p -> q
q
. p
. .
Invalid argument
converse error
Which school of thought in psychology believes that people can freely choose to live more creative, meaningful, and satisfying lives?
Answer:
humanism
Explanation:
Humanism -
The term humanism was first given by Friedrich Niethammer , in the early 19th century .
It focus on the individuality , collectiveness , creativeness of the human being , is referred to as humanism .
According to humanism , is decribes the act of freedom , progress , which can be used for the development and promotion of any individual in the world.
Hence , from the given information of the question,
The correct answer is humanism.
Consider the two secondary sources. These two sources are trying to be unbiased in their presentation of information. In what specific ways, though, is each source taking a stance in its choice of what to present and how to present that information?
There are two types of resources primary and secondary sources.
Explanation:
Primary sources provide the first hand information. They are first hand documents mostly eye witness records on a subject. People give first hand information of the past with supportive evidences which is considered to be the primary source of researching a subject.
Secondary sources are information that is taken from the factual documents which are primary sources. They are second hand accounts of a person or a subject that is published and it provides additional information about the primary resources. Secondary sources analyse and interpret the factual validity of the primary source. Both these sources serve to be important in conducting any research. Be it scientific or historical.
Final answer:
Secondary sources might exhibit bias through the selection of facts, language, and author's reputation despite efforts to be unbiased. Evaluating the credibility of these sources involves analyzing the author's purpose, diversity of perspectives, and cross-referencing sources. In journalism, an investigative approach is often favored to provide context to information presented.
Explanation:
Secondary sources are documents or recordings that relate or discuss information originally presented elsewhere. These sources often synthesize a range of primary sources and can be intended for a wide audience or for scholarly purposes. Despite the intent to remain unbiased, secondary sources can introduce bias in various ways, including their choice of what information to include and how to present it.
Ways Sources May Exhibit Bias
Selection of Facts: Emphasizing certain facts over others can indicate a bias toward a particular viewpoint.Language and Tone: The use of specific words or phrases can subtly influence how the reader perceives the information.Exclusion of Data: Omitting certain information or perspectives can skew the overall picture given to the reader.Author's Reputation: If an author is known for holding a specific stance, this can color the objectivity of the source.When evaluating sources for credibility, one should consider:
The author's purpose and whether the text is meant to inform or persuade.The inclusion of various perspectives, especially opposing ones, which may indicate a more balanced approach.The reliability and type of sources (primary, secondary, tertiary) used to underpin the presented information.Cross-referencing information with other sources to validate the accuracy and objectivity.In research, it's important to approach sources critically by trying to read both with and against the grain, which helps to reveal potential biases that might influence your understanding of the topic.
Judgment of Reportorial Approaches
In journalism, one school of thought promotes unbiased reporting, leaving the interpretation to the audience, while another advocates for investigative reporting, where the reporter evaluates and contextualizes information before presenting it. The latter approach may be favored in today's complex media landscape to help audiences navigate and understand the nuances of different stances on an issue.
_____ is a three-phase process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information, objects, people, events, or situations.
Answer:
Perception is a three phase process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information, objects, people, events or situations.
Explanation:
Perception involves three steps.
1. Selecting
In the first stage we select that stimuli which attracts us the most by ignoring the others about making perception about any event or object.
2. Organizing
In the second stage we organize the information about our selection.
3. Interpretation
In the third step we interpret that information in a meaningful way that makes sense to us.
Perception refers to the three-phase process that includes the selection, organization, and interpretation of various types of information around us. This process allows us to make sense of our environment. Our senses pick up signals in our environment, we organize this data into meaningful categories and finally interpret them to make sense of our surroundings.
Explanation:Perception is a three-phase process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information, objects, people, events, or situations. This process begins with the selection of sensory data through our five senses. From there, we organize this data into meaningful categories. The last phase involves interpreting this data so that we can understand our individual environment.
For instance, our first phase could be selecting the smell of pizza, which we then organize into the scent category of food. Then, we interpret this as someone nearby probably heating a pizza.
This interpretation process accounts for variations in how we each perceive the world. All three phases interact to help us make sense of our surroundings.
Learn more about Perception here:https://brainly.com/question/34633366
#SPJ3
Researchers that are interested in the cognitive abilities of children who are either held back or advanced a grade in school as measured by standardized IQ tests are conducting ___ research.
Answer:
Quantitative
Explanation:
In research, the term quantitative research refers to the type of research that involves gathering data that is quantifiable, in other words, that it can be measured in an objective way and expressed in numbers.
In this example, researchers measure children's IQ by using IQ tests, therefore, they are gathering data that can be measure and expressed in numbers (IQ is a number). Therefore, they are using quantitative research.
Answer: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Explanation: Quantitative research can be defined as a systematic scientific investigation of a quantity or number of properties and their relationship using statistical, mathematical or computational methods.
basically, this experiment conducted on children seeks to find the number/quantity of children in different categories of their observation techniques. this is an example of what quantitative research portrays.
explain the problem of dual sovereignty of the federal and state governments and how it was resolved
Also known as Dual Federalism, Dual Sovereignty is a system of political arrangement in which the state and federal governments have power divided between them in a way which does not interfere with each other. The federal government powers such as regulating the military forces, laying and collecting taxes, and coining money etc. while the state government exercises powers such as conducting elections and making banking, health, and criminal laws etc.
President Roosevelt, surrounding the Great Depression, introduced a number of new policies like the New Deal policies which not only regulated commerce and economy, but policies like the Interstate Commerce Act in the Commerce clause gave Congress the authority to regulate commerce between state. This ensured that the state and federal governments would be working together more which eventually led to cooperative federalism in the United States.
Subcultural theories explain criminal behavior by A. blocked opportunities. B. low educational attainment. C. the promotion of attitudes conducive to crime. D. family disruption.
Answer: C. The promotion of attitudes conducive to crime
Explanation: The subculture is part of a broader culture and is typical of values, preferences and patterns of behaviour that are transmitted through socialisation. So accepting the norms of the subculture is a precondition for socialisation. Sub cultural theory deals precisely with the phenomenon of socialisation and the contribution of different sub cultural influences to the spread of crime through socialisation. This theory argues that sub cultural groups promote values and patterns of behaviour conducive to crime. Sub cultural theory is a derivative of the so-called Chicago School, which dealt with gangs and crime. Thus, criminal behaviour that can be seen in the ghetto, the environment, the neighbourhood, whatever, becomes a pattern of behaviour that is accepted as something normal.
Social network analysis can help companies divide their customers into market segments by analyzing their interconnections. True False
Answer:
The answer is - True.
Explanation:
Social Network Analysis (SNA) is the process of looking into or exploring social structures by the use of networks and graph theory in order to analyze the structural properties of networks of independent group of relationships. By analyzing interconnections of a group of people, SNA is able to divide customers into market segments.
A question on a survey asks respondents to express their opinion of a new flavor of potato chips on a continuum between ""terrific"" and ""horrible"". This type of attitude scale is known as a _____.
Full Question:
A question on a survey asks respondents to express their opinion of a new flavor of potato chips on a continuum between “terrific” and “horrible”. This type of attitude scale is known as a _____.
Likert scale
Behavioral intention scale
Seven point scale
Semantic Differential Scale
Answer:
Semantic Differential Scale
Explanation:
As originated by Charles E. Osgood, Semantic Differential (SD) is a type of a rating scale usually applied to measure opinions using connotations such as adjectives that may differ by degree of effectiveness. The semantic meaning derived from these connotations are believed to be the attitude of a person towards certain objects. It is largely used in research to measure opinions, values and preferences of a person.
Final answer:
A survey question prompting opinions on a continuum between "terrific" to "horrible" for a new potato chip flavor uses a semantic-differential scale, designed to measure nuanced attitudes through contrasts.
Explanation:
A question on a survey that asks respondents to express their opinion of a new flavor of potato chips on a continuum between “terrific” and “horrible” is known as a semantic-differential scale. This type of attitude scale is distinct from other scales, such as the Likert scale, in that it allows respondents to evaluate an attitude object using a series of negative to positive response scales, with endpoints denoted by contrasting adjectives (e.g., “unpleasant” vs. “pleasant”). The semantic-differential scale is particularly useful in capturing the nuances of respondents' opinions and attitudes towards specific subjects, making it a valuable tool in survey research for understanding complex consumer preferences and attitudes.
3.6.46-T Consider the following sample data for two variables. x 7 8 5 3 9 y 7 5 9 7 7 a. Calculate the sample covariance. b. Calculate the sample correlation coefficient. c. Describe the relationship between x and y. a. s Subscript xyequals 0
a. Sample covariance is -1.5.
b. Sample correlation coefficient is -0.44
c. The sample correlation coefficient of -0.44 indicates a weak negative relationship between x and y.
Let's calculate the sample covariance, sample correlation coefficient, and describe the relationship between the two variables.
Data:
x y
7 7
8 5
5 9
3 7
9 7
a. Sample covariance:
The sample covariance (sxy) can be calculated using the following formula:
sxy = Σ(xi - x)(yi - y) / (n - 1)
where:
xi and yi are the individual data points
x and y are the sample means
n is the number of data points
Calculating the values:
x = (7 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 9) / 5 = 6.6
y = (7 + 5 + 9 + 7 + 7) / 5 = 7.2
sxy = ((7 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2) + (8 - 6.6)(5 - 7.2) + (5 - 6.6)(9 - 7.2) + (3 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2) + (9 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2)) / (5 - 1)
sxy = (-0.36 + 2.16 - 7.92 - 13.2 + 0.96) / 4
sxy ≈ -1.5
b. Sample correlation coefficient:
The sample correlation coefficient (r) can be calculated using the following formula:
r = sxy / (sx * sy)
where:
sx and sy are the sample standard deviations of x and y, respectively
Calculating the values:
sx ≈ 2.04 (you can calculate this using the same formula for standard deviation but with x values)
sy ≈ 1.08 (you can calculate this using the same formula for standard deviation but with y values)
r = -1.5 / (2.04 * 1.08)
r ≈ -0.44
c. Relationship between x and y:
The sample correlation coefficient of -0.44 indicates a weak negative relationship between x and y.
This means that as the values of x increase, the values of y tend to decrease slightly, but the relationship is not very strong.
According to Sumner, the mores of a group define what is good and bad. What might be an example of a more that is bad in itself? Would Sumner agree that such a thing is possible?
Answer:
The example ofa more that is bad in itself is "SLAVERY".
Sumner will accept this because he believes in "LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY".
Explanation:
William Graham Sumner defined mores to be a social norms that are widely seen within a particular society or culture. The mores of a group is used to determine an acceptable and unacceptable actions within such group.
Sumner believes in LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY, which states that people should be given the chance to live a free live, without any government or political interference. Since he is a freedom speaker, that means he is against slavery, and will believe that slavery is bad in itself, and should be a general bad more among all societies and nation's.
Sociologists define a(n) _____________ as two or more people who share a feeling of unity and who are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interactions. Select one: a. culture b. category c. aggregate d. group
Answer:
d. group
Explanation:
A social group is a group of people who have something in common with others or share similar characteristics and common sense of unity. An individual can belong to many different types of groups which includes college class, a sports team, a religious group, an ethnic group, group of colleagues in the workplace, etc.
Brandon was hypnotized at a student-life event as part of a performance. The crowd laughed as the hypnotist instructed him to recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Martian. Afterward, Brandon's friends speculated that he was not faking having been hypnotized, but rather behaving as he expected hypnotized people would. This represents the ______________ theory of hypnosis.
Explains the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis where individuals under hypnosis behave based on social roles and expectations.
Explanation:Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis: In this theory, individuals under hypnosis act according to their perception of how a hypnotized person should behave, fulfilling the role based on social expectations and not necessarily experiencing an altered state of consciousness. Hypnotized individuals are motivated to conform, relax, obey, and respond to suggestions, shaping their behavior within the context of the hypnotic experience.
Using your own experience, or asking someone who has been part of an SMT, describe some of the self-managing activities of the team that made it a truly self-managing team as opposed to a traditional team.
Answer: In addition to the technical tasks expected of any employee working in a traditional organizational structure, a self-managed team develops management tasks, which include the organization of the workflow, as well as managing annual leave and absence.
Explanation:
Usually, the different team members rotate through the management and technical responsibilities, giving everyone the chance to do both. This experience in management tasks provides every team member with a better knowledge of the productive process as a whole and a better understanding of management decisions.
Such social policies that we take for granted in modern societies as the limited work day or factory safety rules can be traced to the ideas of Select one: a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. William Graham Sumner. d. William J. Wilson.
Answer:
a. Karl Marx.
Explanation:
Karl Marx -
Karl Marx was born in Germany , Trier and studied philosophy and law .
He is the famous German philosopher , socialist revolutionary , journalist ,
political theorist , sociologist , historian and economist .
He gave the idea about the factory safety rules or the limited work day .
Some of the famous works of Marx are the three-volume Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto .
Hence, from the given information of the question ,
The correct option is a. Karl Marx .
Think of a time when your senses deceived you. Describe what you thought you saw, heard, or felt, and then explain how you came to realize that your initial perception was incorrect. Do you think that it is reasonable to rely on your senses, considering that they have fooled you in the past?
Answer: I don't think it's reasonable for one to rely wholly on it's sense alone
Explanation: Psychologist has proved that, the frequency of ones brain varies at different occasions, therefore affecting ones reasoning at that point. For instance, a drunkerd may see a drainage system and assume it to be a water bath, at that moment the frequency of the brain is high and has affected the thinking ability. When back to normal the fellow will see that his sense has deceived him. This is not applied only when drunk, it is also applied when over excited, angry, depressed or lost in mind thinking. Different occasions tends to change the frequency of our brain, which affects our thinking and reasoning at that moment.
It has happened to me, on my birthday, when I was over excited with the gifts I got from my friends, my dad called me to take his car to a filling station, and add petrol, so I can use his car to have fun with friends, out of excitement, I took my shoe in place of the car key. I noticed my sense has received me, when I entered the car to start it. At that moment the frequency of my brain has been altered because of over excitement.
"When Skippy self-disclosed to Zippy about an experience at a movie with an ex-lover, Zippy self-disclosed about the horrible breakup Zippy had with an ex-lover. What happened in this scenario
Answer:
Reciprocal self-disclosure
Explanation:
Self-disclosure is an interaction mechanism that exposes knowledge about a individual to another. Details may be concise or analytic, and may include emotions, feelings, expectations, ambitions, defeats, achievements, concerns, and wishes, as well as one's preferences, despises, and interests. This is what Skippy did .
Reciprocal self-disclosure refers to the practice upon which self-disclosure of one individual leads to self-disclosure of another.The listener is most likely to reciprocate when a person makes self-revelations by making similar self-reveals. This creates a sense of intimacy amongst them. This is what zippy did.
Question options;
Relationship stagnation
Expansion of the blind self
Enactment of social exchange theory
Reciprocal self-disclosure
Answer: RECIPROCAL SELF DISCLOSURE
self disclosure can be defined as a process of communication in which an individual reveals a previously hidden fact, information or series of facts to another individual. These can be likes, dislikes, dreams, goals, failures, fears etc.
Intimacy is achieved through self disclosure.
In this scenario, both individuals self disclosed to one another after one initiated the self disclosure. This called reciprocal i.e expressing mutual action action to one another.
According to George H. Mead, the "generalized other" is the attitude of Select one: a. a significant role model. b. a caregiver. c. one's family. d. the larger community in which one is socialized.
Answer:
c. one's family
Explanation:
George Herbert Mead was a famous American sociologist, psychologist and a philosopher. He was one of the distinguished pragmatists of his time.
According to George Mead, "generalized other" refers to an individual's internalized conception of attitudes and expectations which is held by the society.
Mead called the family members as the "generalized other" as one's family is important to socialization process because family passes along the social identity to the children in terms of ethnicity, religion and class.
The Trobriand Islander's calendar system highlights the importance of the principle of Select one: a. ethnocentrism. b. role conflict. c. cultural relativism. d. linguistic relativity.
Answer:
The answer is C. Cultural relativism.
Explanation:
Cultural relativism refers to the idea that beliefs, values, as well as practices related to a person, must be considered according to that person's own culture, instead of judging those elements against the criteria of another one.
Cultural relativism was established by Franz Boas concerning anthropological research in the early 20th century. After Franz Boas' death in 1942, the term became an important element among anthropologists to establish their synthesis related to some ideas developed by Boas.
According to structural-functionalism, family roles are functional because they create and preserve __________.
Answer: Order and stability
Explanation:
Structural-functionalism is the functionalism concept in families that depicts about building block that helps in maintaining stability and social arrangement.This order is handled through meeting emotional requirement and emphasizing relationships.
Family roles are also considered individually or socially like every other body for functioning smoothly in the society for conserving stability and social order.
Answer:
What was the answer
Explanation:
Certain racial and socioeconomic groups in society are far less likely to have access to computers and the Internet, and this phenomenon is called Select one: a. the computer class effect. b. computer poverty. c. the digital divide. d. None of the choices are correct.
Answer:
c. the digital divide
Explanation:
The digital divide -
It refers to the non - uniform distribution of the services of internet between the people of various class and groups , is referred to as the digital divide .
The various groups can be divided on the basis of geopolitical criteria , geographical and social area .
The information and communication technology is very costly , and hence , not everyone can afford to use it .
Hence , from the given information of the question,
The correct option is the digital divide .
Answer: DIGITAL DIVIDE
Explanation: Digital divide can be defined simply as the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies and information technology and those without.
These can be divided based on social, geographical or geopolitical.
The digital divide is accessed based on 5 criteria
1) affordable, broadband internet service;
2) internet-enabled devices that meet the needs of the user;
3) access to digital literacy training;
4) quality technical support;
5) applications and online content designed to enable and encourage self-sufficiency.
Those expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are Select one: a. simple norms. b. complex norms. c. values. d. roles.
Answer:d. roles.
Explanation:Role, in sociology, refers to expected behavior from each and every person who occupies a particular social status. A role is a pattern of socially recognised behavior which defines what one need to do and give someone a spot in a society such as a mother has her role , teacher has her role and so on
________________ refers to the tendency to marry people like ourselves (for example, similar age, race, religion, and education level). Select one: a. Homosexuality b. Homogamy c. Monogamy d. Polygamy
Answer:
The answer is B. Homogamy.
Explanation:
Homogamy refers to the marriage that exists between individuals who are considered similar to each other. These similarities are established in terms of culture. The union could be established taking into account elements like socioeconomic status, class, gender or age.
Homogamy is considered an unexpected phenomenon related to people who have some kind of liking for other people who are like them or behave like them.
According to Robert Peck, __________ involves affirming self-worth through family, friendships, or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers.
Answer:
Ego differentiation
Explanation:
Robert Peck was a psychologist who focused his research on the psychosocial development through middle age and the way people this age construct their self and their ego to adjust society in a better way.
According to him, Integrity involved 3 tasks. One of these task was ego differentiation which consisted in finding other sources of self-worth (like family, community or friendships) for those who had invested heavily in their careers.
Therefore, according to Robert Peck, ego differentiation involves affirming self-worth through family, friendships, or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers.
For polychronic time oriented cultures A. plans are flexible B. time is less of a guiding force C. plans are not flexible D. time is a guiding force E. both A
Answer:
E. both A and B
Explanation:
This question is incomplete. The options for this question are:
A. plans are flexible
B. time is less of a guiding force
C. plans are not flexible
D. time is a guiding force
E. both A and B
In sociology, there are two types of time oriented cultures:
A monochronic culture is a culture that likes to do one thing at a time. These cultures think there's an appropriate time and place for things and therefore they value order and tidiness and take things very seriously.A polychronic culture likes to to do several things at the same time and they are willing to change their plans quite easily, therefore, they don't quite see time as a guiding force.Therefore, we can see that the corrects answers are: Polychronic time oriented cultures see plans as flexible and also for them time is less of a guiding force. Therefore, the correct answer is E. since both options A and B are correct.
Imagine you design a study to see if a new organizational policy on sexual harassment is effective. Through random assignment, you train half of the department using the old policy, and half using the new policy, and test to their comprehension of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in the workplace.
What is the appropriate t-test to use?
Answer:
The appropriate test to use is independent t-test (also known as two sample t-test) in order to make a comparison between the means of the two independent groups used in the study.
Explanation:
In designing the study, independent t-test can be used to evaluate the statistical difference between the mean of half of the department population using the old policy, and the mean of the other remaining half of the population using the new policy in order to evaluate their understanding of both (constituting a broad range) appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in the workplace. The statistical result will provide evidence that would indicate whether a new organizational policy on sexual harassment is effective.
In which case did the Court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings?
In the Kent v. United States the Court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings
Explanation:A woman was robbed and raped in 1961 in Washington and it has been found that the culprit was a 16 year old boy Morris Kent. He was also having history of records when he was 14 years old for snatching purse and also burglaries. As he was under the juvenile court authority from his 14th year to his 16th year, now he was again accused for this crime.
Hence the judge of the Juvenile court felt that Morris can get better justice from the adult criminal court. The supreme court of U.S decided that the Juvenile offenders can be entitled to some amount of due process of law as adults while they were under the Juvenile courts jurisdiction under the Kent v. United States.
QUESTION 11 ____________ suggests that what is good for one’s survival and personal happiness is moral. a. Philanthropy b. Altruism c. Narcissism d. Egoism
Answer:
Philanthropy
Explanation:
Philanthropy is the thoughts of a more positive outlook on life (goals, progress, etc), rather than greed and desire.
Egoism is a theory that suggests acts promoting one's personal survival and happiness are moral, distinguishing it from narcissism which is more about self-absorption rather than survival.
Explanation:The answer to your question is d. Egoism. Egoism is a philosophical viewpoint that pertains to ethics and morality, suggesting that what is good for one's personal survival and happiness is moral. In other words, egoism believes that individuals should act in a way that promotes their own self-interest. It should not be confused with narcissism, which is more about an excessive or erotic attraction to oneself, and may not necessarily be about one’s survival or personal happiness.
Learn more about Egoism here:https://brainly.com/question/34611520
#SPJ2
Describe a decision that you’ve had to make. Psychologists argue that we often factor in utility and the probability of the options happening. Did you use these factors in your decision? Do you think that nonverbal or verbal communication is more trustworthy? Why or why not? Which do you think tells you more about a person?
Answer: Verbal and non-verbal communication are intertwined.
Explanation:
In line with the above, it is impossible to give preference to one communication over another, because together they form the basic pattern of communication between people. Non-verbal communication refers to intentional and unintentional disclosure by the body. It is mainly used to express emotions and attitudes, to reflect personality traits, and to encourage or alter verbal communication. When non-verbal behavior is consistent with speech, the message being spoken is clear and convincing. Non-verbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position or movement, touch, and gaze.Verbal communication is language-based. Successful verbal communication is always accompanied by non-verbal communication, and therefore these two types of communication are integral. In the business world, verbal communication follows the rules of a more formal language. It is especially important in public speaking, such as presentations, public speeches, and media appearances. Such occasions require practicing oratory and presentation skills.Shay is a nursery school teacher who works with 2- and 3-year-old children. Because she knows this is the time when most children become potty trained, she uses a technique in her classroom that encourages this behavior. Shay tells the children that they will get a sticker on their chart each time they successfully use the bathroom. Whenever a child gets 10 stickers, the child receives a small prize. What technique is Shay using?a. classical conditioning
b. generalization
c. modeling
d. token economy
Answer:
d. token economy
Explanation:
Token economy: In psychology, the term token economy is defined as a phenomenon which is based on the contingency management related to the systematic reinforcement of specific target behavior. It is considered as a reward for some good behavior with specific tokens that an individual can exchange with things that are desirable for him or her. A token can be anything, for example, sticker, chip, coin, etc.
Token economy is generally based on the ABA or applied behavioral analysis principles.
In the question above, the given statement states that Shay is using a token economy.
Final answer:
Shay is using a token economy, a behavior modification technique that employs tokens like stickers to reinforce desired behaviors such as potty training. This technique is based on operant conditioning principles and is effective in various settings.
Explanation:
Shay, the nursery school teacher, is employing a technique known as a token economy to encourage potty training among the 2- and 3-year-old children in her classroom. This approach is a form of behavior modification that relies on the principles of operant conditioning. Children are given stickers as tokens for performing the desired behavior of using the bathroom successfully. These tokens serve as secondary reinforcers and can be exchanged for a small prize after a child accumulates a certain number. Token economies like this are widely recognized for their effectiveness in varying settings, including schools, by increasing desirable behaviors and decreasing misbehaviors.
Shay's use of this method aligns with findings from studies such as those by Cangi and Daly (2013), which reported increased appropriate social behaviors and decreased inappropriate ones using a similar system. In Shay's classroom, the stickers, and the subsequent prizes for accumulating stickers, act to reinforce the behavior of using the potty among the children.
There are several steps in Information Risks planning. How can you utilize these steps to create a "Security Data Policy for employees storing personal data on their work computers." Describe how you will use each step. Will you need to use all the steps, if not what steps would be eliminated and why
Answer: among the many steps in information risk planning, below are the 5 basic steps:
• STEP 1: Identify the risk
• STEP 2: Analyze the risk
• STEP 3: Evaluate or rank the risk
• STEP 4: Treat the risk
• STEP 5: Monitor the risk.
I WILL NOT CONSIDER STEP THREE, BECAUSE I SEE ALL RISK TO BE THE SAME, THE ONE YOU ASSUME TO BE A HIGH RISK MAY NEVER OCCUR, WHILE THE ONE YOU ASSUME TO BE A LOW RISK MAY OCCUR FREQUENTLY. SO I WILL GIVE EQUAL ATTENTION TO ALL RISK IDENTIFIED.
In using this steps I have to take is orderly.
FIRST STEP: identifying the risk, in this first step I will have to identify all the risk that are involved in information security, which could be data lost from a computer or data theft from a personal computer.
SECOND STEP: Analyse the risk. I will study easy risk, how can data be stolen from an employee personal work computer, and how can data be lost from an employee work computer. To analyze this risk, data can be lost from an employee computer, if the system has been corrupted by a virus, if the system hard disc crash, if the system was mistakenly formated, and if the system is poorly maintained. Data can be stolen from a system if the system is been hacked, if the system has no password, and by stealing the hard disc in the system.
THIRD STEP: Evaluate or rank the risk. This is where you evaluate each risk, to know the high risk and the low risk, and to know the level of precaution to be used. I will not consider this step because I believe all risk are high and anyone can occurs any day, so the chance of all risk is the same, and the level of precaution to be taken in all risk should be the same.
FOURTH STEP: Treat the risk. In this step I will treat all the risk I discovered in the second step. For data security in terms of theft, special security code will be generated for all employee computer, which will be known only by the employee who use the computer. All staff are meant to leave the office when working hours is over, or work with the security personnel if the staff works overtime, to avoid theft of hard disc. Staffs will be educated to avoid clicking links from an unknown source, to avoid been hacked. For data security in terms of lost. All staff will back up their files in a cloud. All staff will be educated on the usage of computers to avoid formating the system by mistake. They will be an updated anti virus, to quarantine the system from virus, which can damage data.
FIFTH STEP: Monitor and review the risk. The risk will be monitored constantly, by updating virus always, changing of password to each system at least once in a month, monitoring each staff usage of the computer, updating the IT unit with recent technologies and softwares, updating the security on their duties. As the risk is been monitored, I will watch out for more risk to be identified.