Define bio-molecules and what are the major types or groups you know.
Answer:
Bio molecules can be defined as the molecules that is synthesized or produced by the cells inside living organism.
Explanation:
Biomolecules have a huge range of size and structure. They perform a variety of function depending on their structure and size.
There are mainly 4 major types of biomolecules: Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids and proteins.
Carbohydrates is the most abundant biomolecule on earth and is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It acts a source of energy.Lipids acts a stored energy source and also acts as chemical messenger, also major component of cell membrane. It is made of fatty acid molecules and glycerol.Nucleic acids play a major role in carrying the information from one generation to another and plays a major role in inheritance. Nucleic acid are made of nucleotide.Proteins are the building blocks of the living system and it performs a majority of functions such as it regulates the activity of cell, major component of nails and hair. It is a polymer of amino acids."Bio-molecules are substances that are produced by living organisms. These molecules are essential for life and play a wide variety of roles in cellular processes and functions.
The major types or groups of bio-molecules include:
1. Carbohydrates: These are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a general formula of [tex]\( C_x(H_2O)_y \)[/tex]. They serve as energy sources, structural components, and are involved in cellular communication. Examples include glucose, starch, and cellulose.
2. Lipids: These are a diverse group of molecules that are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen, and are hydrophobic. They include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. Lipids are important for energy storage, as components of cell membranes, and as signaling molecules.
3. Proteins: These are complex molecules made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Proteins perform a vast array of functions, including catalyzing metabolic reactions (enzymes), providing structural support, transporting molecules, and mediating cellular communication.
4. Nucleic Acids: These are polymers of nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, carry genetic information and are involved in protein synthesis.
5. Vitamins: These are organic compounds that are required in small quantities for various metabolic processes. They are not synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins can act as coenzymes, antioxidants, and are involved in processes such as blood clotting and vision.
6. Minerals: Although not organic, minerals are inorganic elements that are crucial for life. They are involved in various physiological processes, including the formation of bones and teeth, maintaining fluid balance, and participating in enzymatic reactions.
These bio-molecules are the building blocks of life and their interactions and functions are the basis for all biological processes."
The mother of an infant child asks the nurse what the right feeding schedule is for an infant. Of the following responses, which would be the best response for the nurse to make? Explain why.
a. Feed the infant every 2 hours.
b. Feed the infant every 3 hours
c. Feed the infant every 4 hours
d. Feed the infant when the infant is hungry.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The child may go through growth spurts at 7-14 days old, between 3-6 weeks old, around 4 months old, and around 6 months old. So feeding them at that consistency will help in their development.
With the exception of identical twins, it is said that no two people are just alike. But is this true? Is it virtually impossible for people other than identical twins to have exactly the same DNA and be identical to each other? WHY or WHY NOT?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
As they can be the family of the same father and mother
What are the correct steps in the transformation of a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock? rock eroded away and deposited in alluvial fan ® rock buried deeply and melted by intrusion rock eroded away and deposited in ocean basin ® volcano erupts through ocean floor and melts rocks rock eroded away and deposited in ocean basin ® rock buried under many layers of sediments rock eroded away and deposited in ocean basin ® rock pulled into subduction zone and melted
Answer:
hey...im not sure about the answer but i think it is the 2nd option which is: rocks buried deeply and melted by intrusion rock erodedaway and deposited in ocea n base
hope it helps
Metamorphic rocks are produced when rocks are affected to high pressures, high temperatures, hot mineral-rich fluids, or, more usually, any accumulation of these possessions. Thus, option B is correct.
What results in sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock?If subjected to sufficient heat and pressure, sedimentary rocks like bituminous coal, limestone, and sandstone can undergo nonfoliated metamorphic rock formation, giving rise to anthracite coal, marble, and quartzite.
These kinds of conditions can be found deep inside the Earth or where tectonic plates collide.
Metamorphism, which occurs when magma interacts with the surrounding rock, is another process that can produce nonfoliated rocks.
Therefore, deep-buried rock that has been melted by incursion rock was lost to erosion and dumped in the ocean basin.
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The 3 vital centers in the CNS are located in:
a. Pons
b. Cerebral cortex
c. Midbrain
d. Medulla oblongata
e. Cerebral peduncles
Answer:
Medulla oblongata
Explanation:
Medulla oblongata is the part of hindbrain and have three vital centers located in it. The vital centers present in medulla are:
1. Cardiac center
2. respiratory center
3. and vasomotor center.
The cardiac center is also known as cardio inhibitory center and is involved in regulation of heart beat. The basic rhythm of breathing is under regulation of respiratory center while diameter of blood vessels is regulated by vasomotor center.
In an electrophoretic study of enzyme variation in a species of pelican, you find 77 A1A1, 45 A1A2, and 18 A2A2 individuals at a particular locus in a sample of 140. What are the allele frequencies for the A1 and A2 alleles? Calculate the genotype frequencies for this locus.
Answer:
Frequencies of allele [tex]A_{1}[/tex] and [tex]A_{2}\\[/tex] are [tex]0.74[/tex] and [tex]0.26[/tex] respectively.
Frequencies of Individuals with genotype [tex]A_{1}A_{1}, [tex]A_{2}A_{2} and [tex]A_{1}A_{2} are [tex]0.55, 0.128, 0.32[/tex] respectively.
Explanation:
As per Hardy Weinberg's equation -
[tex]p^{2} +q^{2} +2pq= 1[/tex] ----------Equation (A)
[tex]p+q= 1[/tex]-----------Equation (B)
Where "p" represents the frequency of "[tex]A_{1}[/tex]
"q" represents the frequency of "[tex]A_{2}[/tex]
[tex]p^{2}[/tex] represents frequency of individual [tex]A_{1}A_{1}[/tex]
[tex]q^{2}[/tex] represents frequency of individual [tex]A_{2}A_{2}[/tex]
[tex]pq[/tex] represents frequency of individual [tex]A_{1}A_{2}[/tex]
Here genotype frequencies are -
[tex]A_{1}A_{1} = 77\\p^{2} = \frac{77}{140} \\= 0.55\\[/tex]
[tex]A_{2}A_{2} = 18\\q^{2} = \frac{18}{140} \\= 0.128\\[/tex]
Substituting this values in equation A, we get
[tex]0.55 + 0.128 + 2pq = 1\\2pq = 1-(0.128+ 0.55)pq = 0.321[/tex]
Frequencies of allele [tex]A_{1}[/tex] and [tex]A_{2}\\[/tex] are -
For [tex]A_{1}[/tex][tex]= \sqrt{p^{2} } \\= \sqrt{0.55} \\= 0.74[/tex]
Substituting this value in equation B, we get
[tex]p+q=1\\0.74 + q = 1\\q = 1-0.74\\q = 0.26[/tex]
Frequencies of allele [tex]A_{1}[/tex] and [tex]A_{2}\\[/tex] are [tex]0.74[/tex] and [tex]0.26[/tex] respectively.
Frequencies of Individuals with genotype [tex]A_{1}A_{1}, A_{2}A_{2}, A_{1}A_{2}[/tex]are [tex]0.55, 0.128, 0.32[/tex] respectively.
The papillae that is not responsible for any taste is called
a. Fungiform
b. Foliate
c. Filiform
d. Circumvallate
e. They are all associated with taste buds
Answer:
c. Filiform
Explanation:
The filiform papillae are pointed and threadlike in appearance. They are present on the surface of the tongue. The filiform papillae have tactile receptors and lack the taste buds. Since the filiform papillae lack taste buds, they do not serve in the reception of any taste. Rather, the function of filiform papillae is to help the tongue to move food in the mouth.
Mendel crossed peas having round seeds and yellow cotyledons (seed leaves) with peas having wrinkled seeds and green cotyledons. All the F1 plants had round seeds with yellow cotyledons. Diagram this cross through the F2 generation, using both the Punnett square and forked-line, or branch diagram, methods.
Answer:
Let:
Y = Yellow R = Round
y = green r = Wrinkled
If you look at the F1 generation, all the plants are round and yellow, so these are the dominant traits and each offspring is heterozygous for both traits. The cross for the F2 generation would then be:
YyRr x YyRr
In a Punnett it would look like the attached picture.
For the forked-line diagram, first you will need to know the gentypes and ratio of each trait in a monohybrid cross. Select one trait, and then branch each gentype to the next trait, linking it with each possible genotype combination of the monohybrid cross.
Attached is a picture of the Forked Branch diagram for this cross.
Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits and observed the inheritance patterns in the F2 generation. The Punnett square and forked-line methods can be used to diagram this cross. The F2 generation showed a ratio of 9/16 round yellow seeds, 3/16 wrinkled yellow seeds, 3/16 round green seeds, and 1/16 wrinkled green seeds.
Explanation:Mendel crossed peas with round seeds and yellow cotyledons (seed leaves) with peas having wrinkled seeds and green cotyledons. In the F1 generation, all the plants had round seeds with yellow cotyledons. To diagram this cross through the F2 generation, we can use both the Punnett square and forked-line methods. Using the Punnett square, we can see that in the F2 generation, there is a 9/16 probability of getting round yellow seeds, 3/16 probability of wrinkled yellow seeds, 3/16 probability of round green seeds, and 1/16 probability of wrinkled green seeds. This demonstrates independent assortment of the two traits.
____ patterns occur all around us in nature.
Hello There!
"Natural" patterns occur all around us in nature.
Difference between embryoblast and trophoblast
Answer:
The region where the embryoblast contacts the trophoblast is called the embryonic pole. ... Just before implantation, the cells in the embryoblast start to differentiate into two layers - the epiblast (primary ectoderm), and an internal layer of cuboidal cells called the hypoblast (or primary endoderm).
Predict what would happen if Griffith had mixed some heat-killed type IIIS (virulent) bacteria and some heat-killed type IIR (non-virulent) bacteria and injected these into a mouse.
A. The mouse would have contracted pneumonia and died because the type IIIS would have been transformed by the type IIR bacteria.
B. The mouse would have contracted pneumonia and died because the type IIR would have been transformed by the type IIIS bacteria.
C. The mouse would have lived because the type IIIS bacteria are not pathogenic.
D. The mouse would have lived because the type IIR bacteria are not pathogenic.
E. The mouse would have lived because only living bacteria can be transformed.
The mouse in the scenario would survive. This result comes from Griffith's experiments showing that transformation, where a strain of bacteria changes by contact with another strain's DNA, requires living bacteria. Since both types of bacteria are heat-killed, they can't cause pneumonia or become transformed.
Explanation:In the scenario proposed, where Griffith mixed some heat-killed type IIIS (virulent) bacteria and some heat-killed type IIR (non-virulent) bacteria and injected these into a mouse, the mouse would have survived. This conclusion comes from Griffith's transformation principle experiments.
This effect occurs because transformation, or the process of one strain of bacteria changing due to being in contact with another strain's DNA, requires living bacteria. Since both types of bacteria, IIIS and IIR, are heat-killed, they are not alive and thus not capable of being transformed or causing pneumonia.
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Select the correct statement about lymphocytes. A) B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood. B) The two main types are T cells and macrophages. C) T cells are the precursors of B cells. D) T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue.
Answer:
A) B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood
Explanation:
There are two types of lymphocytes present in blood. These are namely, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes are activated with help of T lymphocytes. The activated B cells divide and produce a large number of cells that differentiate into the plasma cells. These plasma cells finally produce antibodies against specific antigens.
The correct statement about lymphocytes is that B cells produce plasma cells, which in turn secrete antibodies into the blood. This is a vital part of the immune system's response to pathogens and infections.
Explanation:
In the context of the human immune system and lymphocytes, the correct statement is 'B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.' This statement accurately describes an important function of B cells as a type of lymphocyte. B cells, upon activation, differentiate into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies, which help in fighting off pathogens and infections in the body. This process is a vital part of the immune system's response to foreign substances.
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An influx of sodium into the resting cell would lead to this.
Answer:
The influx of sodium ions causes the depolarization in the resting cells.
Explanation:
Resting cells has the membrane potential of -70 mV. Potassium ions are abundant in the resting cell.
The influx of sodium ions in the resting cells will increase the membrane potential from -70mV to 30mV. The cells will depolarize die to the influx of sodium ions and the cell inside environment will become more positive than outside environment of the cell.
Thus, the cells will depolarize by the influx of sodium ions.
How does the sheep brain compare to the human brain? Identify at least two differences.
Answer:
Sheep Brain:
Sheep brain is smaller in size the human brain. The convolutions or folds are absent in sheep brain. Olfacory bulb is more developed in shhep's brain as compared to human brain. Sheep brain is more elongated in shape.
Human brain:
Human brain is large in size. The convolutions are more numerous in human brain. Human's brain olfactory bulb is less developed as compared with sheep's brain. Human brain is round in shape.
On which bone does Styloid Process occurs?
Answer:
the styloid process is located rt.above or superior to the sternum.
of the chest, between the rib cage.
Explanation:
it is actually located rt. above the sternum.
Why are nerve impulses an important function in both the special senses and the musculoskeletal system?
Answer:
Nerve impulse provide signal to brain that controls the body position and position of muscles for movement in case of musculoskeletal system, and in special senses too information is gathered via senses and transmitted in the form of impulse to the brain.
Explanation:
Special senses include: vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. Sensory receptors are present on these special senses which generates nerve impulse upon external or internal stimulus and this impulse travels to the central nervous system via sensory nerve and is processed to produce further response.
Musculoskeletal system also have sensory receptors in joints and in muscles that produce nerve impulse, which travel to the brain and provide information about body positions and movements.
A cell bearing CD8 on its surface would be most similar to or have the most in common with which of the following cells?
Question 8 options:
follicular dendritic cells
NK cells
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
Answer:
Option). NK cells.
Explanation:
Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) can bed defined as a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts a co-receptor for the receptor present on T cells (TCR). The CD8 is marker for [tex]T_c[/tex] cells (cytotoxic T cells) as it is predominantly present on cell surface of these cells.
Along with cytotoxic cells, CD8 molecule is also expressed in surface of natural killer cells (NK cells), thymocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells.
Hence, a cell having CD8 on its surface (cytotoxic T cell) would be most similar to NK cells.
The correct answer is c. monocytes.
CD8, also known as cluster of differentiation 8, is a protein found on the surface of certain cells of the immune system. Specifically, CD8 is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, which are a type of lymphocyte that plays a crucial role in the immune response. These cells are capable of directly killing infected cells, particularly those infected with viruses or transformed by cancer.
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that circulate in the blood and can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells once they migrate into tissues. Monocytes express CD8 at a lower level compared to the high levels found on cytotoxic T cells, but they are still part of the immune system's response to infection and are involved in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
Let's consider the other options:
a. Follicular dendritic cells: These cells are found in lymphoid follicles and are involved in the humoral immune response by presenting antigens to B cells. They do not express CD8.
b. NK cells (Natural Killer cells): These cells are part of the innate immune system and can kill infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization. While they share some functions with CD8+ T cells, they do not express CD8.
d. Dendritic cells: These are antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. They can express CD8, but not typically at the levels seen on cytotoxic T cells.
e. Macrophages: These are specialized cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms. While they can be derived from monocytes, they do not typically express CD8.
Therefore, monocytes are the cells that would be most similar to or have the most in common with a cell bearing CD8 on its surface, as they can express CD8 and are part of the immune system's response.
For the strategies below, decide whether they are best described as demand-side solutions or supply-side solutions to meeting human needs for fresh water. Remember that a demand-side solution reduces demand for fresh water, whereas a supply-side solution increases the supply of fresh water. (a) damming a river to create a reservoir (b) desalinating seawater (c) a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers (d) raising water prices for consumers and businesses (e) providing tax breaks for companies that use less water (f) replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops (g) requiring low-flow showerheads in all new homes
Answer:
Explanation:
a damming a river increases the supply. Supply side solution. There's more water there.
b desalinating seawater definitely increasing the supply. You create drinking water from what was not there before.
c invading nation for rivers increasing the supply (not by much. The people who are there still need their water).
d Raising water prices reducing the demand
e Tax breaks reducing (and maintaining) the demand
f drip irrigation reducing the demand.
Answer:
Supply-side solutions: desalinating seawater , damming a river to create a reservoir , a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers Demand-side solutions: raising water prices for consumers and businesses , providing tax breaks for companies that use less water , requiring low-flow shower heads in al new homes , replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow cropsExplanation:
As stated in the above question, supply side solutions increase the supply of fresh water. This means that the options that will increase the level of fresh water that will be offered to the consumer will be on the supply side, that is, those options that will provide plenty of choice for the consumer should be on the supply side, so we can say that the solutions are: desalinating seawater, damming a river to create a reservoir, a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers
The above question also states that demand-side solutions will reduce demand for fresh water. This means that these solutions should discourage consumers from paying for or limiting their use of fresh water. These solutions are: raising water prices for consumers and businesses, providing tax breaks for companies that use less water, requiring low-flow shower heads in new homes, replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops
Soft-shell crab is a prized dish in many ocean-side resorts. Why are the crabs' shells soft? The crab has just molted and the new exoskeleton has not yet hardened. These species have evolved a light and soft exoskeleton so that they can float in the water column. These species have evolved a light and soft exoskeleton so that gases can diffuse directly between body of the crab and the surrounding water. These species of crabs live under rocks and therefore have lost the hard exoskeleton over evolutionary time.
Soft-shell crabs have soft shells because they have recently molted and their new exoskeleton has not had time to harden. The exoskeleton is made of chitin and is crucial for protection and movement but must be shed periodically as the crab grows.
The soft shells of soft-shell crabs are due to the fact that they have recently molted. Crabs, including soft-shell crabs, have an exoskeleton which is an external, hard shell that provides defense against predators, supports the body, and facilitates movement. The exoskeleton, made primarily of a substance called chitin, does not grow as the crab grows.
Therefore, crabs must periodically shed their old shell in a process known as molting, during which the new exoskeleton underneath is initially soft until it hardens. This molting process is necessary because the exoskeleton is acellular and cannot expand. Soft-shell crabs are caught for consumption shortly after they molt, before their new exoskeleton has had time to harden.
A molecule that can be used as a molecular clock has a neutral mutation rate of one mutation per 5 million years. How many years ago did two species share a common ancestor if the molecules found in these two species differ by a total of eight mutations?
1.5 million years
10 million years
40 million years
20 million years
Branliest answer and 5.0 rate please just help me
Answer:
20 million years
Explanation:
If we have a neutral mutation rate of one mutation per 5 million years, then the total of eight mutation between the two different species would be 20 million years. This is because both species will have 4 mutations in those 20 million years, so combined, both by 4, will have 8 mutations between them. So few mutations on so much time will result in two species that are very similar to each other even after 20 million years of evolution, even making them hardly distinguishable, especially if it comes to defining fossil records from them both. A nice example of this are the members of the felidae (cat) family, which are all very closely related, and are almost identical, thus making it extremely hard to distinguish two species of the same or similar size by their fossils.
On which bone does Mandibular Fossa occurs?
Answer:
Mandibular Fossa occurs on temporal bone.
Explanation:
Mandibular fossa also known as glenoid fossa, the depression of temporal bones. Mandibular fossa articulates with the mandible and interacts with mandibular condyle. Glaserian fissure divides the mandibular fossa into two parts.
Articular tubercle bounds the mandibular fossa anteriorly. The mandibular fossa is bounded posteriorly by the temporal bone. Mandibular fossa development may get arrested due to the separation of mandibular condyle.
The first line of defense against pathogens includes:
A. Inflammation and phagocytosis
B. The skin and mucous membranes
C. Interferon and complement
D. Fever and lysozyme
E. Skin and phagocytosis
Answer: Option B
Explanation: The first line of defense acts a barrier and does not allows the foreign materials to enter inside the body. It includes chemical and physical barriers that are always ready to protect the body from infection.
Example: Skin and mucous membrane.
Skin is largest organ and it acts as a barrier between pathogens and human body. It acts a waterproof material and the pathogens cannot get inside through skin unless the skin is broken.
Mucous membranes also acts as first line of defense and breaks the cell wall of many bacteria entering through the openings of the body.
So, skin and mucous membrane are the first line of defense.
A number of different types of mutations in the HBB gene can cause human β-thalassemia, a disease characterized by various levels of anemia. Many of these mutations occur within introns or in upstream noncoding sequences. Explain why mutations in these regions often lead to severe disease, although they may not directly alter the coding regions of the gene.
Answer:
Mutations in introns create alternative splicing site which in turn make mRNA with reduced or no translation.
Explanation:
Introns regulate the splicing of heterogenous RNA during post transcriptional modifications as well as affect the stability of mature mRNA. The stable mRNA is more likely to be translated into proteins. So, introns also regulate the translation of mRNA.
In human beta thalassemia, mutations in intron create alternative splicing sites which in turn affect the formation of beta globin chain of hemoglobin. Lack of beta globin chain reduces the amount of functional hemoglobin and causes anemia.
The process by which formed elements are produced is called ______.
A. hemocytoblast
B. hemopoiesis
C. homeostasis
D. erythropoiesis
Answer:
Hemopoiesis
Explanation:
Blood is the main connective tissue and consists of plasma and formed elements. The formed elements of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
Hemopoiesis is the process of formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The process of hemopoiesis in adults occur in the bone marrow. Hemocytoblast leads to the formation of all formed elements of the blood.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
Answer:
B. hemopoiesis
Explanation:
The process by which formed elements are produced is called hemopoiesis.
If a volcano were to erupt and release large amounts of ash into the air, how would this affect the climate on Earth? A. The ash would increase the albedo and decrease the global temperature. B. The ash would decrease the albedo and increase the global temperature. C. The ash would increase the greenhouse gases, thus increasing temperature. D. The ash would decrease the greenhouse gases, thus decreasing temperature.
Answer:
A. The ash would increase the albedo and decrease the global temperature
Explanation:
The volcanoes can have a big impact on the global temperature. If the volcanic eruption is big enough, and the volcanoes manages to propel very large amount of ash in the atmosphere, the whole planet will feel the effect. The ash will make a layer in the atmosphere around the planet. This layer will increase the albedo of the atmosphere, as the ash will block big portion of the sunlight. That will result in much less sunlight reaching the surface of the Earth, thus in sharp decrease in the global temperatures.
which type of biome is the least productive
Hello There!
The "TUNDRA" biome is the least productive biome there is.
The tundra biome is known for its frost-molded landscapes, very low temperatures and little precipitation.
There are two types of the tundra biome. These are called the alpine tundra and the polar/arctic tundra.
Answer:
tundra
Explanation:
apex
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or bindig hydrogen ion is called a ______.
A) alkali
B) electrolyte
C) compensation
D) acid
E) buffer
Answer:
Buffer
Explanation:
Buffers may be defined as the solution of a weak acid with ithe conjugate base or a weak base with the conjugate acid. Buffers are not affected by the the additions of strong acid or base in a solution.
Whenever a strong base or acid is added to the buffer, it may release or binds with the hydrogen ion and maintains the pH of a body fluid. Blood has a buffer of carbonate ions and bicarbonic acids that maintains the blood pH.
Thus, the correct answer is option (E).
A chemical that stabilizes pH by binding or releasing hydrogen ions is called a buffer. These substances, such as the bicarbonate system in the human body, help maintain pH at a level essential for effective physiological function.
Explanation:A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is known as a buffer. Buffers play a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance within the pH range crucial for proper physiological functioning, which for blood is roughly between pH 7.35 and 7.45. These systems can absorb excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH−), preventing significant changes in pH. For example, the bicarbonate system in the human body is an important buffer that helps maintain a stable pH level by reacting with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid or with hydroxide ions to form bicarbonate ions.
There are various buffering systems that include not only bicarbonates but also phosphates, plasma proteins, and hemoglobin. These substances often consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base, which can neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in body fluids. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is E) buffer.
What are the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Final answer:
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions to create an acidic environment necessary for killing bacteria and enabling the digestion of proteins by activating the enzyme pepsin and denaturing proteins for efficient breakdown.
Explanation:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach serves several important functions in the digestive process. The stomach produces HCl as part of the gastric juice, and its functions include:
Activation of Pepsinogen: HCl activates the enzyme pepsinogen, converting it into pepsin. Pepsin is crucial for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. This initial protein digestion is a fundamental step in the overall digestion process.Optimization of Enzyme Activity: HCl helps create an acidic environment that optimizes the activity of digestive enzymes. While pepsin works on proteins, the acidic pH also facilitates the activity of other enzymes, such as gastric lipase, which begins the digestion of fats.Sterilization of the Stomach Contents: The acidic environment created by HCl helps to sterilize the stomach contents by killing many bacteria and other microorganisms that may be ingested with food. This is part of the body's defense mechanism against potentially harmful pathogens.Denaturation of Proteins: HCl assists in the denaturation of ingested proteins, unfolding their three-dimensional structures. This process makes it easier for enzymes like pepsin to access and break down the peptide bonds within the proteins.Activation of Intrinsic Factor: Intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein produced in the stomach, is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. HCl plays a role in releasing vitamin B12 from food, allowing it to bind with intrinsic factors for absorption later in the digestive tract.The acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid is critical for the overall efficiency of the digestive process. It prepares ingested food for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine, ensuring that nutrients are properly broken down and made available for absorption into the bloodstream.
They are about twice the size of red blood cells and turn into a macrophage when they migrate out of the blood into the tissues.
A. Lymphocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. Monocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer:
C. Monocytes
Explanation:
Monocytes are 10-24 micrometer in diameter as compared to red blood cells which are only 7-8 micrometer in diameter. Monocytes are one of the agranular leukocytes and transform into macrophages when they migrate from blood to tissues. Their function is to kill the pathogens and cellular debris by the process of phagocytosis.
What hormones need to be released in order to signal the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone? Select all that apply.
a. TRH
b. TSH
c. ACTH
d. CRH
Answer:
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Explanation:
TSH also called thyrotropin is released by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid glands to secrete the thyroid hormones throxine, triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine. Release of TSH is due to the stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland by the hypothalamus through the hormone Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TSH). Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland due to hypothalamic stimulation through the hormone Corticotropin Hormone (CRH) that helps in synthesis and release of ACTH.