The presence of free-riders can undermine the sustainability of such community-based organizations because if too many people adopt Marcel's stance, the group may struggle to secure the necessary resources to achieve its objectives effectively.

It highlights the challenge of incentivizing individuals to contribute to the common good when they can reap the benefits without actively participating or paying for it.

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Bella is a 7th-grader with a learning disability. Her IEP includes the following PLAAFP statement for reading:Bella reads at the 4th-grade level at approximately 100 wpm (orally). Her oral reading rate includes many incorrect words. When asked comprehension questions about fictional text, she is able to identify broad concepts such as main characters and events. However, she has difficulty identifying main ideas and supporting details in content area texts (e.g., science, social studies). She struggles with abstract concepts, inferences, deductions, and connecting what she has read to real-world examples.-This is notan example of a high-quality PLAAFP statement. Identify the elements that are missing or incomplete. For those that are incomplete, discuss information that should be included.

Answers

Answer:

The statement from PLAAFP doesn't really describe the impact Bella's condition will have on her inclusion in the curriculum of general education.

The argument discusses the relation between reading and real-word instances, but it does not directly talk about the issues in the program posed to the individual.

However, this claim does not discuss the yearly target nor the additional special education programs necessary to meet the implemented goal.

The description of Bella's count of 100 WPM only introduces its benchmark. This data is limited but may include more detailed and observable details in the PLAAFP statement.

The Individualized Education Program helps in laying out the program regarding support and instructions which are needed for students to thrive in school.

PLAAFP is an acronym which represents the present level of academic achievement and functional performance. It is important as it is the foundation of the individualized education program (IEP) of the students.

In conclusion, since, the PLAAFP statement states that Bella has difficulties with abstract concepts, inferences, and deductions, then the programs that'll help her overcome these challenges should have been added.

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A British study found that police detectives found profiling _____, and the profiles helped catch a perpetrator in _____ of the cases where profiles were developed.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

A British study found that police detectives found profiling helpful, and the profiles helped catch a perpetrator in a very small proportion of the cases where profiles were developed.

Final answer:

Profiling is seen as useful in some cases, with geographic profiling predicting criminal behavior based on location, while racial profiling is criticized for discrimination. Despite such methods, issues like wrongful convictions persist, leading to advancements and debates over the fairness and accuracy of crime-solving techniques.

Explanation:

A British study found that police detectives considered profiling useful, and the profiles helped catch a perpetrator in certain of the cases where profiles were developed. However, the effectiveness and ethics of profiling, especially geographic profiling and racial profiling, are complex subjects. Geographic profiling utilizes spatial patterns in criminal behavior to predict where a criminal may commit further crimes or reside, based on principles like distance decay, acknowledging that most criminals tend to operate within a certain distance from their homes or another locus of activity. Conversely, racial profiling, where law enforcement may single out individuals based on race, is heavily criticized for perpetuating stereotypes and potentially leading to discriminatory practices. Such tactics have led to over-policing in minority communities and debates over fairness and the accuracy of crime-solving techniques continue.

Advancements in forensic science and policy changes in justice systems, like fair lineup practices and double-blind procedures, aim to improve the legal system's effectiveness. Despite this progress, wrongful convictions and challenges in accurately identifying suspects persist. Ultimately, while profiling can be a tool for law enforcement, its implementation and the interpretation of its results require careful consideration to uphold justice and avoid miscarriages of law.

A speaker whose sentences were very similar to those used in a news article would be _____, if he or she did not acknowledge that the phrasing came from the article.

Answers

Answer:

Patchwriting

Explanation:

Patchwriting involves an attempt to paraphrase but using words or sentences very similar to the original article or changing few words in the original article whereas the new article still contain keywords, vocabulary, and syntax of the original article. Often patchwriting is considered a crime of plagiarism because it doesn't acknowledge or reference the source article

Answer: Patchwriting

Explanation: patchwriting is a failed attempt at paraphrasing. By definition, patchwriting is the act of making small changes and substitutions to copied source material, though unintentional, it resembles the original text too closely in structure, style and vocabulary. Patchwriting shows an absence of true critical thinking and understanding of the text before writing. To avoid this, careful handling of sources is essential, including knowledge on paraphrasing.

Choose the most likely scenario for how this rock formed. You can infer the environmental conditions where the rock formed from the characteristics of the clasts. For example, in places where sediments are affected by high-energy waves or wind, clasts will be weathered to a similar size and thus will be well sorted. In places with quiet, calm water, small clasts like mud are most likely to accumulate in thin layers. View Available Hint(s) Choose the most likely scenario for how this rock formed. You can infer the environmental conditions where the rock formed from the characteristics of the clasts. For example, in places where sediments are affected by high-energy waves or wind, clasts will be weathered to a similar size and thus will be well sorted. In places with quiet, calm water, small clasts like mud are most likely to accumulate in thin layers. Sediments blown by wind accumulated in dunes over time and were gradually buried and cemented together. Sediments were pounded by waves along a coast before they were covered by other sediments and cemented together. Sediment from the bottom of a calm lake was laid down gradually and cemented into rock. Rocks eroded from mountains were deposited over a short time in a dry environment, where they were buried by other sediments and cemented into rock.

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

Rocks eroded from mountains were deposited over a short time in a dry environment, where they were buried by other sediments and cemented into rock.

Final answer:

To choose the most likely scenario for rock formation, the rock's maturity should be considered, including texture and composition, which indicate the sediment's transport mechanism and distance traveled. Wind-blown sediments lead to sandstone, while calm lake deposits form fine-grained shale. Coastal wave action and mountain erosion produce well-sorted and coarser clastic rocks, respectively.

Explanation:

To determine the most likely scenario for how the rock formed, we must consider the texture and composition of the rock, known as its maturity, which results from varying amounts of erosion or sedimentary transport. If sediments are blown by wind and accumulate in dunes, they are typically well-sorted and uniform in size due to the consistent energy of the wind, leading to sedimentary rocks such as sandstone. Wave-pounded sediments along a coast will also be well-sorted but may contain a mixture of sizes due to the varying energy of the waves. Sediments in a calm lake environment would consist of very fine clasts like mud, deposited in thin layers and form fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as shale. Lastly, rocks eroded from mountains and deposited in a dry environment may show a range of clast sizes and lack the sortation seen in other environments, resulting in a conglomerate or breccia-type rock.

When considering differences in communication styles among friends, researchers have found that _____ are more likely to discuss objects and events while _____ are more likely to discuss emotions.

Answers

Final answer:

Research indicates that men tend to discuss tangible things like objects and events, while women are more likely to focus on emotions in their dialogues. However, these are general tendencies and can vary culturally and individually too.

Explanation:

When considering differences in communication styles among friends, research has indicated that men are more likely to discuss objects and events while women are more likely to discuss emotions. Ethnographic research suggests that these patterns of speech can vary culturally.

American linguistic subculture, as outlined in Deborah Tannen's research, shows that men often communicate to assert their place in social hierarchy, focusing on factual information, whereas women tend to seek social connection and emotional rapport. However, it's important to note that studies have identified these trends only as tendencies and not as definitive rules. Also, these behaviors can be learned and are not purely biologically determined.

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A researcher is testing out a new personality assessment to determine a participant’s personality type. She shows that scores from her new measure are unrelated to measures of mood and cognitive ability. She has demonstrated that her new assessment has _____ validity.

Answers

Answer:

Discriminant validity

Explanation:

Discriminant validity is shown through evidence that a measure is not inordinately related to other similar, yet different construct. It is also known as divergent validity.

Discriminant validity helps to determine how similar a test is to another thus proving Validity.

What do you see as the major strengths and flaws in the feedback control system used in the schools in this scenario? What changes do you recommend to overcome the flaws?

Answers

Answer:

The different schools or more over the educational institutes have assemble a proper procedure to keep a track of the activities of there current and future employees by evaluating there over all performance during the specific tenure or duration of time( which may be carried out at the end of each annual year). While the school should have a very feasible system which would encourage and make it even more easy for the students to provide the proper response and suggestion to the related authority  who ever is responsible for initiating in process.While, the teacher should be presented in front of a panel set by the school management so they can also present any document required for defending there status while providing services to the institution.Along, with which the whole system of evaluation for the students and the teachers should be very clear and computerized in order to avoid any mishap faced by any person involved in the process i.e the students and the teacher.

Final answer:

The feedback control system in the school scenario has strengths such as regular testing and school choice, but is flawed due to falling test scores despite increased spending. Recommendations for improvement include targeted teacher training, holistic student assessment, and better management practices and incentives.

Explanation:

The feedback control system in this school scenario presents various strengths and drawbacks. Let's first examine the strengths: By testing students regularly and rewarding schools and teachers that perform well on these tests, the system encourages accountability and strives to measure progress. Additionally, by allowing flexibility like student's choice between public schools and giving students "vouchers" that can be used either in public or private institutions, it seeks to foster competition and individual student growth.

However, these control systems are not without flaws. Despite increased spending per student, test scores have declined, suggesting that the problem may not just be about resources but also about the organizational structure and management of schools, as well as the incentives they have for success.

Recommendations to overcome these flaws could include more targeted teacher training focusing on both pedagogical skills and content knowledge. Also, a more holistic approach to student assessment that goes beyond test scores could be adopted to better understand their competencies and interests. Furthermore, improved management practices and clearer, more effective incentives can help schools better organize themselves for success.

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Consider the following assuming you have decided to do something about the embezzlement: What are the main arguments you are trying to counter.That is, what are the reasons and rationalizations you need to address

Answers

Although we do not know the exact scenario that the question refers to, we can still talk about the actions that we would follow in order to deal with embezzlement.

Embezzlement is a type of crime in which a person misappropriated the assets that were entrusted to him or her within a company. This is a common type of white-collar crime. It leads to the person using the assets that he is allowed to have in ways that are unintended and self-serving. There are several reasons and rationalizations that you need to address in order to deal with this problem. First, you need to be able to convince the person committing the crime that what he is doing is wrong, and falls outside of the duties that were assigned to him or her. You would need to counter arguments such as "this is better for the company" or "this is part of my duties." You also need to be able to show evidence of the fact that his or her behaviour was unlawful and selfish. Finally, you need this evidence to reach people with authority to do something about it.

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