The three correct rules or principles are the Aufbau Principle, Hund’s Rule, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Aufbau’s Principle states that each electron orbits the lowest energy orbital. It also states that all orbitals related to an energy level are of equal energy. Hund’s Rule states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals. And finally, the Pauli Exclusion Principle states that a maximum of two electrons may occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins. Hope this helps.
The three rules that define that how the electrons are arranged in atoms are the Aufbau Principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
• According to the Aufbau Principle, each electron holds the lowest energy orbital, and all the orbitals associated with an energy level are of the same energy.
• According to Hund's rule, the single electrons with a similar spin must attain the equal energy orbital before the other electrons with the contrasting spins can attain similar orbitals.
• According to the Pauli Exclusion principle, only a maximum of up to two electrons can occur in a single orbital, and only if the electrons exhibit opposite spins.
Thus, the three rules, which illustrate that how the electrons are aligned in atoms are the Aufbau Principle, Hund's Rule, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
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How many atoms are in 11.9 moles of chromium?
Answer:
[tex]7,16.10^{24}[/tex]
Explanation:
We know that in 1 mole of any substances there are [tex]6,02. 10^{23}[/tex] atoms
This number ([tex]6,02. 10^{23}[/tex]) is a constant that is known as the avogadros number
if we know how many atoms are in a mole of chromium to calculate how many there are in 11.9 moles we apply a simple rule of three
[tex]1 mol Cr\longrightarrow 6,02.10^{23} atoms\\ 11.9 moles Cr\longrightarrow x\\x=\frac{(11.9)(6,02.10^{23})}{1}\\ x= 7,16.10^{24} atoms[/tex]
In 11.9 moles of chrome there are [tex]7,16.10^{24}[/tex] atoms
How many electrons does nitrogen (N) need to gain to have a stable outer electron shell
Answer: 3 more electrons
Explanation: Generally elements with inert gas configuration are more stable. It is also called as Octet rule.
It tells that, elements which have electrons equal to atomic number of inert gases (2,8,10,18,36 etc) in their valency shell are exceptionally stable.
Here in our case, nitrogen has atomic number-7, 1s2 2s2 2p3
Here N has 5 electrons in valency shell , hence it needs 3 more electrons to get octet configuration.
So answer is 3 Electrons
The outer electron shell of nitrogen (N) contains 5 electrons. It would need to obtain 3 electrons to fill its shell with 8 electrons in order to have a stable outer electron shell.
An element's capacity to maintain its current state or withstand any changes under usual circumstances is referred to as stability. The fact that it guarantees an element's durability and versatility across a range of applications makes it a desirable property. Depending on the situation, stability can have a variety of meanings. Chemical stability, which refers to an element's resistance to reactions or decomposition when exposed to various chemical environments, is a crucial component of stability. Strong chemical bonds that take a lot of energy to break are common in elements with high chemical stability. The outer electron shell of nitrogen (N) contains 5 electrons. It would need to obtain 3 electrons to fill its shell with 8 electrons in order to have a stable outer electron shell.
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Orange juice is _____.
an acid
a base
a neutral
Orange juice is an acid, characterized by a pH level lower than 7. Its acidic nature is what gives it a sour taste, with citric acid and ascorbic acid being the main contributors. Lemon juice is usually even more acidic and sourer than orange juice. The correct answer is option: an acid.
Orange juice is an acid. The acidity of a substance can be measured by its pH level, with lower pH values indicating higher acidity. Because orange juice has a pH lower than 7, it is considered acidic. The sour taste of orange juice is due to citric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), both of which are acids.
In contrast, substances with a pH higher than 7 are basic, with increased hydroxide ion (OH-) presence or proton (H+) acceptors. Water with a pH of 7 is considered neutral, neither acidic nor basic. Comparing orange juice to lemon juice in terms of acidity, lemon juice is typically more acidic due to its lower pH and higher concentration of citric acid, which is why it tastes more sour.
Which property of water makes it helpful to use in car radiators?
A) Water can climb up the sides of a tube.
B) Water is a universal solvent.
C) Water takes long to heat and cool down than other liquids.
Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years. In a plant fossil, you find that the 14C has decayed to 1/4.00 of the original amount. How long ago was this plant alive?
Final answer:
Using the carbon-14 dating method, and knowing that the 14C in the fossil has decayed to 1/4 of its original amount, we can calculate that the plant was alive approximately 11,460 years ago.
Explanation:
In using carbon-14 dating to determine the age of a plant fossil, we utilize the known half-life of 14C which is approximately 5730 years. If the 14C has decayed to 1/4 of the original amount in the plant fossil, that means two half-lives have passed. As each half-life represents 5730 years, the age of the plant can be calculated by doubling this value. Therefore, we conclude that this plant was alive roughly 11,460 years ago.
Which type of institution employs the most forensic anthropologists on a full-time basis?
Answer: Government laboratories and educational institutions
Explanation:
Certain government institutions and educational institutions offers forensic anthropologists full time permanent jobs. These jobs are awarded on the basis of their research and teaching experience. They are placed as scientists or laboratory assistants in the laboratory and professors or lectarar in educational institutes.
Gravity is a force between any two objects with mass. Why doesn't a person feel a gravitational force between him/herself and another person?
A) A person doesn't exert a gravitational force.
B) The two gravitational forces cancel each other out.
C) The gravitational forces of people is so small it is overshadowed by that of Earth.
D) There are so many people we are actually balanced by all the different gravitational forces.
How many resonance structures does NH₃ have?
Most ionic compounds tend to be classified as Select one:
a. fats
b. proteins
c. sugars
d. salts
If Keq = 4 x 10^-7, which of the following is true?
A) products are favored
B) reactants are favored
C) there are no reactants remaining
D) reactants and products are present in equal amounts
2. What does a chemical reaction rate measure?
A) the amount of reactant used
B) energy change per unit of time
C) change in amount of reactant per unit of time
D) the amount of time needed for the reaction to come to completion
3. In an equilibrium reaction that makes more moles of gas than it consumes, what is the effect of increasing the pressure?
A) the reaction makes more reactants
B) the reaction makes more products
C) the reaction is unchanged
D) the answer cannot be determined
4. What is the effect of adding ore water to the following equlibrium reaction? CO2 + H20 <--> H2CO3
A) more H2CO3 is produced
B) there is no effect
C) the equilibrium is pushed in the direction of the reactants
D) CO2 concentration increases
5. Which of the following explains the increase in reaction rate from a catalyst?
A) more collisions between particles, so more successful collisions
B) catalysts do not increase the reaction rate
C) same number of collisions, but more are successful
D) fewer collisions but more successful
6. Which of the changes listed below would shift the following reaction to the right? 4HCI(g) + 02(g) <--> 2CL2(g) + 2h20(g)
A) increase of pressure
B) addition of Cl2
C) decrease of pressure
D) removal of 02
Final answer:
1. Reactants are favored. 2. A chemical reaction rate measures the change in amount of reactant per unit of time. 3. When an equilibrium reaction makes more moles of gas than it consumes, increasing the pressure favors the reactants.
Explanation:
1. If Keq = 4 x 10^-7, the equilibrium constant, then reactants are favored because the Keq value is very small, indicating that the concentration of products is much lower than the concentration of reactants.
2. A chemical reaction rate measures the change in the concentration of a reactant or product per unit of time, so the correct answer is C) change in amount of reactant per unit of time.
3. In an equilibrium reaction that makes more moles of gas than it consumes, increasing the pressure favors the side with fewer moles of gas. Therefore, the equilibrium will shift to the left, favoring the reactants.
4. Adding more water to the equilibrium reaction CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 will result in the equilibrium being pushed in the direction of the reactants because adding more water will decrease the concentration of H2CO3, favoring the formation of more CO2 and H2O.
5. A catalyst increases the reaction rate by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, which leads to more successful collisions between particles. Therefore, the correct answer is A) more collisions between particles, so more successful collisions.
6. To shift the reaction 4HCl(g) + O2(g) <--> 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) to the right, the equilibrium can be shifted by increasing the pressure, which will favor the side with fewer moles of gas, in this case the products. Therefore, the correct answer is A) increase of pressure.
Water is an example of a(n) _____.
Your answer is d ) a complex system
What is the conversion of 160g to cg??
list 3 scenarios for a substance being classified as a weak acid
Answer:
3 scenarios:
1. acetic acid, organic acid that comes from vinager
2. citric acid, that is present in some fruits
3. phosphoric acid , present in sodas
Explanation:
A weak acid is the one that partially transferres its proton (H+) to a water molecule ( partial dissociation), and usually a part of the original acid (HA) remains after the process of dissociation; that is why, a dissociation reaction of a weak acid is represented with an arrow of both ways.
[tex]HA ⇌ H^{+} +A^{-}[/tex]
As we can see, the acetic acid, citric acid and phosphoric acid are great examples of weak acid. Their pH is higher thanks to its low dissociation, and they can even be eaten in low concentrations.
Acetone and sodium chloride both have similiar mass. Explain why their other properties differ.
Acetone: C3H6O, melting point = −94°C, liquid at room temperature, low electrical conductivity
Sodium chloride: NaCl, melting point = 801°C, solid at room temperature, high electrical conductivity
Acetone is a covalent compound, whereas sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
Covalent compounds have strong bonds that do not break apart like ionic compounds do, and they do not conduct electric charge in solution.
Covalent compounds do not have strong attractions between molecules and so have very low melting points, unlike ionic compounds.
An atom has an average atomic mass of about 63.5 amu. What is the chemical symbol for the atom? Consult the periodic table.
(Points : 3)
Pb
Fe
Eu
Cu
Answer:
Cu
Explanation:
I got it right on my test.
The element with an atomic mass of about 63.5 amu is Copper, which has the chemical symbol Cu.
An atom with an average atomic mass of about 63.5 amu corresponds to the element Copper with the chemical symbol Cu. This is determined by consulting a periodic table where each element is listed with its respective atomic mass closest to the given value. The atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of its isotopes, and in the case of copper (Cu), this is calculated from its two stable isotopes with mass numbers 63 and 65. Thus, the correct chemical symbol for the atom described with an atomic mass of 63.5 amu is Cu.
Which statement is correct about honey?
It contains disaccharides, a complex type of lipid.
It contains monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrate.
It contains starch, which gives it a sweet taste.
It contains lipids, which give it a sweet taste.
The diagram shows the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Which stage is labeled C in the diagram?
M phase
G0 phase
S phase
G2 phase
The stage labelled C in the diagram is the G2 PHASE.
The cell cycle is divided into G1, S, G2 and M phases. The G2 phase is part of the phases of eukaryotic cell cycle. It is the second stage of interphase, it always occur after the completion of S phase. G2 is the stage, where the cell undergo more growth, produce more proteins and check the replicated DNA in order to verify that the cell is ready to enter into the mitosis phase.
Answer:
e2020 kids, D. G2 phase
Explanation:
Analyze the properties of a sodium atom and a sodium ion. What are the differences in mass, stability, and reactivity that are caused due to the differences between the sodium atom and sodium ion? ...?
A gas has a volume of 5.0 L at a pressure of 50 KPa. What happens to the volume when the pressure is increased to 125?
Which property of water makes it helpful to use in car radiators?
A) Water can climb up the sides of a tube.
B) Water is a universal solvent.
C) Water takes long to heat and cool down than other liquids.
A 8.048 gram sample of an organic compound containing C, H and O is analyzed by combustion analysis and 12.00 grams of CO2 and 3.684 grams of H2O are produced.
In a separate experiment, the molar mass is found to be 118.1 g/mol. Determine the empirical formula and the molecular formula of the organic compound.
The empirical formula is C2H3O2, and the molecular formula is C6H9O6.
To determine the empirical formula and the molecular formula of an organic compound from combustion analysis, follow these steps:
Convert the mass of CO2 and H2O to moles by dividing by their molar masses (44.01 g/mol for CO2 and 18.015 g/mol for H2O).Calculate the moles of C in CO2 and the moles of H in H2O (each mole of CO2 contains one mole of C, and each mole of H2O contains two moles of H).Convert these moles to grams of C and H.Subtract the mass of C and H from the original compound mass to find the mass of O.Convert the mass of O to moles by dividing by its molar mass (16.00 g/mol).Determine the simplest whole number ratio of C:H:O to find the empirical formula.Divide the molar mass of the compound by the mass of the empirical formula to find the ratio between the molecular and empirical formulas.Multiply the subscripts in the empirical formula by this ratio to determine the molecular formula.Using the provided data:
The moles of C in CO2: 12.00 g / 44.01 g/mol = 0.273 moles of C.The moles of H in H2O: 3.684 g / 18.015 g/mol = 0.2046 moles of H2, which equals 2 x 0.2046 = 0.4092 moles of H.The grams of C: 0.273 moles x 12.01 g/mol = 3.278 g of C.The grams of H: 0.4092 moles x 1.008 g/mol = 0.4125 g of H.The grams of O: 8.048 g - (3.278 g + 0.4125 g) = 4.3575 g of O.The moles of O: 4.3575 g / 16.00 g/mol = 0.2723 moles of O.C:H:O ratio is 0.273:0.4092:0.2723 which simplifies approximately to 1:1.5:1. This gives us the empirical formula CH1.5O.To get integers, we multiply each subscript by 2 to get C2H3O2 as the empirical formula.The molar mass of C2H3O2 is 43.05 g/mol. The molecular formula contains 118.1 g/mol / 43.05 g/mol = ~2.74 or approximately 3 times the empirical formula units, which gives us C6H9O6 as the molecular formula.In which of the following species is it necessary to employ an expanded valence shell to represent the Lewis structure?
po4^-3
icl3
sf4
oscl2
clo4^-1
pi3
The species PO₄⁻³, ICl₃, SF₄, and ClO₄⁻¹ require an expanded valence shell in their Lewis Structures as they contain central atoms that go beyond the octet rule by bonding with more than four atoms.
Explanation:The species that require an expanded valence shell to represent their Lewis structures are PO₄⁻³, ICl₃, SF₄, and ClO₄⁻¹. These molecules contain central atoms (Phosphorus, Iodine, Sulfur, and Chlorine respectively) that go beyond the octet rule by utilizing their d-orbitals to bond with more than four other atoms.
For example, in the case of PO₄⁻³ (Phosphate), the central atom (Phosphorus) is bonded to four Oxygen atoms and carries a formal charge, leading it to utilize its 3d orbitals and thus expanding its valence shell. Similarly for ICl₃, SF₄, and ClO₄⁻¹the central atoms exceed the octet rule, necessitating the expansion of their valence shell.
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how come the melting point of diesel petrol and rapeseed oil is only approximate?
What does the concentration of a solution refer to? In what 3 ways can concentration be expressed?
Assuming equal concentrations and complete dissociation, rank these aqueous solutions by their freezing points. K2SO4 NH4I CoCl3
Final answer:
To rank these compounds by their freezing points, we consider the van't Hoff factor which indicates the number of ions each compound forms. [tex]CoCl_3[/tex] dissociates into the most ions, followed by [tex]K_2SO_4[/tex], and [tex]NH_4I[/tex] with the least, which corresponds to freezing points in ascending order: [tex]CoCl_3[/tex] (lowest freezing point), [tex]K_2SO_4[/tex], and [tex]NH_4I[/tex] (highest freezing point).
Explanation:
To rank aqueous solutions by their freezing points based on equal concentrations and complete dissociation, we need to consider the number of particles each compound releases into the solution upon dissociation. The more particles that are present, the lower the freezing point. For [tex]K_2SO_4[/tex], which dissociates into three ions , [tex]NH_4I[/tex], which dissociates into two ions , and [tex]CoCl_3[/tex] , which dissociates into four ions the freezing points are affected by the van't Hoff factor (i), which is the number of particles into which a compound dissociates in solution.
Using this principle, we can deduce that:
[tex]CoCl_3[/tex] (highest i, lowest freezing point)[tex]K_2SO_4[/tex] (intermediate i)[tex]NH_4I[/tex] (lowest i, highest freezing point)Therefore, the order of decreasing freezing points is [tex]NH_4I[/tex] > [tex]K_2SO_4[/tex] > [tex]CoCl_3[/tex]
Sea water is _____.
an acid
a base
a neutral
Answer:
A neutral
Explanation:
Because sea water is neutral
Answer:
a neutral
Explanation:
Another important chemical property of water is its neutral pH. Pure water has pH value of 7. It is neither acidic nor basic. Living organisms cannot survive in highly acidic or basic environments.
A sample of C3H8 has 6.72 x 10^24 H atoms.
What is the total mass of the sample?
To find the total mass of a C3H8 sample with 6.72 × 1024 H atoms, we calculate the number of moles of C3H8 and multiply it by the compound's molar mass to get approximately 61.5 grams.
Explanation:The question asks us to calculate the total mass of a sample of C3H8 (propane) given the number of H atoms in the sample. First, we determine the number of moles of H atoms by dividing the given number of H atoms by Avogadro's number (6.022 × 1023 atoms per mole), then use the molar ratio of H to C3H8 to find the moles of C3H8. We can then multiply the moles of C3H8 by its molar mass (the sum of the mass of 3 carbon atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms) to find the total mass of the sample.
Using the provided information, C3H8 has 8 H atoms per molecule. Therefore, if there are 6.72 × 1024 H atoms, that constitutes 6.72 × 1024 ÷ 8 = 8.4 × 1023 molecules of C3H8. One mole of C3H8 contains 6.022 × 1023 molecules, so the sample contains 8.4 × 1023 ÷ (6.022 × 1023) ≈ 1.395 moles of C3H8.
Next, we calculate the molar mass of C3H8: (3 × 12.011 amu for C) + (8 × 1.0079 amu for H) ≈ 44.1 g/mol. The total mass of the sample is therefore 1.395 moles × 44.1 g/mol = 61.5 grams.
Rosalinda wants to calculate the mass of Earth using Kepler’s laws or Newton’s universal law of gravitation.Which data would allow her to find the mass of Earth?
the mass of the Sun and the orbital period of the moon
the moon’s orbital period and distance from Earth
Earth’s distance from the Sun and the moon’s orbital period
Earth’s orbital period and distance from the Sun
Answer: B
Explanation:
Which of the following elements has the most properties in common with molybdenum (Mo)?
A) manganese (Mn)
B) iron (Fe)
C) vanadium (V)
D) chromium (Cr)
D) Chromium (Cr)
______________
Why are electrons important?