Study the electron dot diagrams for lithium, carbon, fluorine, and neon in Figure 6-1. Choose the statement that correctly identifies the most stable of the elements.
A. Lithium is the most stable element because it has to lose only one electron to achieve a stable configuration.
B. Carbon is the most stable element because it can form four bonds.
C. Fluorine is the most stable element because it has to gain only one electron to achieve a stable configuration.
D. Neon is the most stable element because its highest occupied energy level is filled.

Final answer:

The astronomical unit (AU) is the most appropriate unit to represent the distance between an Earth-orbiting space station and Neptune.

Explanation:

The most appropriate unit of astronomical distance to represent the distance between an Earth-orbiting space station and Neptune is the astronomical unit (AU). The AU is defined as the average distance from Earth to the Sun and is approximately 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles. It provides a convenient scale for measuring distances within our solar system, avoiding the use of very large numbers that would be involved if the kilometer were used instead. When discussing the distance between Neptune and an orbiting space station, it's important to remember that Neptune is about 30 AU from the Sun. This puts it at a vastly greater distance from the orbiting space station than the Moon or even other planets within the inner solar system.

The bond holds together atoms within a molecule is ionic bonds, covalent bonds and metallic bonds.

There are three main types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together within a molecule:

1. Ionic bonds are formed when one atom donates electrons to another atom. The atom that donates electrons becomes a positively charged ion, and the atom that receives electrons becomes a negatively charged ion. The oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force.

2. Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons. The shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both atoms, which holds the atoms together. Covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Polar covalent bonds occur when the atoms share the electrons unequally, while nonpolar covalent bonds occur when the atoms share the electrons equally.

3. Metallic bonds are formed when metal atoms share their valence electrons with each other. The valence electrons form a "sea" of electrons that surrounds the metal atoms. The metal atoms are attracted to the sea of electrons, which holds the atoms together.

The type of bond that holds atoms together in a molecule depends on the elements that make up the molecule and the electronegativity of the atoms. Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons. Atoms with high electronegativity tend to form ionic bonds, while atoms with low electronegativity tend to form covalent bonds.

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Avogadro's number  is the number of units (atoms, molecules) in 1 mole of substance:

Answer: The products formed are potassium nitrate [tex](KNO_3)[/tex] and silver bromide ( AgBr ).

Explanation: Double replacement or double displacement reactions are the reactions in which the positive ions and negative ions of the two reactants interchange to form the products. These reactions are carried out on the basis of their position in reactivity series.

The elements lying above in the reactivity series will be able to displace the elements that lie below in the reactivity series.

For the reaction of potassium bromide and silver nitrate, the reaction follows:

[tex]KBr(aq.)+AgNO_3(aq.)\rightarrow AgBr(s)+KNO_3(aq.)[/tex]

The resulting products are potassium nitrate [tex](KNO_3)[/tex] and silver bromide ( AgBr ).

Answer: False

Explanation:

pH or pOH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

pH is calculated by taking negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.

Acids have pH ranging from 1 to 6.9, bases have pH ranging from 7.1 to 14 and neutral solutions have pH equal to 7.

[tex]pH=-\log [H^+][/tex]

[tex]pOH=-\log[OH^-][/tex]

When the concentration of [tex][H^+]=[OH^-][/tex], the solution is neutral, [tex]H^+[/tex]> [tex]OH^-[/tex] , the solution is acidic and if [tex]H^+[/tex]< [tex]OH^-[/tex] , the solution is basic.

Water and ethanol can pass through the membrane even though it's polar because it's a very small molecule and can under go this process through osmosis.

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

Water can also pass through the cell membrane by osmosis, because of the high osmotic pressure difference between the inside and the outside the cell.

This is not an easy process, because the solubility of water and Ethanol in lipid is about 1 molecule of water per million molecules of lipid.

But, the outside concentration of water or ethanol becomes very high (about 50 mol/L), and the surface area to volume ratio of the cell is very large, so this is an important cellular process.

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Ammonia is a base! Have a blessed day!

-Steel jelly

The abbreviation for carbon dioxide is CO₂, which represents its chemical composition of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

The abbreviation for carbon dioxide is CO₂. This is derived from the chemical formula for carbon dioxide, which includes one carbon atom (C) and two oxygen atoms (O₂). This formula reflects the compound's composition and is used commonly in chemistry to denote different substances.

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Answer:

The complete and balance the equation for this reaction in acidic solution is given by:

[tex]Cr+4H_2O+6Ag^+\rightarrow CrO_4^{2-}+8H^++6Ag[/tex]

Explanation:

Oxidation reaction of chromium to chromate in acidic medium:

[tex]Cr\rightarrow CrO_4^{2-}[/tex]

Add 4 molecules of water on the left hand side to balance the oxygen:

[tex]Cr+4H_2O\rightarrow CrO_4^{2-}[/tex]

Now balance hydrogen atoms by adding hydrogen ions on opposite to the side where water molecule are present .

[tex]Cr+4H_2O\rightarrow CrO_4^{2-}+8H^+6e^-[/tex]....[1]

In last, to balance the charge on the both sides add electrons to sides where positive charge is more.

Reduction reaction of silver ions to silver in acidic medium:

[tex]Ag^++e^-\rightarrow Ag[/tex]..[2]

By [1] + 6 × [2] , we will get the balance equation for this reaction in acidic solution:

[tex]Cr+4H_2O+6Ag^++6e^-\rightarrow CrO_4^{2-}+8H^+6e^-+6Ag[/tex]

[tex]Cr+4H_2O+6Ag^+\rightarrow CrO_4^{2-}+8H^++6Ag[/tex]

Answer:

A covalent bond is present between two non-metals that share electrons in their molecular structure.

Explanation:

Examples of covalent bonds may be between carbon dioxide or water. And there may be three types of covalent bonds such as ionic, covalent and polar. In the first type, there is a transfer of an electron resulting in a gain for one of the atoms. In the second type, there is a sharing of electrons between the atoms. The third type is characterized by a difference in electronegativity between atoms.

Answer: carbon and oxygen share pairs of valence electrons

Explanation: its self explanatory

[tex]\boxed{2.6264752{\text{ g}}}[/tex] of NO is formed during the given reaction.

Further explanation:

Limiting reagent is the species or reagent in a chemical reaction according to which the amount of product is decided. It is completely consumed in the reaction.

Stoichiometry governs the amount of species present in the reaction by using the relationship between reactants and products.

The given reaction is as follows:

 [tex]{\text{4N}}{{\text{H}}_3} + {\text{5}}{{\text{O}}_2} \to {\text{4NO}} + 6{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}[/tex]

The formula to calculate the moles of the substance is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Moles of substance}} = \dfrac{{{\text{Given mass of substance}}}}{{{\text{Molar mass of substance}}}}[/tex]             ...... (1)                                

Substitute 3.25 g for the given mass and 17.03 g/mol for the molar mass in equation (1) to calculate the moles of [tex]\text{NH}_3[/tex].

 [tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Moles of N}}{{\text{H}}_3} &= \left( {\frac{{{\text{3}}{\text{.25 g}}}}{{17.03{\text{ g/mol}}}}} \right)\\&= 0.1908{\text{ mol}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Substitute 3.50 g for the given mass and 31.98 g/mol for the molar mass in equation (1) to calculate the moles of [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex].

 [tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Moles of }}{{\text{O}}_2} &= \left( {\frac{{{\text{3}}{\text{.50 g}}}}{{{\text{31}}{\text{.98 g/mol}}}}} \right)\\&= 0.1094{\text{ mol}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

According to the stoichiometry of this reaction, four moles of  reacts with five moles of [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex] to form four moles of NO and six moles of [tex]\text{H}_2\text{O}[/tex].

Calculate the moles of [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex] that react with and 0.1908 moles of [tex]\text{NH}_3[/tex] as follows:

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Amount of }}{{\text{O}}_2} &= \left( {{\text{0}}{\text{.1908 mol N}}{{\text{H}}_3}} \right)\left( {\frac{{{\text{5 mol }}{{\text{O}}_2}}}{{4{\text{ mol N}}{{\text{H}}_3}}}} \right)\\&= 0.2385{\text{ mol }}{{\text{O}}_2}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]  

The above calculations concluded that 0.2385 moles of [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex] are needed to react with 0.1908 moles of [tex]\text{NH}_3[/tex] but only 0.1094 moles of  [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex] are present in the reaction mixture. Therefore, [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex] is present in limited quantity and is a limiting reagent.

Since [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex] comes out to be the limiting reagent, the formation of NO is governed by it. According to the reaction stoichiometry, five moles of [tex]\text{O}_2[/tex] produces four moles of NO. Therefore the amount of NO can be calculated as follows:

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Amount of NO}} &= \left( {0.1094{\text{ mol }}{{\text{O}}_2}} \right)\left( {\frac{{4{\text{ mol NO}}}}{{5{\text{ mol }}{{\text{O}}_2}}}} \right)\\&= 0.08752{\text{ mol}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Rearrange equation (1) to calculate the mass of the substance.

[tex]{\text{Mass of substance}}= \left( {{\text{Moles of substance}}} \right)\left( {{\text{Molar mass of substance}}} \right)[/tex]                     ...... (2)

Substitute 0.08752 mol for the moles and 30.01 g/mol for the molar mass in equation (2) to calculate the mass of NO.

 [tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Mass of NO}} &= \left( {0.08752{\text{ mol}}} \right)\left( {30.01{\text{ g/mol}}} \right)\\&= 2.6264752{\text{ g}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Chapter: Mole concept

Subject: Chemistry

Keywords: limiting reagent, NH3, NO, H2O, O2, 2.6264752 g, moles, mass, molar mass.

Answer: The correct answer is saturated solution.

Explanation:

For the given options:

Dilute solutions are defined as the solutions in which solute particles are present in less very amount than the solvent particles.

Unsaturated solutions are defined as the solutions where more and more of solute particles can be dissolved in the given amount of solvent.

Saturated solutions are defined as the solutions where no more solute particles can be dissolved in the solvent.  The concentration of the solute particles that can be dissolved in a solution is maximum.

Supersaturated solutions are defined as the solutions where more amount of solute particles are present than the solvent particles.

From the above information, we conclude that the given solution is saturated solution.

Answer:

The correct answer is saturated

Explanation:

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Let's solve this!

Diluted solutions are when you have more solvent than solute.

The saturated solution is when it has the same amount of solute as of solvent.

The unsaturated solution is the solution in which the solvent can still receive more solute.

The supersaturated solution is when it has more solute than the one that can dissolve the solvent.

Then the correct answer is saturated where the solvent already has the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve.