Answer:
The answer is "Option c".
Explanation:
Cryptography is a process, in which by using code we encrypt information and communication to be read and processed by only those expected, and the explanation of given option, that were not correct can be described as follows:
In option a, It is a process that encrypts data within the file, that's why it is not correct.In option b, It is used for text encryption, that's why it is not correct.In option d, It is a protocol which uses keys for encryption, that's why it is not correct.USDA-APHIS Animal Care Resource Policy #12 "Considerations of Alternatives to Painful/Distressful Procedures" states that when a database search is the primary means of considerations to alternatives of painful and distressful procedures, that a narrative should include all of the following except:
A. The name of the databases searched
B. The date the search was performed
C. The specific field of study
D. The search strategy (including scientifically relevant terminology) used
Click card to see definition ????
C. The specific field of study
Click again to see term ????
Which of the following should be considered a significant change to an animal use proposal?
A. change in departmental affiliation of the principal investigator
B. change in start date of study
C. change in anesthetic agent
D. change in fluid administration
Click card to see definition ????
C. change in anesthetic agent
Click again to see term ????
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USDA-APHIS Animal Care Resource Policy #12 "Considerations of Alternatives to Painful/Distressful Procedures" states that when a database search is the primary means of considerations to alternatives of painful and distressful procedures, that a narrative should include all of the following except:
A. The name of the databases searched
B. The date the search was performed
C. The specific field of study
D. The search strategy (including scientifically relevant terminology) used
Answer:
C. The specific field of study
C. change in anesthetic agent
Explanation:
In the consideration for the procedure, some information are required and examples are the strategy of the search/the database name. However, the area of study is not one of the information.
The animal use proposal can general be altered based on the type of change required. However, an anesthetic agent alteration is not a significant change.
How people select, interpret, remember, and use information to make judgments and decisions is called __________.
Answer: Social Cognition
Explanation: hope this helps
When data is being prepared for transmission onto the network, it is broken into small pieces and a header and trailer are added to each piece to help identify it. What is this process called?
Answer:
The correct answer to the following question will be "Encapsulation".
Explanation:
Encapsulation relates to the pooling of data with techniques used by the database or the limitation of immediate access to many of the elements of the entity.As data is being processed for transfer to the network, it's split into tiny pieces and a trailer and header are attached to each piece to help determine it.It is a method of shielding data facts and preserving the object's data and actions from abuse by certain objects.Therefore, Encapsulation is the right answer.
Packetization is the process of breaking data into small pieces and adding a header and trailer to each piece for transmission on a network.
Explanation:The process of breaking data into small pieces and adding a header and trailer to each piece is called packetization. Packetization is an important step in preparing data for transmission on a network. It allows for efficient and reliable transfer of information by dividing the data into manageable units.
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_______ imaging technology defines locations in the brain where neurons are especially active using safe radioactive isotopes to measure the metabolism of brain cells.
Answer:
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Explanation:
Answer:
PET(Positron Emission Tomography)
Explanation:
Positron Emission Tomography is an imaging technology that scans the body to check for diseases. It uses procedures of nuclear medicine and certain biochemical analysis. It can identify locations in the brain where neurons are especially active using safe radioactive isotopes (such as carbon 11 and Nitrogen 13) to measure the metabolism of the brain cells.
Other functions of the PET are;
i. measurement of the flow of blood to and from the heart.
ii. the rate at which a body consumes or uses sugar.
An email can lead to miscommunication because:________.a. it is a faster mode of communicationb. there is no opportunity to interpret nonverbal cuesc. receiver might not have access to the Internetd. sender might type in the wrong email address
Answer:
b. there is no opportunity to interpret nonverbal cues
Explanation:
Email is a very efficient, quick and simple way for communication and it is being used a lot. With providing convenience and ease to the people to communicate and send messages to each other, email can also result in miscommunication. Miscommunication occurs when a person misinterprets the email messages sent by another. This is because its a non verbal way of communication. So the person might not be able to explicitly interpret the feelings , emotions or expressions of the sender of the email. So there is no way to understand meaning of some non verbal cues and can be perceived in a incorrect manner. Although various symbols can be used to express the feelings non verbally e.g. exclamation mark, capital letters, emoticons etc but even these symbols can be wrongly interpreted by the recipient as the use of some symbols like capital letter in email are not always appreciated . Even some simple messages can be perceived as sarcasm. So the major reason of the miscommunication caused by email is the absence of facial expressions, certain gestures and body language which are better interpreted with face to face communication.Answer:
The answer is B. An email can lead to miscommunication because there is no opportunity to interpret non-verbal cues. Everybody is different and we have different communication styles. To better communicate without having to have a negative tone on an email, the sender has to use positive positioning.
Explanation:
The first line in a Hypertext Mark up Language (HTML) file is the _____, which is a processing instruction indicating the mark up language used in a document.A) TitleB) HeaderC) DoctypeD) List
Answer:
The correct answer to the following question will be Option C (Doctype).
Explanation:
A DOCTYPE is an order that identifies a certain XML or SGML document with a document type description. In the serialized type of a text, it expresses itself as a short markup string that corresponds to a specific syntax.The very first section into an HTML file was the Doctype, which would be a programming declaration showing the language used during the text.The other three alternatives, such as title header, and list fall under <Doctype>.
The Doctype is, therefore, the right answer.
The Government Information Security Reform Act (Security Reform Act) of 2000 focuses on management and evaluation of the security of unclassified and national security systems.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
In the above scenario about the Government Information Security Reform Act of 2000 is that concentrates on maintaining and evaluating an unidentified and homeland security programs. In other words, It concentrates on the Rights Division for the peoples of the nation by maintaining and protecting the security for the systems of their homelands.
Corporate VoIP falls into 3 categories. Which category uses gatekeepers as opposed to gateways? A) Digital IP at the ends, analog in the middle B) Analog to digital to digital C) Digital IP end to end D) Analog at the ends, digital IP in the middle
Answer:
for VoIP falls in Digital IP end to end categories
Explanation:
Normally to address the VoIP solution the phone or PABX should be the only digital module. All the telephone extensions are connected to switch and from the switch, it should be connected to the digital module in PABX. If existing PABX is analog then end-user has to purchase digital module
conversion to attach to analog PABX
Then switch which should be managed switch for better performance. Suppose it we use the switch as an unmanaged switch then the performance of VoIP will be very less effective. Since VoIP is used for internet purpose also better to use end to end digital mode.
The general idea behind many social networking sites is that people are invited to join by existing members who think they would be valuable additions to the community.True or False.
Answer:
Option: True
Explanation:
Many social networking sites are virtual community where people who share common interest interact with each other in a digital platform. However, not all people will automatically be accepted into the community group in many of those social networking sites. Participation in community group in some social networking sites are based on invitation by existing members who think they can be valuable to the community.
Ethics issues are significant in the area of online privacy because laws have not kept pace with the growth of the Internet and the Web.
Answer:
The answer is "True"
Explanation:
In the given statement some information is missing that is "True or false"
Internet security is the scope of the privacy and security of the electronic exchange of data. It's a common term that refers to something like many factors, technologies, and technology used to protect records, contact, and interests, confidential and private.
The security of the Internet is recognized as the privacy of the User. It is secure and unique passphrases or two-factor authentication.True or False: Among the best practices for installing Windows Server 2016 is to accept and use the DHCP-generated IP address.
Answer:
The answer is "False".
Explanation:
Windows Server is a type of server operating system, which is developed by Microsoft as a part of the OS family of windows new technology, that is built-in and combined with Windows 10 only.
This server enables DHCP Server, it is an optional server feature. This server allows you to install and release the IP addresses and other details to DHCP clients on your network, that's why it is not correct.Our readings so far explored computer hardware and software, in particular operating systems and application software. There are many kinds of hardware, operating systems, and applications. Do some Internet research or use Basic Search: Google to locate an example of hardware that you might encounter as a business professional in your chosen career path. Share what sort of operating system might run on that hardware and what sort of applications would be installed.
Answer:
Due to the change in technology, the requirement is changed day to day and business requirements also are changed so we need to opt for new technology.
Explanation:
In old days we started with black and white with DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM ) later we changed to color mode with windows 3.1 and later we are all in an upgraded version of windows 10 and some people will use mac or chrome book as hardware and operating system.
As far as software concern people currently opted with java and angular js and node js. And database also changed from SQL to NoSQL.
Technology has limitation and improvement so fixing to technology is not possible
A business professional might use a high-performance laptop with an OS such as Windows 10 Pro or macOS. This system would host a suite of applications for productivity, communication, project management, and specialized tasks like software for artificial limb control. The laptop represents the convergence of hardware, operating systems, and applications in a professional ecosystem.
Explanation:In the context of a business professional's career path, an example of hardware that might be encountered is a high-performance laptop designed for business applications. A suitable operating system for this laptop could be Microsoft Windows 10 Pro or macOS, depending on the brand and specific user needs. Business professionals often require a variety of applications, including productivity suites like Microsoft Office, accounting software like QuickBooks, communication tools such as Slack or Microsoft Teams, and project management applications like Trello or Asana.
Moreover, technological advancements have allowed computer engineers to create systems that can address specific human-related challenges such as developing software for controlling artificial limbs or adapting vehicles for those with physical challenges. Companies like Microsoft, Apple, and Hewlett Packard are at the forefront of developing such solutions.
The interaction between hardware, operating systems, and applications is critical in the modern business environment. Operating systems, which were once proprietary products associated with particular hardware brands, have diversified with platforms like Windows and macOS. In recent years, open-source alternatives such as Linux have also become prominent, especially for specific use cases or within tech-centric industries.
Overall, computers and the microprocessors within them, which were once limited to enthusiasts, have become ubiquitous in nearly every aspect of modern life, including business, where their usage ranges from task management to sophisticated data processing and control of complex systems.
2. Write a program that checks for a secure password. It
· Has documentation.
· Gets the password inputted by the user.
· Stores the password in an appropriately named variable.
· Checks if the password is “1234”, “1111” or “2222”. If it is, print “User secure.”
· Otherwise, print out “Please input a more secure password.”
Answer:
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int password;
cout << "Enter the password = ";
cin>>password;
if (password==1234 || password==1111 || password == 2222)
{
cout <<"User Secure";
}
else
cout<<"Please input more secure password";
getch();
}
Explanation:
In this program, a variable of integer data type is stored in password variable. This variable compares with all three values in if statement by using OR(||) operator.
"Knowledge of technical issues such as computer technology is a necessary but not sufficient condition to becoming a successful management accountant." Do you agree? Why?"
Answer:
Somewhat it is true. It is not conditioned to becoming a successful management accountant.
Explanation:
Today in digital end-users he or she has to know computer skill knowledge on how to operate the system. Such as on the computer or desktop or laptop. Most of the account jobs such as posting to accounts and generates reports such as aging analysis or trial balance or profit and loss or balance sheets are generated by the system.
As accountant should also have some base input knowledge to create debtor or creditors under which group accounts. Some system has the facility to do the process while creating suppliers and customers.
An Update Request provides one-time Editor access. What feature could be used to allow information to be included in an update request, but restrict the recipient from making changes?
Answer:
The feature is the LOCK ROW FEATURE
Explanation:
There are basically about five to six different step in sending an update request which includes:
Activating or opening the sheet we want to update.
Highlight the row for which we want to request an update. We can decide to highlight multiple rows by using either the Shift or Ctrl direction command key
Click the down arrow in the second column of the row and choose Send Update Request. The Send Update Request dialogue box appears at this point
Then we follow the normal procedure of send a typical email by imputing the subject of mail and recipient then send.
It should be noted that an update request is sent to recipient(s) who will need to click the Update Rows button in the e-mail.
It should also be noted that the recipient’s browser shows a pared-down interface with only the rows you sent visible. The recipient can edit any unlocked rows so to make the recipient unable to edit or restrict recipient from making changes, we Lock the Row.
If you want to use your computer for recording your band, you would benefit most from a(n)
A. MIDI interface.
B. RAID interface.
C. HDMI interface.
D. overclocking interface.
Answer:
The answer is "Option A".
Explanation:
The MIDI stands for "Musical Instrument Digital Interface". It was designed to monitor one keyboard from another and was adapted quickly for the PC. It is also known as a set of rules, which is used to design and play the recorded music on digital electronic sounds or sound. It also helps to other PC's with sound card manufacturers, and other options were wrong that can be defined as follows:
In option B, It is a device that is used to check data redundancies, that's why it is not correct. In option C, It is used in data transferring, that's why it is not correct. In option D, It is processed, that is used to change PC's BIOS setting that's why it is not correct.
Which of the following statements is true?
1. Data and information are two terms that can be used interchangeably.
2. Information is data that has been organized.
3. Information is data that has been sifted.
4. Data is information that has been extracted.
Answer:
1. Data and information are two terms that can be used interchangeably.
Explanation:
Data is a raw fact, but information is a meaningful term.
Multiple data produce information
Data need to be processed toform information, information is understandable
The correct statement : Information is data that has been organized.
Hence correct statement is B .
Given, statements regarding data and information .
1. Data and information are two terms that can be used interchangeably.
This statement is not true.
While data and information are related, they are not the same thing. Data refers to raw facts, figures, or symbols that do not have any meaning on their own. On the other hand, information is the result of processing and organizing data in a meaningful way.
2. Information is data that has been organized.
This statement is true.
Information is created by organizing and processing data. When data is organized, categorized, or structured in a particular way, it becomes more meaningful and useful.
3. Information is data that has been sifted.
This statement is not entirely accurate.
While sifting or filtering data can be a part of the process of creating information, it is not the only step. Sifting implies removing unwanted or irrelevant data, which can help in narrowing down the focus, but it does not necessarily result in information.
4. Data is information that has been extracted.
This statement is not true.
Data is not the result of extracting information; rather, it is the raw material that is used to generate information. Data is collected, gathered, or obtained from various sources. It is then processed, organized, and analyzed to extract meaningful insights, which then become information.
Hence option B is correct .
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On a wireless router, what gives out IP addresses?
DHCP
DNS
WPA
WPS
Answer:
DHCP
Explanation:
DHCP is Dynamic Host Control Protocol that is used to control the assignment of IP addresses to all the devices that are connected to the router. These devices includes computers, laptops and smart phones. The router assign unique IP addresses to each of the devices that is connected to the router and ask for the IP address. The router uses DHCP protocol for the purpose of assigning IP address to the devices.
Where does cable termination occur in most buildings?
CSU/DSU
Core switch
Demarcation point
Patch panel
Answer:
Demarcation Point
Explanation:
The entrance point that can be a device for the telecommunication utilities or service providers in the building. From this device or point users of the building takes the connection to their house or building. This point is also known as the termination point of the service to the building. The purpose of the this point is to provide ease in providing their services to the users of the building. The service provider is responsible for the maintenance till this point. After this point the user is responsible for the maintenance of the cable.
In data compression, there are many different methods for compressing data. We have many different protocols because there is no one method that provides the absolute best compression for all files in a reasonable amount of time. Which of the following is the BEST term for the above example?a) An algorithm b) A heuristic c) A selection d) An iteration
Answer:
A heuristic
Explanation:
Some time there are many methods to solve a particular problem, or learn something. These all methods are able to solve the problem. We cannot say that, which method is perfect or which one is optimal. These solutions are being used and sufficient to provide the solution. The technique that is used to solve problem in this way is called Heuristic.
For Example
There are many methods of teaching, few student understand some method and rest of the student better understand the other method of teaching. The students who think first method is perfect may think that other method is optimal and as well the students who think that second method is perfect, who may assume first solution as optimal.
The purpose of both of the teaching methods is to teach the students and both are sufficient to learn.
What would you have to know about the pivot columns in an augmented matrix in order to know that the linear system is consistent and has a unique solution?
Answer:
The Rouché-Capelli Theorem. This theorem establishes a connection between how a linear system behaves and the ranks of its coefficient matrix (A) and its counterpart the augmented matrix.
[tex]rank(A)=rank\left ( \left [ A|B \right ] \right )\:and\:n=rank(A)[/tex]
Then satisfying this theorem the system is consistent and has one single solution.
Explanation:
1) To answer that, you should have to know The Rouché-Capelli Theorem. This theorem establishes a connection between how a linear system behaves and the ranks of its coefficient matrix (A) and its counterpart the augmented matrix.
[tex]rank(A)=rank\left ( \left [ A|B \right ] \right )\:and\:n=rank(A)[/tex]
[tex]rank(A) <n[/tex]
Then the system is consistent and has a unique solution.
E.g.
[tex]\left\{\begin{matrix}x-3y-2z=6 \\ 2x-4y-3z=8 \\ -3x+6y+8z=-5 \end{matrix}\right.[/tex]
2) Writing it as Linear system
[tex]A=\begin{pmatrix}1 & -3 &-2 \\ 2& -4 &-3 \\ -3 &6 &8 \end{pmatrix}[/tex] [tex]B=\begin{pmatrix}6\\ 8\\ 5\end{pmatrix}[/tex]
[tex]rank(A) =\left(\begin{matrix}7 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 7 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 7\end{matrix}\right)=3[/tex]
3) The Rank (A) is 3 found through Gauss elimination
[tex](A|B)=\begin{pmatrix}1 & -3 &-2 &6 \\ 2& -4 &-3 &8 \\ -3&6 &8 &-5 \end{pmatrix}[/tex]
[tex]rank(A|B)=\left(\begin{matrix}1 & -3 & -2 \\0 & 2 & 1 \\0 & 0 & \frac{7}{2}\end{matrix}\right)=3[/tex]
4) The rank of (A|B) is also equal to 3, found through Gauss elimination:
So this linear system is consistent and has a unique solution.
When writing functions that accept multi-dimensional arrays as arguments, ________ must be explicitly stated in the parameter list.
Answer:
The answer is "Option B"
Explanation:
The two-dimensional array is often represented as a matrix. The matrix can be called a numerical grid, that is organized as some kind of bingo card with rows and columns, that's why it is correct, and other options are not correct, that can be defined as follows:
In option A, In the array, there are three types of the array but two types are mainly used, that's why it is not correct.Option C and Option D is not correct, because in this question the 2D array is used.When organizations record versions of their policy in English and alternate languages, they are attempting to meet the ____ criteria to make the policy effective and legally enforceable.
A. Comprehension.
B. Compliance.
C. Review.
D. Dissemination.
Answer:
C. Review.
Explanation:
Company policy are rules and regulations constructed by a legal team of a company that must be adhere to by all employees and users of the company's services.
There are five requirements for a policy to become enforceable. They are, dissemination, review, comprehension,compliance and uniform enforcement.
Dissemination has to do with the communication of the policy for review. Review is the process that creates alternative language copies of the policy for non English speakers. Compliance is the confirmation of agreement by the employees and comprehension verifies that the policies are understood. Uniform enforcement is a confirmation that the policy has been uniformly enforced on all in the company.
A ________ is a powerful analytical tool to size up Apple Inc.'s competitive assets in order to determine whether or not those assets can provide the foundation necessary for its competitive success in the marketplace.
Final answer:
An analytical tool is vital for evaluating competitive assets and ensuring market success. Comparative analysis helps in selecting optimal strategies, while competition analysis aids in defining a company's USP.
Explanation:
The analytical tool is a crucial element in determining Apple Inc.'s competitive assets, ensuring its success in the market. By evaluating factors such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis), a company can make informed decisions to enhance its competitive position.
Comparative analysis aids in assessing different options like improving existing software or streamlining production processes, helping in choosing the most effective strategy for competitive advantage.
Competition analysis looks into the strengths and weaknesses of competitors, aiding in defining a company's unique selling proposition (USP) in the marketplace.
The ranking functions make it easy to include a column in a result set that provides the sequential ranking number of each row within a ___________________________.
a. clause
b. partition
c. subquery
d. function
Answer:
b. partition
Explanation:
The ranking functions make it easy to include a column in a result set that provides the sequential ranking number of each row within a partition. This is done as a subset of the built in functions that exist within the SQL Server. If the partition does not exists it can be the full result set. The order of the ranking within the partition is defined by the order clause of OVER.
Which type of network cover a large geographical area and usually consists of several smaller networks, which might use different computer platforms and network technologies?
Answer: WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Explanation: hopes this helps
Lola's teacher asked her to create a web page for the school's FBLA chapter. Lola isn't sure where to begin. Which tool should she use?
69 POINTS!!!!!
nice.
Answer: story board
A loop decision point for an algorithm consists of three features: an initial value, a set of actions to be performed, and a(n) ________.
a. class operator
b. documentation plan
c. test condition
Answer:
Option c is the correct answer for the above question.
Explanation:
A loop is used to repeat some lines in some specific times which depends on some conditions of the loop. If a person wants to print "welcome" on 5 times then he can do this by two ways one is writing a print statement 5 times and the other is states a loop that executes 5 times through condition. The loop is described or written by three necessary points which are:-
The fist is to initialize the initial value which tells the compiler for the starting point of the loop.The second is to any action for that condition variable which takes the loop for the direction of ending points.The third is a condition that defines the ending point of the loop.The above question also states about the loop in which first and second points are given then the third point is necessary to complete the sentence which is states in option c. Hence the option c is correct while the other is not because--
Option 'a' states about the class operator which is not the part of the loop. Option b states about the documentation plan which is also not the part of the loop.
Python provides a special version of a decision structure known as the ________ statement, which makes the logic of the nested decision structure simpler to write.
Answer:
if-elif-else
Explanation:
In Python if condition is used to decide whether a statement or a block of statements is to be executed or not based on the condition, if the condition evaluates to true then the block of statements is executed and if the condition is false then it is not executed.
Sometimes we need to execute some other statement when the condition is false. For example
if (number1 <= number2)
print (number1, "is the smallest")
Lets suppose we want to print another statement if this condition evaluates to false. If the condition gets false then the following message should be displayed:
print(number 2, "is the smallest")
For this purpose else statement is used along with if statement to execute the block of code when the if condition evaluates to false.
if (number1 <= number2)
print (number1, "is the smallest")
else:
print(number 2, "is the smallest")
Now what if there are three numbers or more numbers to be compared in order to identify the smallest number from the given numbers. So in this case we have multiple options to be checked. else statement will not be enough a for else there can be at most one statement. With if elif else multiple conditions can be checked and if any of the condition evaluates to true then its block of code is executed and if none of the condition is true then the last else statement will be executed.
For example:
if (number1 <= number2) and (number1 <= number3):
print (number1, "is the smallest")
elif (number2 <= number1) and (number2 <= number3):
print (number1, "is the smallest")
else:
print (number3, "is the smallest")
In this example number1 is compared to number2 and number3. If both numbers are less than number1 then the program control goes to elif statement where number2 is compared to number1 and number3. if this condition is false too then the final else part will be printed which is that number3 is the smallest.
Take another example where there are more number of expressions to be checked.
val = 50
if (val == 40):
print ("value is 40")
elif (val== 35):
print ("value is 35")
elif (val == 25):
print ("value is 25")
elif(val==15):
print ("value is 15")
else:
print ("value is not present")
This will output the else part value is not present, because none of the condition evaluates to true.
Final answer:
Python uses the 'elif' statement as a way to simplify nested decision structures, allowing programmers to add additional conditions without the need for excessive nesting.
Explanation:
Python provides a special version of a decision structure known as the elif statement, which makes the logic of the nested decision structure simpler to write. The elif statement stands for 'else if', and it allows for more succinct and readable conditional logic compared to using multiple if statements. For example:
if condition1:
# Code block for first condition
elif condition2:
# Code block for second condition
else:
# Code block if neither condition is met
Without elif, you would have to nest an if statement within an else block, which could make the code harder to read and understand.
When the break statement is encountered in a loop, all the statements in the body of the loop that appear after it are ignored, and the loop prepares for the next iteration.
a) true
b) false
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The statement is false because all statement after break statement are ignored but along with that control move out of loop to other instructions and doesn't perform next iteration of loop. Forexample:
for (i=0;i<10;i++){
if(some condition)
break;
x=y;
y=z;
}
statement 1
statement 2
In above example after encountering break statement it will ignore statement after break plus it will not continue the next iteration and control move out of loop toward 'statement 1'
Answer:
Option b false
Explanation:
In programming, a break statement will terminate the loop and the program control will return to the statement after the loop. This means the loop won't prepare for the next iteration when a break statement is encountered.
One common use case of break statement is when we wish to terminate a linear search once the target number is found from an array. For example:
let target = 10;let myArray = [1, 10, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11];let found = false;for(let i = 0; i < myArray.length; i++){ if(target === myArray[ i ] ) { found = true; break; }}Since there is no point to continue the loop after the target number is found and therefore a break statement (Line 9) is included to terminate the loop.