Sulfur and oxygen react to produce sulfur trioxide. In a particular experiment, 7.9 grams of SO 3 are produced by the reaction of 6.0 grams of O 2 with 7.0 grams of S. What is the % yield of SO 3 in this experiment

Answer:

The rate law is k = [tex]k\frac{[O3]^{2} }{[O2]}\\[/tex]

Explanation:

From the mechanism is necessary to derive the rate law from the elementary steps and explain the effects of [O2] on the rate

The first step is a reversible reaction. Assuming dynamic equilibrium is achieved, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction

rate(forward) = rate(backward)

k1 [O3] = k-1 [O] [O2]

[O] is not part of the rate law, so we need to express [O] in terms of other species

[O] = [tex]\frac{k1 [O3]}{k-1[O2]}[/tex]

from the second step

rate = k2[O] [O3]

substituting [O] from the first step

rate = [tex]k2 \frac{k1 [O3] [O3]}{k-1[O2]} = \frac{k2k1 [O3]^{2} }{k-1[O2]}\\[/tex]

k = [tex]\frac{k2k1}{k-1}\\[/tex]

The final rate law is then

k = [tex]k\frac{[O3]^{2} }{[O2]}\\[/tex]

So, as the concentration os O2 increase the rate decrease. Also from the first step of the mechanism we can se that O2 can react to O to form back the reactant O3 resulting in decreased reaction rate.

Final answer:

The rate law for the decomposition of ozone in terms of the constants k1, k2, and k−1 is rate = k1k2[O3]^2 / (k−1 + k2[O3]). This is derived using the proposed two-step mechanism and making an assumption that the backward reaction is much slower than the forward reaction.

Explanation:

The proposed mechanism for the decomposition of ozone to molecular oxygen involves two elementary steps:

O3 O + O2 (rate constant k1)

O + O3 2O2 (rate constant k2)

There is also a reverse reaction to step 1 that should be considered, where O and O2 combine to reform O3 (rate constant k⁻1). According to the steady-state approximation, the concentration of intermediate species O remains constant because it is produced and consumed at the same rate. Therefore, the rate of its formation in step 1 is equal to its rate of consumption in step 2 and any reverse reaction.

The rate law for the given mechanism can be expressed as:

rate = k2[O][O3]

However, [O] is not directly measurable, so we need to link it to other reactants. We can express [O] from the equilibrium of step 1, assuming that the backward reaction is much slower than the forward reaction:

[O] = k1[O3] / (k⁻1 + k2[O3])

Then by substituting [O] back into the rate law:

rate = k2(k1[O3] / (k⁻1 + k2[O3]))[O3]

This simplifies to:

rate = k1k2[O3]^2 / (k⁻1 + k2[O3])

This rate law now relates the overall rate to the experimental rate constants k1, k2, and k⁻1.

Answer:

c. Compound 2 is more acidic because its conjugate base is more resonance stabilized

Explanation:

You haven't told us what the compounds are, so let's assume that the formula of Compound 1 is HCOCH₂OH and that of Compound 2 is CH₃COOH.

The conjugate base of 2 is CH₃COO⁻. It has two important resonance contributors, and the negative charge is evenly distributed between the two oxygen atoms.

CH₃COOH + H₂O ⇌ CH₃COO⁻ + H₃O⁺

The stabilization of the conjugate base pulls the position of equilibrium to the right, so the compound is more acidic than 1.

The compound with the more resonance stabilized conjugate base is the more acidic compound. This is because the stability of an acid's conjugate base directly influences acidity, and resonance stabilization enhances the stability of the conjugate base.

In comparing the acidity of two constitutional isomers, the strength of an acid is directly related to the stability of its conjugate base. An acid is considered strong if its conjugate base is stable. One important factor contributing to the stability of the conjugate base is its ability to distribute the negative charge throughout the ion (resonance).

In this situation, if the conjugate base of compound 'a' (for instance) is more resonance stabilized than that of the conjugate base of compound 'b', compound 'a' would be considered more acidic (assuming the compounds are constitutional isomers). On the other hand, if the conjugate base of compound 'b' is not as resonance stabilized as compound 'a's, compound 'b' would be less acidic. This is because resonance stabilization allows the negative charge to be distributed across a larger volume, thus reducing the concentration of charge, which in turn increases stability.

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Answer: Strictly a laboratory analysis and can only be done using the data obtained during analysis

Explanation:

To find a solution to this problem, you need to use the data collected during the lab work. A guide could be finding the possible forms of hydrated copper chlorides in reference books. Since it's also a lab work, you can definitely compare your data with lab mates.

The formula CuxCly.zH₂O and its name chloride hydrate already gives you an idea of the possibilities of the value of the integers, hence you can take a good guess for the identity of the unknown salt and calculate the theoretical formular weight for it. From the that you can proceed to also find the mass of water and copper from your lab analysis.  

To determine the chemical formula of a hydrated compound like copper chloride hydrate, you heat the compound to find the mass of water lost and compare this to the mass of the anhydrous copper chloride. By using the molar masses, these can be turned into amounts in moles and thus, the integers x, y, z in the formula (CuxCly•zH2O) can be determined.

In chemistry, when you have a hydrated compound like copper chloride hydrate, the x, y, and z in the formula (CuxCly•zH2O) represent the number of moles of each component in the compound. To find out these numbers, you first need to dry the compound by gently heating it. This will drive off the water molecules and leave you with the anhydrous copper chloride.

Then you can determine the mass of the copper chloride and the mass of water lost. Now, you will divide these by their respective molar masses, which will give you the number of moles of each. The ratio of these numbers will give you the values of x, y, and z in the formula. For instance, if you have one mole of copper, two moles of chlorine, and five moles of water, the formula would be Cu1Cl2•5H2O, normally written as CuCl2•5H2O.

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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows.

The boiling points for a set of compounds in a homologous series can be qualitatively predicted using intermolecular force strengths. Using their condensed structural formulas, rank the homologous series for a set of alkanes by their boiling point.

Rank from highest to lowest boiling point. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

butane ([tex]C_{4}H_{10}[/tex]), 3,3-dimethylpentane ([tex]C_{7}H_{16}[/tex]), hexane ([tex]C_{6}H_{14}[/tex]), and heptane ([tex]C_{6}H_{16}[/tex]).

Explanation:

It is known that boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. In hydrocarbons, more linearly the carbon atoms are attached to each other more will be the boiling point of the compound because of increase in surface area of the compound.

And, more is the branching present in a compound lesser will be its boiling point.

Also, more is the intermolecular strength present in a compound more will be its boiling point.

Thus, we can conclude that given compounds are ranked from highest to lowest boiling point as follows.

          heptane > hexane > 3,3-dimethyl pentane > butane

Answer:

The silver iodide will precipitate first.

At concentration more than [tex]4.15\times 10^{-13} M[/tex] of iodide ion will result in precipitation of silver iodide.

At concentration more than [tex]0.0023 M[/tex] of iodide ion will result in precipitation of lead iodide.

Explanation:

Solubility of silver iodide = [tex]K_{sp}=8.3\times 10^{-17}[/tex]

[tex]AgI\rightleftharpoons Ag^++I^-[/tex]

Concentration of silver ions = [tex][Ag^+]=2.0\times 10^{-4} M[/tex]

Suppose concentration of iodide ion due NaI added in solution be = [tex][I^-][/tex]

The expression of solubility product will be given as :

[tex]K_{sp}=[Ag^+][I^-][/tex]

[tex][I^-]=\frac{8.3\times 10^{-17}}{2.0\times 10^{-4} M}=4.15\times 10^{-13} M[/tex]

At concentration more than [tex]4.15\times 10^{-13} M[/tex] of iodide ion will result in precipitation of silver iodide.

Solubility of lead iodide = [tex]K_{sp}'=7.9\times 10^{-9}[/tex]

[tex]PbI_2\rightleftharpoons Pb^{2+}+2I^-[/tex]

Concentration of silver ions = [tex][Pb^{2+}]=1.5\times 10^{-3} M[/tex]

Suppose concentration of iodide ion due NaI added in solution be = [tex][I^-][/tex]

The expression of solubility product will be given as :

[tex]K_{sp}'=[Pb^{2+}][I^-]^2[/tex]

[tex][I^-]^2=\frac{7.9\times 10^{-9}}{1.5\times 10^{-3} M}=4.15\times 10^{-13}[/tex]

[tex][I^-]=0.0023 M[/tex]

At concentration more than [tex]0.0023 M[/tex] of iodide ion will result in precipitation of lead iodide.

For silver iodide , we need concentration of iodide more than [tex]4.15\times 10^{-13} M[/tex] and for lead iodide , we need concentration of iodide more than 0.0023 M. So , this indicates that silver iodide will precipitate out first.

Silver iodide is the first precipitate. silver iodide or lead iodide precipitates at concentrations greater than 4.15× 10⁻¹³ M or 2.3 ×10⁻³ M of iodide ions.

Calculating the value for the first question that is the AgI ppts first:

⇒ AgI

⇒ K = [Ag] [I]

⇒ 8.3 × 10⁻¹⁷= [2e⁻⁴][I]

⇒ [I] = 4.15× 10⁻¹³ Molar

Calculating the value for the second question, which is AgI to ppt, [I] > 4.15× 10⁻¹³ Molar

⇒ PbI₂

⇒ K = [Pb] [I]²

⇒ 7.9×  10⁻⁹ = [1.5 × 10⁻³] [I]²

⇒ I² = 5.26 ×  10⁻⁶

⇒ I = 2.3 ×10⁻³ Molar

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The final pressure in the flask, after the reaction of gases A and B to produce gas C, remains 2.0 atm, according to the principles of Ideal Gas Law.

This question is about calculating the final pressure in a sealed flask after a chemical reaction, using ideal gas law concepts. In the initial state, the total pressure in the flask is the sum of the pressures of gas A and gas B, that is 1.0 atm (from 2.0 L of gas A) plus 1.0 atm (from 1.0 L of gas B), total 2.0 atm. It's important to notice that in the reaction 2 moles of gas A react with 1 mole of gas B to produce 1 mole of gas C. In other words, for every 2 volumes of gas A and 1 volume of gas B react to form 1 volume of gas C. So the total volume keeps constant after the reaction. As we know in Ideal Gas Law, if the temperature and volume are constant, the total pressure is also constant. Thus, the total pressure after completion of the reaction remains 2.0 atm.

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The graphics in the attachment is part of the question, which was incomplete.

Answer: Fr = 102N and angle of approximately 11°.

Explanation: From the attachment, it is observed that from the three forces acting on M, two are perpendicular. So to find them, we have to show their x- and y- axis components. From the graph:

Fx = 70+40-10 = 100

Fy = 40-20 = 20

Now, as the forces form a triangle, the totalforce is:

Fr = [tex]\sqrt{Fx^{2} +Fy^{2} }[/tex]

Fr = [tex]\sqrt{10400}[/tex]

Fr = ≈ 102N

To determine the angle requested, we use:

arctg H = [tex]\frac{Fy}{Fx}[/tex]

arctg H = [tex]\frac{20}{100}[/tex]

H = tg 0.2 ≈ 11°.

Final answer:

Using trigonometry or graphical methods, the magnitudes and directions of forces such as F1 and F2 can be calculated. Applying principles of electromagnetism and mechanics, including the right-hand rule and cross-product notation, enables the determination of force magnitude and direction in a magnetic field.

Explanation:

The question involves calculating the magnitude and direction of forces acting on an object, which encompasses principles fundamental to physics, specifically in the area of mechanics and electromagnetism. Using trigonometry or graphical methods for force vector addition, one can find the magnitudes and directions of forces F1 and F2. Additionally, understanding the role of magnetic fields and applying the right-hand rule can assist in determining the direction of magnetic forces acting on a current-carrying wire, which is perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field, leading to a simplified calculation of force magnitude and direction using cross-product notation.

For example, if given the values for the magnetic field, the charge, and the velocity of a particle moving through this field, one could apply the formula F = q(v x B) to determine the force's magnitude and direction. The understanding and application of Newton's Second Law are also crucial when analyzing forces that contribute to the work done on an object, taking into account the gravitational force component along the direction of displacement and the friction force.

Answer:

For the first reaction the reagents are: MgCl2 and Na2CO3

For the second reaction the reagents are: Na2HPO4 and CaCl2

Explanation:

Precipitation reactions lie in the production of a compound that is not soluble, which is called a precipitate, this precipitate is produced when two different solutions are combined, each of which will contribute an ion for the formation of the precipitate. In the first reaction you have:

MgCl2 + Na2CO3 = MgCO3 + 2 NaCl

Type of reaction: double displacement

The second reaction is as follows:

4Na2HPO4 + 3CaCl2 → Ca3 (PO4) 2 + 2NaH2PO4 + 6NaCl

It is the reaction of sodium hydrochlorophosphate and calcium chloride

Answer:

9.96g of Na₂SO₄ is the maximum mass that could be produced

Explanation:

We must determine the reaction:

Reactants: H₂SO₄, NaOH

Products: H₂O, Na₂SO₄

The equation is:  H₂SO₄ (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) →  2H₂O (l) + Na₂SO₄(aq)

We have the mass of the reactants. We need to convert them to moles, in order to define the limiting reactant

6.87 g / 98 g/mol = 0.0701 moles of acid

9.7 g / 40 g/mol = 0.242 moles of base

Limiting reactant is the acid. Let's verify

2 moles of NaOH can react with 1 mol of acid

Therefore 0.242 moles of NaOH must react with (0.242 . 1) / 2 = 0.121 moles

We do not have enough acid.

Ratio with the salt is 1:1. 1 mol of acid produces 1 mol of salt

Therefore 0.0701 moles of acid will produce 0.0701 moles of salt

We convert the moles to mass → 0.0701 mol . 142.06 g / 1 mol = 9.96g

Answer:

kudos to this man hope he is right if not sorry for taking the slot

Explanation:

Final answer:

Kp for the reactions at 873 K can be found by using the reciprocal, multiplication, or division based on the stoichiometry changes from the original reaction. For Part A, Kp is 3.45×10⁴; for Part B, it is 2.43×10⁻; and for Part C, it is 8.41×10⁻.

Explanation:

To find the value of Kp for the given reactions at 873 K, we use the reciprocal, multiplication, or division of the original reaction's Kp value depending on the stoichiometry of each reaction.

Part A

For the reaction 2AsH3(g)+P2(g)⇌2PH3(g)+As2(g), which is the reverse of the given reaction, the equilibrium constant Kp is the reciprocal of the original reaction's Kp. So, Kp for this reaction is 1 / (2.9×10⁻⁵) = 3.45×10⁴.

Part B

For the reaction 6PH3(g)+3As2(g)⇌3P2(g)+6AsH3(g), which is the original reaction multiplied by 3, the equilibrium constant Kp is the original Kp raised to the power of 3. Therefore, Kp is (2.9×10⁻⁵)³ = 2.43×10⁻.

Part C

For the reaction 2P2(g)+4AsH3(g)⇌2As2(g)+4PH3(g), which is the original reaction multiplied by 2, the equilibrium constant Kp is the original Kp squared. Thus, Kp for Part C is (2.9×10⁻⁵)² = 8.41×10⁻.

Answer:

Concentration of sodium nitrate solution is 0.636 mmol/L

Explanation:

We know, [tex]1micromol=1\times 10^{-3}mmol[/tex]

So, [tex]286.micromol=(286.\times 10^{-3})mmol=0.286mmol[/tex]

Concentration in mmol/L is defined as number of mmol of solute dissolved in 1000 mL of solution

Here solute is [tex]NaNO_{3}[/tex]

Total volume of solution = Total volume of volumetric flask = 450. mL

Hence concentration of [tex]NaNO_{3}[/tex] solution = [tex]\frac{0.286mmol}{450.mL}\times 1000=0.636mmol/L[/tex]

So, concentration of sodium nitrate solution is 0.636 mmol/L

Answer:

        = 51.72%

Explanation: Use the formula

percentage by mass of water

                   = (molar mass of water / molar mass of MgCO3.5H2O) x 100

Molar mass of MgCO3.5H2O = 24+12+(16X3)+[5(2+16)

                                                 =36+48+90

                                                 =174g/mol

Molar mass of water 5H2O =5(2 + 16)

                                              =5X18

                                              =90

Therefore percentage of water = (90/174) x 100

                                                    = 51.72%

Note the molar masses: Mg = 24, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1

The percent of the water by mass extracted from magnesium carbonate pentahydrate in space is 51.72%.

The percent mass of water in the compound is given by:

[tex]\rm percent \;mass=\dfrac{mass\;of\;water}{mass\;of\;compound}\;\times\;100[/tex]

The mass of magnesium carbonate pentahydrate is 174 grams.

The compound is composed of 5 water units. The mass of 1 water unit is 18 grams. The mass of 5 water units is:

[tex]\rm 1\;H_2O=18\;g\\5\;H_2O=18\;\times\;5\;g\\5\;H_2O=90\;g[/tex]

The percent mass of water in magnesium carbonate pentahydrate is given as:

[tex]\rm percent\;mass=\dfrac{90}{174}\;\times\;100\\ percent\;mass=0.5172\;\times\;100\\percent\;mass=51.72\;\%[/tex]

The percent mass of water in magnesium carbonate pentahydrate is 51.72%.

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Answer:

[tex]C(t)=\frac{r}{k}-(\frac{r-kC_o}{k})e^{-kt}[/tex]

Explanation:

The differential equation is given as:

[tex]\frac{dC}{dt} = r- kC[/tex]

[tex]\frac{dC}{r- kC} = dt[/tex]

Taking integral of both sides; we have:

[tex]\int\limits \frac{dC}{r- kC} = \int\limits dt[/tex]

[tex]-\frac{1}{k} In(r-kC) = t+D\\In(r-kC)=-kt-kD[/tex]

[tex]r-kC=e^{-kt-kD}[/tex]

[tex]r-kC=e^{-kt}e^{-kD}[/tex]

[tex]r-kC=Ae^{-kt}[/tex]

[tex]kC=r-Ae^{-kt}[/tex]

[tex]C=\frac{r}{k}-\frac{A}{k}e^{-kt}[/tex]

[tex]C(t)=\frac{r}{k}-\frac{A}{k}e^{-kt}[/tex]     ------- equation (1)

If C(0)= [tex]C_o[/tex] ; we have:

C(0)= [tex]\frac{r}{k}-\frac{A}{k}e^0[/tex]         (where; A is an integration constant)

[tex]C_o = \frac{r}{k}- \frac{A}{k}[/tex]

[tex]C_o=\frac{r-A}{k}[/tex]

[tex]kC_o=r-A[/tex]

[tex]A=r-kC_o[/tex]

Substituting [tex]A=r-kC_o[/tex] into equation (1); we have;

[tex]C(t)=\frac{r}{k}-(\frac{r-kC_o}{k})e^{-kt}[/tex]

Answer:

0.048 M

Explanation:

Note that the Concentration from Question 5= .00096 M

To Prepere  of commercial aspirin solution, take the following steps:

Final answer:

To find the concentration of acetylsalicylic acid in the original 100.00 mL solution, one would use the dilution formula C1V1 = C2V2, which relates concentrations and volumes before and after dilution. Exact calculations require the concentration in the 10.00 mL sample, which is not provided.

Explanation:

The calculation of the concentration of acetylsalicylic acid in the 100.00 mL volumetric flask, given its concentration in a 10.00 mL sample, is a classic example of a dilution problem in chemistry. To calculate the concentration in the original volumetric flask, you need to use the formula: C1V1 = C2V2, where C1 and V1 represent the concentration and volume of the starting solution, and C2 and V2 represent the concentration and volume after dilution. Unfortunately, without the specific concentration found in the 10.00 mL sample, the exact concentration in the 100.00 mL cannot be calculated here. However, this relationship allows one to understand how dilutions work and provides a method to find the concentration in the original solution if the concentration in the diluted solution is known.

Answer:

C2 2+ stable and should exist

Be2 2+ stable and should exit

Li2 stable and should exit

Li2 2- unstable and doesn't exist

Explanation:

The first step in predicting the stability of a specie is knowing its molecular orbital configuration and bond order. If the Specie has a bond order of one or more, it is expected to exist in a stable form. The image attached shows the bond order and molecular orbital configuration of all the species mentioned in the question. This will aid you in understanding the stability of each specie.

The ions or molecule C2 2+ Be2 2+ Li2 exists in stable form but Li2 2 does not exist in stable form when using molecular orbital theory to predict their stability.

The production of molecular orbitals arises by combining atomic orbitals in a linear array. Based on the electronic configuration of molecular orbitals, the stability of molecules or ions can be determined by calculating the bond order for each molecule.

The bond order can be expressed as: [tex]\mathbf{= \dfrac{1}{2} \Big[no \ of \ electrons \ in \ B.O - No \ of \ electrons \ in \ Anti \ B.O \Big]}[/tex]

where:

For C₂²⁺:

The carbon atom has an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p². It has 12 electrons. For the formation of C₂  from C₂²⁺, there is the removal of 2 electrons.

As such, C₂²⁺ has 10 electrons.

Now, the electronic configuration for the molecular orbital for C₂²⁺ can be written as:

[tex]\mathbf{ \sigma_{1s}^2 < \sigma _{1s}^{*2} < \sigma _{2s}^{2}< \sigma _{2s}^{*2} < \pi _{2py}^{1}=\pi _{2pz}^{1} < \pi _{2px}^{0} < \pi _{2py}^{*0}= \pi _{2pz}^{0} < \pi _{2px}^{0} }[/tex]

where;

Bond Order [tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (6-4)}[/tex]

[tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (2)}[/tex]

= 1

Thus, since Bond order = 1, the C₂²⁺  ion exist  in a stable form

For Be₂²⁺ is a beryllium atom with a configuration is 1s² 2s². It has 8 electrons, for the formation of Be₂ from Be₂²⁺, there is the removal of 2 electrons. As such, Be₂²⁺ has 6 electrons, the electronic configuration for the molecular orbital can be expressed as:

[tex]\mathbf{ \sigma_{1s}^2 < \sigma _{1s}^{*2} < \sigma _{2s}^{2}< \sigma _{2s}^{*0} < \pi _{2py}^{0}=\pi _{2pz}^{0} < \pi _{2px}^{0} < \pi _{2py}^{*0}= \pi _{2pz}^{0} < \pi _{2px}^{0} }[/tex]

Bond Order [tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (4-2)}[/tex]

[tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (2)}[/tex]

= 1

Thus, since Bond order = 1, the Be₂²⁺  ion exist in a stable form

Lithium Li₂ has an atomic number 3 with an electronic configuration 1s² 2s¹. Thus, it comprises 6 electrons. The electronic configuration of its molecular orbital is expressed as;

[tex]\mathbf{ \sigma_{1s}^2 < \sigma _{1s}^{*2} < \sigma _{2s}^{2}< \sigma _{2s}^{*0} < \pi _{2py}^{0}=\pi _{2pz}^{0} < \pi _{2px}^{0} < \pi _{2py}^{*0}= \pi _{2pz}^{*0} < \pi _{2px}^{*0} }[/tex]

Bond Order[tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (4-2)}[/tex]

[tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (2)}[/tex]

= 1

Thus, since Bond order = 1, the Li₂  ion exists in a stable form

In Li₂²⁻, the number of electrons for its formation is 8; Since it needs 2 more electrons to its initial 6 electrons in Li₂. so, the electronic configuration of its molecular orbital can be expressed as;

[tex]\mathbf{ \sigma_{1s}^2 < \sigma _{1s}^{*2} < \sigma _{2s}^{2}< \sigma _{2s}^{*2} < \pi _{2py}^{0}=\pi _{2pz}^{0} < \pi _{2px}^{0} < \pi _{2py}^{*0}= \pi _{2pz}^{*0} < \pi _{2px}^{*0} }[/tex]

Bond Order [tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (4-4)}[/tex]

[tex]= \mathbf{\dfrac{1}{2} (0)}[/tex]

= 0

Thus, since Bond order = 0, the Li₂²⁻  ion does not exist in a stable form

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The monatomic ion with a charge of +2 and electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p6 is isoelectronic with the noble gas argon (Ar). The chemical symbol of the ion is Ca^2+.

The given electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p6. This indicates that it has a total of 18 electrons, which is the same as the electronic configuration of the noble gas argon (Ar). Therefore, the monatomic ion is isoelectronic with argon.

The charge of the ion is +2, which means it has lost 2 electrons from its neutral state. Since it has 18 electrons, it must have had 20 electrons in its neutral state. The symbol of the ion can be determined by looking at the element that has an atomic number of 20, which is calcium (Ca). Therefore, the chemical symbol of the ion is Ca2+.

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The balanced equation is

2 C6H14 (g) + 19 O2 (g) --> 12 CO2 (g) + 14 H2O (g)

For solving the stoichiometric calculations, we first need to do two steps. One of them is balancing the reaction equation. Here the balancing is done and we can see that 2 moles of hexane reacts with 19 moles of oxygen to produce 12 moles of carbon dioxide and 14 moles of water.

Now, for 2 moles of hexane, number of moles of oxygen required is 19.

So, for 7.2 moles of hexane, number of moles of oxygen required is[tex]\frac {19}{2}\times 7.2[/tex].

= 68.4.

So 68.4 moles of oxygen is required.

68.4 moles of oxygen is required.

Balanced chemical equation:

2 C₆H₁₄ (g) + 19 O₂ (g) ------> 12 CO₂ (g) + 14 H₂O (g)

2 moles of hexane reacts with 19 moles of oxygen to produce 12 moles of carbon dioxide and 14 moles of water.

Now, for 2 moles of hexane, number of moles of oxygen required is 19.

So, for 7.2 moles of hexane, number of moles of oxygen required = 68.4.

So, 68.4 moles of oxygen is required.

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Answer:

CH₄N

Explanation:

Given that;

mass of the sample =  0.312 g

mass of CO2 = 0.458 g

mass of H2O =  0.374 g

nitrogen content of a 0.486 gg sample is converted to 0.226 gg N2N2.

Let start with calculating the respective numbers of moles of Carbon Hydrogen and Nitrogen from the given data.

numbers of moles of Carbon from CO2 = [tex]\frac{mass of CO_2}{molarmass}*\frac{1 mole of C}{1 mole of CO_2}[/tex]

= [tex]\frac{0.458}{44}*\frac{1mole of C}{1 mole of CO_2}[/tex]

= 0.0104 mole

numbers of moles of hydrogen from H2O = [tex]\frac{mass of H_2O}{molarmass}*\frac{2 mole of H}{1 mole of H_2O}[/tex]

= [tex]\frac{0.374}{18.02}*\frac{2 mole of H}{1 mole of H_2O}[/tex]

= 0.02077 × 2

= 0.0415 mole

The nitrogen content of a 0.486 g sample is converted to 0.226 g N2

Now, in 1 g of the sample; The nitrogen content = [tex]\frac{0.226}{0.486}*1[/tex]

in 0.312 g of the sample, the nitrogen content will be; [tex]\frac{0.226}{0.486}*0.312[/tex]

= 0.1450 g of N2

number of moles of N2 = [tex]\frac{mass}{molar mass}* \frac{2 mole}{1 mole}[/tex]

= [tex]\frac{0.1450}{28.0134} *\frac{2 mole}{1 mole}[/tex]

= 0.0103 mole

Finally to determine the empirical formula of Carbon  Hydrogen and Nitrogen; we have:

                                Carbon         Hydrogen           Nitrogen

number of moles      0.0104         0.0415                 0.0103

divided by the

smallest number      [tex]\frac{0.0104}{0.0103}[/tex]             [tex]\frac{0.0415}{0.0103}[/tex]                    [tex]\frac{0.0103}{0.0103}[/tex]

of moles

                                   1        :           4           :               1

∴ The empirical formula = CH₄N

To find the empirical formula of dimethylhydrazine, we calculate the mass of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen from the combustion products. We then convert these masses to moles and obtain their simplest whole number ratio to derive the empirical formula.

To determine the empirical formula of dimethylhydrazine, we will analyze the combustion products and use them to find the amount of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in the original compound.

Step 1: Determine the amount of Carbon

From the given 0.458 g of CO2, we can calculate the mass of carbon in the CO2 using the molar mass of CO2 (44.01 g/mol). The molar mass of carbon is 12.01 g/mol.

Step 2: Determine the amount of Hydrogen

The 0.374 g of H2O contains a certain mass of hydrogen, which can be calculated by using the molar mass of H2O (18.015 g/mol) and the fact that there are 2 moles of hydrogen atoms for every mole of H2O.

Step 3: Determine the amount of Nitrogen

A 0.486 g sample of dimethylhydrazine produced 0.226 g of N2. Using the molar mass of N2 (28.02 g/mol), we can find the mass of nitrogen in the sample.

Step 4: Calculate the Empirical Formula

We then convert the masses of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen to moles and find their simplest whole number ratio to get the empirical formula of dimethylhydrazine.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The gaseous state is characterized in that the cohesion forces are usually null, in which the particles have their maximum mobility. The particles tend to occupy all the available volume, so their shape and volume are variable. The gaseous state is a dispersed state of matter, which means that the molecules are separated by distances much larger than the diameter of the gas molecules.

True, a gas is a substance where the molecules are relatively far apart compared to their size. Gases can diffuse until they evenly fill their container, unlike solids and liquids. For example, oxygen we breathe spreads throughout a room.

True, a gas is a substance in which the molecules are separated on the average by distances that are large compared with the sizes of the molecules. This is because gases have the capability to diffuse and spread out until they evenly fill their container. This differentiates them from solids and liquids, where the intermolecular distances are much smaller. For instance, the oxygen we breathe spreads throughout a room, as opposed to settling in one place.

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The difference in freezing point between water and carbon monoxide is due to the different types of intermolecular forces they possess. Water has stronger hydrogen bonds whereas carbon monoxide has weaker dipole-dipole forces.

The difference in freezing point between water (H2O) and carbon monoxide (CO) can be explained by the type of intermolecular forces present in these molecules. Water molecules have stronger hydrogen bonds which require more energy to break, hence it freezes at a higher temperature (0°C). On the other hand, carbon monoxide molecules primarily exhibit dipole-dipole forces which are not as strong as hydrogen bonds, resulting in a much lower freezing point (-205°C).

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Answer:

The balanced chemical equation for this process:

[tex]H_2SO_4(aq)+Ca(OH)_2(s)\rightarrow 2H_2O(l)+CaSO_4(aq)[/tex]

$194.51 is the cost that the firm will incur from this use of slaked lime.

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for this process

[tex]H_2SO_4(aq)+Ca(OH)_2(s)\rightarrow 2H_2O(l)+CaSO_4(aq)[/tex]

Moles of sulfuric acid = n

Volume of sulfuric acid disposed = V = 1200 gallons = 3.785 × 1200 L = 4,542 L

1 gallon = 3.785 Liter

Morality of the sulfuric acid = M = 1.05 m

[tex]Molarity(M)=\frac{n}{V(L)}[/tex]

[tex]n=m\times V=1.05 M\times 4,542 L=4,769.1 mol[/tex]

According to reaction, 1 mol of sulfuric acid reacts with 1 mole of calcium hydroxide.Then 4,769.1 moles of sulfuric acid will recat with ;

[tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 4,769.1 mol=4,769.1 mol[/tex] of calcium hydroxide

Mass of 4,769.1 moles of calcium hydroxide:

4,769.1 mol  74 g/mol = 352,913.4 g

= [tex]\frac{352,913.4 }{453.6} pounds =778.03 pounds[/tex]

(1 pound = 453.6 grams)

Cost of 1 pound of slaked lime  = $0.25

Cost of 778.03 pounds of slaked lime  = $0.25 × 778.03 = $194.51

$194.51 is the cost that the firm will incur from this use of slaked lime.

Final answer:

To neutralize 1200 gallons of 1.05 M sulfuric acid, a metallurgical firm will need 352.89 kg of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) costing a total of $194.53.

Explanation:

A metallurgical firm wishes to dispose of 1200 gallons of waste sulfuric acid whose molarity is 1.05 M by reacting it with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). The balanced chemical equation for this process is:

H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

To find the mass of slaked lime needed, first, calculate the moles of sulfuric acid in 1200 gallons (4536 liters, assuming 1 gallon = 3.78541 liters). The total moles of H2SO4 are 1.05 moles/L × 4536 L = 4762.8 moles. According to the stoichiometry of the reaction, 1 mole of H2SO4 reacts with 1 mole of Ca(OH)2, so 4762.8 moles of Ca(OH)2 are required. The molar mass of Ca(OH)2 is 74.09 g/mol, which means (4762.8 moles × 74.09 g/mol) = 352889.352 grams or 352.89 kg of Ca(OH)2 needed. Considering the cost of slaked lime is $0.25 per pound, and 1 kg = 2.20462 pounds, the total cost would be (352.89 kg × 2.20462 pounds/kg × $0.25/pound) = $194.53.

Answer:

2NH₃(g) + H₂SO₄(g) → (NH₄)₂SO₄(s)

Explanation:

(NH₄)₂SO₄ → Ammonium sulfate

This salt comes from a weak base and a strong acid

Base → Ammonia

Acid → Sulfuric acid

The reaction is:

2NH₃(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) → (NH₄)₂SO₄(aq)

This is an acid salt; the protons from the acid are gained by the weak base.

As sulfuric is a strong acid, the sulfate is the conjugate weak base (it has no reaction)

As ammonia is a weak base, the ammonium is the conjugate strong acid so in water, it can react as this: NH₄⁺ + H₂O ⇄ NH₃ + H₃O⁺       Ka

Hydroniums are released, that's why it is an acid salt

Answer: 2NH3 (aq)  + H2SO4 (aq)  ----> (NH4)2 SO4 (aq)

Explanation:

The salt in question is Ammonium Salt (NH4)2 SO4.

It is formed by the reaction between Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid and Ammonia.

2NH3(aq)  +  H2SO4 (aq)  ---->   (NH4)2 SO4 (aq)

  Base       Acid                     Salt

 Ammonium sulphate is mainly used as fertilizer.

The question is incomplete, here is the complete question:

1. The radioactive source you will be working with in this lab is Cs-137. Look up the half-life of this material and report the value in units of seconds.

2. The relationship between decay constant (l) and half-life is:

[tex]t_{1/2}=\frac{\ln 2}{k}[/tex]

For Cs-137, what is the value of 'k' in [tex]s^{-1}[/tex]

Answer:

For 1: The half life for Cs-137 isotope is [tex]9.51\times 10^8s[/tex]

For 2: The rate constant of Cs-137 isotope is [tex]7.29\times 10^{-10}s^{-1}[/tex]

Explanation:

Half life is defined as the time taken for half of the reaction to complete. This is also defined as the time in which the concentration of a reactant is reduced to half of its original value.

The half life for Cs-137 isotope is [tex]9.51\times 10^8s[/tex]

The relationship between decay constant (l) and half-life is: given by the equation:

[tex]t_{1/2}=\frac{\ln 2}{k}[/tex]

where,

[tex]t_{1/2}[/tex] = half life of Cs-137 isotope = [tex]9.51\times 10^8s[/tex]

k = rate constant

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]9.51\times 10^8s=\frac{\ln 2}{k}\\\\k=\frac{\ln 2}{9.51\times 10^8}=7.29\times 10^{-10}s^{-1}[/tex]

Hence, the rate constant of Cs-137 isotope is [tex]7.29\times 10^{-10}s^{-1}[/tex]

Final answer:

The number 10.78 has four significant figures, 6.78 has three, and 0.78 has two. However, when expressed as pH values, significant figures are determined by the number of decimal places, so the significant figures for [H+] would match the decimal places of the pH.

Explanation:

The number of significant figures in a given number indicates how many digits are meaningful in expressing the precision of a measurement. For the numbers provided, 10.78 has four significant figures, 6.78 has three significant figures, and 0.78 has two significant figures. When expressing these numbers as pH values, however, the approach to significant figures changes slightly.

In the context of pH calculations, the significant figures are indicated by the number of digits after the decimal point. This is because the whole number part of a pH value indicates the power of 10 and is related to the magnitude of the hydrogen or hydronium ion concentration ([H+]), while the decimal portion represents the precision of the measurement. So, if 10.78, 6.78, and 0.78 were pH values, the respective [H+] concentrations would be expressed with the same number of significant figures as the decimal places in the pH value.

For example, if the given number is 0.010 M which has two significant figures, the corresponding pH 12.00 also reflects two significant figures. Similarly, a pH of 7.56 would result in a [H+] concentration rounded to two significant figures. This difference arises because the number of significant figures in the pH value is determined by the number of decimal places, unlike normal numerical significant figure rules.

The numbers 10.78, 6.78, and 0.78 have four, three, and two significant figures, respectively. If these were pH values, the corresponding hydrogen ion concentrations, [H], can be expressed with one, one, and two significant figures, respectively.

To determine the number of significant figures in a given number, one must count all the digits starting from the first non-zero digit and ending with the last digit, whether it is zero or not. This rule includes all digits except:

1. Leading zeros, which are zeros before the first non-zero digit.

2. Trailing zeros in a number without a decimal point.

3. Trailing zeros in a number with a decimal point that are to the right of the last non-zero digit.

Applying these rules:

- For 10.78, there are four significant figures: 1, 0, 7, and 8. The zero is significant because it is between two non-zero digits.

- For 6.78, there are three significant figures: 6, 7, and 8.

- For 0.78, there are two significant figures: 7 and 8. The zero is not significant because it is a leading zero.

When dealing with pH values and converting them to hydrogen ion concentrations, [H], the relationship is given by the equation pH = -log[H]. To find the [H] from a pH value, one would use the equation [H] = [tex]10^{(-pH)[/tex].

The number of significant figures in the pH value does not directly translate to the number of significant figures in [H] because the logarithm and antilogarithm [tex](10^x)[/tex] transformations can affect the number of significant figures:

- For a pH of 10.78, the [H] would be [tex]10^{(-10.78)[/tex]. The result of this calculation would typically be rounded to one significant figure because the pH value has uncertainty in the hundredths place.

- For a pH of 6.78, the [H] would be [tex]10^{(-6.78)[/tex]. Similarly, this would also be rounded to one significant figure.

- For a pH of 0.78, the [H] would be [tex]10^{(-0.78)[/tex]. This calculation would yield two significant figures because the pH value itself has two significant figures.

The discrepancy arises because the mathematical operations involved in converting pH to [H] introduce uncertainty that limits the number of significant figures that can be reliably reported for [H]. The pH values given are precise to the hundredths place, but when converted to [H], the precision is reduced due to the nature of the logarithmic scale.

Answer: The yield of dibromide product will be approximately one‑half of the expected yield.

Explanation:

Using half the required amount of Br2 in the bromination of trans-cinnamic acid would likely result in approximately half the yield of the expected dibromide product due to Br2 being the limiting reactant.

The likely consequence of using 6 mmol of Br2 instead of the required 12 mmol in the bromination of trans-cinnamic acid is that the yield of the dibromide product will be approximately one-half of the expected yield. This is because the amount of Br2 would become the limiting reactant in this reaction, as not enough bromine is present to fully react with the 12 mmol of trans-cinnamic acid. In stoichiometric reactions, the yield is directly proportional to the amount of the limiting reagent. Therefore, if half the required amount of a reagent is used, it is logical to expect around half the yield, assuming that the reaction goes to completion under the given conditions.

Answer:

To find the solution we must establish the electronic configuration of all the elements present:

H = 1s1

C = 1s2 2s2 2p2

N = 1s2 2s2 2p3

O = 1s2 2s2 2p4

You can see hydrogen has only one electron, carbon has 4, in nitrogen it is five and in oxygen it is 6.

Explanation:

Hybridization in an atom can be achieved by locating the steric number of said atom. The sum of these atoms and the number of solitary pairs that atom has has the name of steric number. For example:

If the steric number of an atom is 4, that atom has a sp3 hybridization.

If the steric number of an atom is 3, that atom has a sp2 hybridization.

If the steric number of an atom is 2, that atom has a sp hybridization.

Final answer:

The question about the number of carbon atoms in AZT that are hybridized cannot be answered without additional context or the molecular structure of the drug. AZT is a type of antiretroviral medication used to treat AIDS by inhibiting the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Explanation:

When discussing the drug azidothymidine (AZT), it's important to note that the question regarding the number of carbon atoms that are hybridized seems to be incomplete. Hybridization in chemistry pertains to the concept where atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals that can form covalent chemical bonds in molecules. However, AZT, a medication known to treat AIDS, does not provide direct information about carbon atom hybridization without further context, such as its chemical structure or specific hybridization type questions (e.g., sp, sp2, sp3).

AZT is a type of antiretroviral medication and belongs to the class of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). It functions by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV, impeding the virus's ability to replicate within the body. Although originally approved for use in treating AIDS several years ago, ongoing resistance has led to the development of additional antiretroviral drugs to manage the condition effectively.

It is critical to differentiate between the various types of hybridization when considering specific atoms in a molecule. Therefore, without additional context or the molecular structure of AZT, providing the exact number of hybridized carbon atoms is not possible, and that part of the question remains unanswerable.

Question: complete the following sentences: aldohexose, triose,aldose, ketopentose, glucose, ketose.

1) Glyceraldehyde is an example of a(n)____ because it has three carbon atoms.2) With the carbonyl group on the end of a six-month carbon chain, the carbohydrate would be classified as a( n)__3)Any carbohydrate with the carbonyl group on the second carbon is a(n)___4) A monosaccharide is a(n)___ if the carbonyl group is on the end of the carbon chain. 5)The most common carbohydrate ___ has six atoms. 6) If a carbohydrate, like xylulose, has five carbon atoms and a carbonyl group on the second carbon, it is called a(n)_____.

Answer:

1) triose

2) aldohexose

3) ketose

4) aldose

5) glucose

6) ketopentose

Explanation:

Carbohydrate is one of the major classes of food which is divided into monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. Monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrates which is further divided into:

- glucose( the most common carbohydrate)

- fructose and

- galactose.

These monosaccharides can be further grouped according to the number of carbon atoms they possess and according to the functional group attached to its linear or unbranched carbon skeleton.

-TRIOSE: These are monosaccharides that has three carbon atoms example is Glyceraldehyde.

-ALDOHEXOSE: These are monosaccharides with the carbonyl group on the end of a six carbon chain.

- KETOSE: These are monosaccharides with the carbonyl group on the second carbon.

- ALDOSE: This is a monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is on the end of the carbon chain.

-KETOPENTOSE: These are monosaccharides that has five carbon atoms and a carbonyl group on the second carbon. An example is xylulose.

This question is about the classification of carbohydrates based on the position of the carbonyl group.

1. Glyceraldehyde is an example of an aldose because it contains an aldehyde functional group and it has three carbon atoms.
2. With the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain, the carbohydrate would be classified as an aldohexose.
3. Any carbohydrate with the carbonyl group on the second carbon is classified as a ketose.
4. A monosaccharide is categorized as an aldotriose if the carbonyl group is on the end of the carbon chain.
5. The most common carbohydrate, glucose, has six carbon atoms and is an example of an aldohexose.
6. Xylulose is a ketopentose because it has five carbon atoms and a carbonyl group on the second carbon.

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Answer: Balanced net ionic equation is [tex]3H^{+}(aq)+3OH^{-}(aq)\rightarrow 3H_2O(l)[/tex]

Explanation:

Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base reacts to form salt and water.

Spectator ions are defined as the ions which does not get involved in a chemical equation or they are ions which are found on both the sides of the chemical reaction present in ionic form.

The given chemical equation is:

[tex]H_3PO_4(aq)+3NaOH(aq)\rightarrow Na_3PO_4(aq)+3H_2O(l)[/tex]

The ions which are present on both the sides of the equation are sodium and phosphate ions and hence are not involved in net ionic equation is:

[tex]3H^{+}(aq)+3OH^{-}(aq)\rightarrow 3H_2O(l)[/tex]

Final answer:

The net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide is H₃PO₄(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na₃PO₄(aq) + 3 H₂O(l). It showcases the essential reactions involved in the process.

Explanation:

Net Ionic Equation: H₃PO₄(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na₃PO₄(aq) + 3 H₂O(l)

Overall Balanced Equation: H₃PO₄(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na₃PO₄(aq) + 3 H₂O(l)

The net ionic equation represents the reaction at the molecular level, focusing on the species involved in the chemical change. In this case, phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄) and water (H₂O).

Answer: The pH of the solution after addition of barium hydroxide is 3.78

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles for given molarity, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}\times 1000}{\text{Volume of solution (in mL)}}[/tex]      .......(1)

Molarity of nitrous acid = 0.465 M  

Volume of solution = 26.3 mL

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.465M=\frac{\text{Moles of nitrous acid}\times 1000}{26.3mL}\\\\\text{Moles of nitrous acid}=\frac{0.465\times 26.3}{1000}=0.0122mol[/tex]

Molarity of  barium hydroxide = 0.461 M  

Volume of solution = 19.9 mL

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.461M=\frac{\text{Moles of  barium hydroxide}\times 1000}{19.9mL}\\\\\text{Moles of  barium hydroxide}=\frac{0.461\times 19.9}{1000}=0.0092mol[/tex]

The chemical reaction for nitrous acid and barium hydroxide follows the equation:

                [tex]2HNO_2+Ba(OH)_2\rightarrow Ba(NO_2)_2+2H_2O[/tex]  

Initial:       0.0122    0.0092          

Final:         0.003          -                0.0092

Volume of solution = 26.3+ 19.9 = 46.2 mL = 0.0462 L   (Conversion factor:  1 L = 1000 mL)

To calculate the pH of acidic buffer, we use the equation given by Henderson Hasselbalch:

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log(\frac{[salt]}{[acid]})[/tex]

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log(\frac{[NO_2^-]}{[HNO_2]}[/tex]

We are given:

[tex]pK_a[/tex] = negative logarithm of acid dissociation constant of nitrous acid = 3.29

[tex][NO_2^-]=\frac{0.0092}{0.0462}[/tex]  

[tex][HNO_2]=\frac{0.003}{0.0462}[/tex]

pH = ?

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]pH=3.29+\log(\frac{0.0092/0.0462}{0.003/0.0462})\\\\pH=3.78[/tex]

Hence, the pH of the solution after addition of barium hydroxide is 3.78

Answer:

The correct answers  "a) second order reaction." and "b) The first step is the slow step."

Explanation:

Order of NO = 1

Order of Cl₂ = 1

Overall order = 1 + 1 = 2

∴ the order is a second order reaction

Mechanism of the given reaction:

NO(g) + Cl₂(g) → NOCl₂(g)  ....................... Slow Step

NOCl₂(g) + NO(g) → 2NOCl(g)  ................ Fast step

The first step is the determining step, which is the slow step

The incorrect statements are:

"c) Doubling [NO] would decrease the rate by a factor of two. "

        When the concentrations of [NO] is doubled, the rate of the reaction is increased by the factor of two.

"d) The molecularity of the first step is 1. "

        Since the overall reaction is 2, the molecularity of the first step is 2.

"e) Both steps are termolecular."

         No, because the first step is bimolecular step.

Final answer:

The rate law for the reaction is R=k[NO][Cl2]. The first step is the slow step and the molecularity of the first step is 2. Doubling [NO] would increase the rate by a factor of four.

Explanation:

The rate law for the reaction 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) → 2NOCl(g) is given by R=k[NO][Cl2]. According to the given mechanism for the reaction, the first step is the slow step. Therefore, option b) is correct. The molecularity of the first step is 2 because it involves the collision of two molecules (NO and Cl2). Therefore, option e) is incorrect. Doubling [NO] would increase the rate by a factor of four (2^2), not decrease it by a factor of two. Therefore, option c) is incorrect. Hence, the correct options are b) and d).