Answer:
43.6 hours, which is less than two days.
Explanation:
To calculate Growth for an exponentially growing populations
Nt = N▪ * 2^n
Where,
N▪= cell number at initial time
Nt = cell number at later time
n = number of generations
Assuming exponential phase and limitless nutrients
How long until E.coli conquers the earth?
Given,
1 doubling = 20 min = 0.33hr
N▪= Mass = 9.5 x 10^-13 g/bacterium
Nt= Mass = 5.9 x 10^27 g/Earth
Nt = N▪ * 2^n
5.9 x 10^27 = 9.5 x 10^-13 * 2^N
nlog(5.9 x 10^27) = log(9.5 x 10^-13) + nlog(2)
27.7 = -12.0 + n(0.3)
27.7 + 12.0 = n(0.3)
39.7 = n(0.3)
132 = n
Therefore,
132 generations * 0.33 hour/generation = 43.6 hours
43.6 hours is less than two days.
Our answer for a single cell, it will take less than two days for the mass of an E. coli culture to equal that of the Earth on assuming exponential phase and limitless nutrients.
A researcher identified a bacterial enzyme that is essential in the breakdown of glucose. The researcher wants to test a potential antibiotic that acts on the newly identified enzyme. She finds that glucose is indeed broken down at a slower rate when the potential antibiotic is present. Addition of a higher concentration of glucose does not have any impact on Vmax. Which of the following properly characterizes this finding?
a. The potential antibiotic may be a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme. These possibilities could be tested by adding more enzyme.
b. The potential antibiotic is a competitive inhibitor of the glucose-converting enzyme and could be an effective treatment for bacterial infections.
c. The potential antibiotic is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme and likely changes the shape of the active site.
d. The potential antibiotic reduces the number of available enzymes and is, therefore, a competitive inhibitor.
Answer:
The potential antibiotic is a competitive inhibitor of the glucose converting enzyme and could be an effective solution for bacterial infections.
Explanation:
Enzyme kinetics mainly deals with the study of the rate of reaction of the enzyme. Different factors that can affects the enzyme rate are also studied in enzyme kinetics.
The competitive inhibitors of the enzyme do not show any effect on the Vmax value of the enzyme and binds to the enzyme only. These inhibitors do not have ability to binds with enzyme substrate complex. The increase in the enzyme and substrate concentration can remove the inhibitor affect.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
The potential antibiotic is acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor since higher glucose concentrations do not affect the Vmax, suggesting the antibiotic changes the enzyme's conformation rather than competing with glucose for the active site. So the correct option is c.
Explanation:The finding that the potential antibiotic slows down the breakdown of glucose by a bacterial enzyme but that a higher concentration of glucose does not affect the Vmax (maximum rate of enzyme activity) indicates the antibiotic is likely acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor. A competitive inhibitor would have a different effect: the Vmax could potentially still be reached if sufficient additional substrate (in this case, glucose) were added, as competitive inhibitors can be outcompeted by high concentrations of the substrate. Since adding more glucose did not change the Vmax, this suggests that the potential antibiotic is not a competitive inhibitor but rather implies that the antibiotic binds at a site other than the active site, thereby altering the enzyme's conformation and affecting its activity without directly blocking the substrate from binding. Therefore, the correct characterization of this finding would be option c: The potential antibiotic is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme and likely changes the shape of the active site.
Meselson and Stahl used density labeling of DNA to show that DNA replication occurs via a semiconservative mechanism. In their experiment, they started with an organism grown in a heavy density label (15N). After two generations of growth in light medium (the more common 14N isotope), if the DNA is isolated and separated by density, how many bands would be observed and how would their density compare with the starting DNA
Answer:
The organism previously used 15N for replication so all the DNA molecules were of 15N15N type. Then the organism is shifted to a medium where only 14N is available for replication. According to semi conservative mode of replication, a newly synthesised DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one parental strand. So after the first round of replication, All the 15N strands will synthesise new DNA strands using 14N resulting into intermediate 15N14N DNA molecules. Hence, only one band would be observed (15N14N) above the original 15N15N band since 15N14N has lighter isotope too so it will be lighter than 15N15N molecules and will lie above it.After second round of replication, 15N strand from 15N14N would synthesise another 14N strand. 14N strand from 15N14N molecules will also synthesise another 14N strand. So now, 50% of the DNA molecules will be of 15N14N intermediate type and 50% of them will be of 14N14N type.Two bands will be observed above the original 15N15N band. One band of 15N14N molecules will be right above it and other band of 14N14N molecules will be even higher because it is the lightest band since it has only the lighter isotope of nitrogen.Final answer:
Two bands would be observed after isolation and ultracentrifugation of DNA from the Meselson and Stahl experiment following two generations in 14N: one intermediate density band (indicative of one 15N and one 14N strand) and one light density band (indicative of double 14N strands), proving semiconservative DNA replication.
Explanation:
In the Meselson and Stahl experiment which aimed to understand the mechanism of DNA replication, they observed the effects of consecutive generations of bacterial growth in media with different nitrogen isotopes. Initially, E. coli was grown in a heavy nitrogen isotope, 15N, followed by growth in a lighter isotope, 14N. After two generations in 14N, when the DNA was isolated and subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation, two bands were observed. One band was of intermediate density, indicating it contained one 15N-labeled strand and one 14N-labeled strand. The second band was of lighter density, corresponding to DNA composed solely of 14N-labeled strands. This provided strong evidence for the semiconservative model of replication where each daughter DNA molecule consists of one parental and one new strand.
If Meselson and Stahl had used CsCl gradient analysis and identified DNA molecules with two distinct densities after the first generation, which model of DNA replication would have been supported by this data?
O conservative replication model
O semiconservative replication model
O dispersive DNA replication model
Answer:
conservative replication model
Explanation:
In their experiment, Meselson and Stahl found that the DNA duplexes present after the first round of replication had intermediate density. This occurred since the semiconservative process of DNA replication of one DNA molecule (having both strands with 15N) forms two DNA duplexes each with one parental strand (15N) and one newly formed strand (14N).
If they had found two duplexes of two different density, this would have supported the conservative replication model. In this case, the DNA replication of the parent DNA molecule would have formed two DNA duplexes. One DNA molecule would have both the parental DNA strands with 15N while the other DNA duplex would have both newly formed strands with 14N.
If Meselson and Stahl had observed two distinct densities after the first generation using CsCl gradient analysis, it would have supported the conservative replication model. However, their actual findings supported the semiconservative replication model.
If Meselson and Stahl had used CsCl gradient analysis and identified DNA molecules with two distinct densities after the first generation, the model of DNA replication that would have been supported by this data is the conservative replication model. In this model, the parental DNA strands (blue) would remain associated in one DNA molecule while the new daughter strands (red) would remain associated in newly formed DNA molecules. However, Meselson and Stahl actually found a single band after one generation, which disproved the conservative model and supported the semiconservative replication model.
What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdomA) molecularB) behavioralC) ecologicalD) nutritionalE) anatomical
Answer:
A) molecular
Explanation:
Prokaryotes have 70S type of ribosomes. The small ribosomal subunit of ribosomes has some conserved sequences. This subunit is similar in the closely related species. On the other hand, the structure of the small ribosomal subunit is different in the organisms that are distantly related.
Microbiologist Carl Woese analyzed the small ribosomal subunits of some bacteria and Archaeans and found distinct differences. On the basis of the composition of this biomolecule, prokaryotes were divided into eubacteria and archaea.
Final answer:
Molecular evidence, especially differences in cell membrane structure and SSU rRNA sequences, has led to prokaryotes being classified into two separate domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which differ significantly from each other and from Eukarya.
Explanation:
The evidence that has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom, is molecular evidence. Advances in genetic analysis have revealed significant genetic differences between two groups of prokaryotes, leading to the classification into two separate domains: Bacteria and Archaea. These domains are based on differences in the structure of cell membranes and in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), specifically the sequences of small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). While both domains consist of organisms with prokaryotic cells, lacking a nucleus and true membrane-bound organelles, they are as different from each other as they are from the third domain, Eukarya, which includes all eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
A demonstration is performed during a lecture on muscle
physiology in which a student is asked to fully extend his
right arm with the palm up. Two large textbooks are placed
on his palm, one at a time. Which of the following facilitates
the maximum amount of tension that allows the student to
keep his arm extended in place under the increasing weight of
the books?
(A) Amount of Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(B) Amount of muscle phosphocreatine
(C) Amplitude of the action potential
(D) Number of motor units recruited
(E) Rate of cross-bridge recycling
Answer:
The answer is D
Number of motor units recruited
Explanation:
The force a muscle generates is dependent on the length of the muscle and its velocity which is shortened.
A motor unit is the grouping of muscle fibers supplying nerves by the neuron and consists of the motor neuron.
The number of muscle fibers within a motor unit varies, and is a function of the muscle’s ability for accurate and refined motion.
Precision can be determined to be inversely proportional to the size of the motor unit. As a result, small motor units can exercise greater precision of movement compared to larger motor units. For example, thigh muscles which are responsible for large powerful movements, can have a thousand fibers in each unit, while eye muscles which requires small precise movements, might only have about ten.
Groups of motor units are supplied with nerves to coordinate contraction of a whole muscle and generate appropriate movement; all of the motor units within a muscle are referred to as a motor pool.
As a result, the number of motor units with are recruited will facilitate the maximum amount of tension that allows the student keep his arm extended in place under the increasing weight of the books.
Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called. Select one: a. Pulmonary ventilation b. External respiration c. Internal respiration d. Interpulmonary respiration
Answer: Option C.
It is called internal respiration.
Explanation:
Respiration is the process of inhaling oxygen from the outside environment and exhaling carbon dioxide ,which lead to the release of energy.
Respiration can be divided into internal , external, ventilation and cellular respiration.
Internal respiration or peripheral gas exchange occurs in the tissue where oxygen moves out of the blood and carbon dioxide is transported out of the cells.
External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen move into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air.
Internal respiration is the gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues. It involves the release of oxygen and pickup of carbon dioxide within the body tissues, occurring via simple diffusion without the need for energy. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation:The gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called internal respiration. This is the process where oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is picked up within the body tissues. This process alongside external respiration, which occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, forms an integral part of the respiratory system. While external respiration refers to the exchange of gases with the external environment, internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases with the internal environment.
These exchanges occur due to simple diffusion, following pressure gradients, without need for energy to move the gases across membranes. The anatomy of the lungs with its thin respiratory and blood capillary membranes, as well as large surface area, maximizes this diffusion process, thus promoting efficient gas exchange.
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In a study where participants rated the pleasantness of T-shirt odors, what gene alleles influenced their odor preference? a. Serotonin transporter b. Phosphatase enzyme c. Blood type d. Major histocompatibility complex
Answer:
Major histocompatibility complex
Explanation: In a variety of animals, including humans, there is a correlation between odor preference, and genetic similarity at the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC).
MHC is a highly polymorphic group of genes that play an important role in the immunological self/non self recognition. Its products have been recognised to take part on the numerous compounds and reactions that build up an individual's body odor.
Which of the following statements is/are accurate?
A. Horses and Mules can be bred but their offspring is typically sterile. This could be an example of hybrid breakdown.
B. One sponge species releases its gametes during the night and another species releases its gametes during the day. This is an example of ecological isolation
C. One species of sea turtle mates during the early spring and closely related species mates during late spring. This is an example of temporal isolation
D. One species of sea urchins can not fertilize another closely related species because the eggs do not have a receptor for the sperm. This is a good example of gametic isolation.
E. Damselflies have sensory receptors that are sensitive to touch (tactile cues). Two related species of damselflies are unable to mate because their touch cues are not compatibale. This is a good example of mechanical isolation.
Answer:
These statements refer to various mechanisms that act as a reproductive or hybridization barriers.
In nature there are different mechanisms that prevent the crossbreeding between different species, what in biology is called reproductive barriers. Some mechanisms that act by preventing hybridization between different species are:
Hybrid breakdownGametic isolation.Mecanical isolation.Temporal isolation.Ethological aislaminet.Ecological insulation.These mechanisms are responsible for preserving the genetic integrity of each species by preventing hybridization between different species.
Explanation:
A. Horses and Mules can be bred but their offspring is typically sterile. This could be an example of a hybrid breakdown.This is accurate. Horses and donkeys belong to two different species, with a different chromosomal load:
Horses have 32 pairs of chromosomes.Donkeys have 31 pairs of chromosomes.Both species can be bred, but their descendant, mules (Equus africanus x ferus), have an odd number of chromosomes (63) and are infertile. This represents an exact example of hybrid breakdown.
B. One sponge species releases its gametes during the night and another species releases its gametes during the day. This is an example of ecological isolation.This is not accurate. In sponges, like some coral species, periods of release of gametes and fertilization vary throughout the day, with some synchrony between individuals of the same species.
The fact that some sponges release their gametes by day and other species do it at night is an example of the reproductive barrier called temporal isolation.
C. One species of sea turtle mates during the early spring and a closely related species mates during late spring. This is an example of temporal isolation.This is accurate. When two related but different species - such as turtles - have their mating period at different times of the year, there is talk of temporal or seasonal isolation.
Temporal isolation is a reproductive barrier that prevents crossing between different species, due to their mating habits at different times.
D. One species of sea urchins can not fertilize another closely related species because the eggs do not have a receptor for the sperm. This is a good example of a gametic isolation.This statement is accurate. In the case of sea urchins, the encounter of gametes requires two chemical mechanisms:
The first mechanism is called chemotaxis, which consists of the presence of a chemical signal on the surface of the egg, for which only sperm has a receptor. Another mechanism is that - once the sperm and egg are found - the membrane of the egg releases substances that interact with receptors in the sperm, allowing the sperm to enter it.These two chemical mechanisms ensure that gametes of two different species cannot be joined and fertilized, which is an example of gametic isolation.
E. Damselflies have sensory receptors that are sensitive to touch (tactile cues). Two related species of damselflies are unable to mate because their touch cues are not compatible. This is a good example of mechanical isolation.This is accurate. The sensitivity to the touch of damselflies is specific to individuals of the same species, preventing mating between male and female of different species.
This, like courtship, is a mechanism that prevents crossbreeding between different species, establishing an example of mechanical isolation.
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What causes the myosin head to move into the 'cocked' position after it is released from actin? Group of answer choices ATP binding to myosin. ATP hydrolysis into ADP and Pi on the myosin head. ADP and Pi release from the myosin head Ca2+ binding to troponin.
Answer:
Explanation:
The molecular and cellular mechanisms and processes that explain muscle contraction in striated muscle occur in the myofibril sarcomere. Their understanding depends on the organization's understanding of the structure of the sarcomere. In an imaginary experiment we first assemble an ideal sarcomere.
Remember that the myofibril is a set of cylindrical compartments that are located next to each other, constituting an elongated cylinder. Each of these cylinders is a sarcomere and borders its neighbor on a line or band called, line or band z.
On each side of the z line, thin cylindrical filaments that are actin filaments are inserted. Each actin filament is formed by a double strand of actin molecules that are rolled over each other. In this organization, actin is called actin F.
The myosin head is 'cocked' into a high-energy state due to ATP hydrolysis into ADP and Pi, which occurs after ATP binds to myosin and it detaches from actin.
Explanation:The cause of the myosin head moving into the 'cocked' position after it is released from actin is ATP hydrolysis into ADP and Pi on the myosin head. When ATP binds to myosin, it results in the release of the myosin head from actin. Subsequently, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) occurs due to the ATPase activity intrinsic to myosin. This process releases energy that changes the angle of the myosin head into the 'cocked' configuration. In this high-energy state, the myosin head has potential energy and is prepared for further movement upon binding to actin again, which is essential for muscle contraction.
25. Select all accurate statements
A. All chordates will have a notochord as adults
B. All chordates have a ventral, hollow nerve cord
C. All chordates have pharyngeal slits or clefts
D. All chordates are bilaterally symmetrical animals.
E. All chordates will have a muscular post an*l tail
Answer:
A, B, and D
Explanation:
When giving a talk about the theories of Marshall McLuhan, Sandy first made sure to thoroughly explain the term "media ecology." This is an example of_________.
Answer:
Giving a definition.
Explanation:
Giving a definition deals with properly explaining the term(s) concerned to avoid further confusion and to make sure your audience ain't lost. It is not merely to copy what was printed in other dictionaries that gives a definition. Choose terms that your understanding or that personal observations has affected. By defining its roles, structure or existence, you can define a phrase.
Interneurons don't conduct signals from one structure to another; a. they integrate activity within a single brain structure. b. have two short axons but no dendrites. c. have one long axon and one short dendrite. d. have several short axons and no dendrites. e. have bipolar axons and no dendrites.
Answer:
a. they integrate activity within a single brain structure.
Explanation:
This can be local interneurons and relay interneuron based on function and structure.
Based on function the interneuron synapse with the sensory and motor neurons,This structural characteristic is related to their functions. Thus as sensory neurons synapse with the Interneurones, the recieved message from sensory neuron of the spinal cord first branched off to the brain for processing and analysis, and output (response) from the brain returns to the interneuron , which synapse this with the motor neurons, for transmission to the effectors.
This type of information integration and processing is especially important when processing information from high brain centers, and complex tasks,and it involved the relay interneuron. This explains the integration function within the brain structure.
However if the information is simple the local interneuron mediated this/ a sensory information is not sent to the brain. Rather the information is transmitted from the sensory to the motor , coordinated by the spinal cord and response is transmitted to the effectors.
Victoria needs to work through the night to finish a project for class. Victoria is concerned she will be too sleepy so she drinks energy drinks throughout the night to keep her alert and awake.What are the affects of energy drink?
Answer:
Victoria will intially felt active, reduced sleepiness but consuming too much caffeine may be risky.
Explanation:
Victoria will felt more active and alert after 30-45 minutes of drinking the enrergy drink because energy drink contains caffeine and its concentration in at peak after 30-45 minutes. Caffeine will reduce sleepiness.
Caffeine will block the adenosine pathway for short period of time. Adenosine is a chemical becuase of which we felt tired and Caffeine will allow feel good molecules to be released in brain such as dopamine. That why Victoria will felt more active, concentrated and good.
But consuming too much energy drinks mean victoria will be consuming too much caffeine that may be risky.Excess amount of caffeine can cause vomiting, nausea, convulsions and high blood pressure even can cause death.Which of the following is/are true?
A. Redheaded females in a population will only breed with red headed males. The yellow-headed females will only breed with yellow-headed males. This population lives in the same geographic area. The red and yellow individuals could breed and produce fertile offspring, but they normally do not.
This would be an example of sympatric speciation.
B. Sympatric speciation is best described as a random event that disrupts the allele frequencies in a population
C. Redheaded females in a population will only breed with red-headed males. The yellow-headed females will only breed with yellow-headed males. This population lives on separate continents and rarely met in nature. The red and yellow individuals could breed and produce fertile offspring, but they normally do not.
This would be an example of sympatric speciation
D. Sympatric speciation is never due to sexual (mate) selection
E. Sympatric speciation requires geographic isolation
Answer: option B) Sympatric speciation is best described as a random event that disrupts the allele frequencies in a population
Explanation:
Sympatric speciation is an event/situation whereby organisms of the same species:
- live in the same territory or nearby territories ( i.e do not live in geographical isolation)
- DO NOT interbreed, but select a sexual mate from a much diverse territory to yield new species or offsprings.
This sexual selection then results in generations of offsprings that are genetically different from the rest of the same species due to uneven gene flow or disruption of alleles among the population of same species.
Thus, only option B is true.
Which of the following statements is true regarding DNA replication? A. The 5' to 3' orientation of the new strand will depend upon where it is in the replication bubble relative to the position where replication first starts. B. The new strand is the opposite of the template strand. C. The new strand is an exact complement to the template strand. D. The new strand is exactly the same as the template strand.
Answer:
These options are true about DNA.
A. The 5' to 3' orientation of the new strand will depend upon where it is in the replication bubble relative to the position where replication first starts.
B. The new strand is the opposite of the template strand.
C. The new strand is an exact complement to the template strand.
Explanation:
Since the two strands of a DNA double helix are antiparallel, this 5′-to-3′ DNA synthesis can take place continuously on only one of the strands at a replication fork (the leading strand). On the lagging strand, short DNA fragments must be made by a “backstitching” process. The opposite strand with a base sequence directly corresponding to the mRNA sequence is refereed as coding strand. See images for clarification.
If you want to study more here is the reference:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. DNA Replication Mechanisms.
The new strand formed during DNA replication is an exact complement to the template strand.
Explanation:The correct statement regarding DNA replication is C. The new strand is an exact complement to the template strand. DNA replication is a semi-conservative process where each of the original parent DNA strands acts as the template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The parent DNA strands separate, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. Each base on the parent strand pairs with its complementary base on the new strand, following the base-pairing rules (A with T and G with C).
Therefore, the new strand formed during DNA replication is an exact complement to the template strand. In other words, it has the opposite nucleotide sequence of the template strand, with the same specific adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) ratios.
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Which statement is TRUE? a. All fatty acids in a triglyceride are unsaturated. b. All lipids contain fatty acids. c. All steroids contain a 4-ring region. d. All phospholipids have one saturated fatty acid tail and one unsaturated fatty acid tail.
Answer: Option C.
All steroids contain 4 ring region.
Explanation:
Steroids are drug like or biological compound that look like cortisol hormone. Steroids have four linked carbon ring and their rings are fused together. Steriod are hydrophobic and are not soluble in water. They have short tail. Steroids are important cell components and they are signaling molecules.
Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? a. They are both polymers of glucose. b. They are geometric isomers of each other. c. They can both be digested by humans. d. They are both used for energy storage in plants. e. They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
Answer: Option A. They have both polymers of glucose
Explanation:
Starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose. They have similar structure, Starch and cellulose are two similar polymers. They are both made from the same monomer, glucose, and have the same glucose-based repeat units. They consists of long chains of glucose molecules connected to (1-4)-glycosidic bonds. Glycosidic bonds are the standard way of attaching things to glucose. The (1-4) bit simply means that the glucose molecules in the chain are connected to each other to the 1st and 4th carbon in the glucose ring opposite each other.
The key similarity between glycogen and cellulose is that both are polymers of glucose.
Glycogen:
It is a polymer of glucose that is stored in animals as a storage of energy.
Cellulose:
It is also a polymer of glucose. It forms the cell wall of glucose.In plants starch work as the storage of energy.Therefore, the key similarity between glycogen and cellulose is that both are polymers of glucose.
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What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
The rigid structure that supports and envelopes the bacterial cell outside the plasma membrane is the cell wall, primarily composed of peptidoglycan. This provides the cell with strength, maintains its shape, and shields it from environmental threats.
Explanation:The rigid structure that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell, which is found outside of the plasma membrane, is called the cell wall. Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of peptidoglycan, a large polymer of amino sugars. These sugars are linked together in a mesh-like structure providing the cell with strength and rigidity. The cell wall helps maintain the shape of the cell and also protects it from environmental threats such as changes in osmotic pressure.
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The rigid structure found outside the plasma membrane that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell is called the "cell wall."
The cell wall is a crucial component of bacterial cells, providing structural support and protection. It is a tough, rigid layer composed of peptidoglycan, a unique macromolecule that consists of sugar chains cross-linked by short peptides. The cell wall maintains the cell's shape and prevents it from bursting due to changes in osmotic pressure. It also plays a significant role in bacterial pathogenicity, as differences in cell wall structure are used to classify bacteria into two major groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane. The cell wall is an essential target for antibiotics like penicillin, which disrupt its integrity and ultimately lead to bacterial cell death.
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An mRNA molecule has a sequence 5'- CAGAUCUAAUGCUUAUCGGAU-3'. When translated in a laboratory setting in which translation can be initiated anywhere along the molecule, how many reading frames are possible?
Answer:
Three reading frames
Explanation:
Translation of mRNA always happen in one direction from the 5' end to the 3' end of the RNA strand.
Reading frame refers to the grouping of three consecutive bases to form a codon that can constitute an amino acid.
There are six possible reading frames in any nucleotide sequence.
Three from the 3' to the 5' end and three possible reading frames from the 5' to the 3' end.
As mentioned earlier, translation in mRNA happens in one direction therefore the three possible reading frames are;
5'- C AGA UCU AAU GCU UAU CGG AU-3'. 5'- CA GAU CUA AUG CUU AUC GGA U-3'. 5'- CAG AUC UAA UGC UUA UCG GAU-3'.An mRNA sequence can be translated into a protein in three possible reading frames, therefore, for the given sequence that can be initiated anywhere, there are three possible reading frames.
Explanation:In the realm of molecular biology, an mRNA sequence can be translated into a protein in three possible reading frames. Each reading frame will read the sequence from a different starting point, thereby creating a unique series of codons, and potentially, a different protein sequence. Hence, for an mRNA sequence such as 5'- CAGAUCUAAUGCUUAUCGGAU-3' that can be translated anywhere in a laboratory setting, it means there are 3 possible reading frames. Each frame begins from a different nucleotide within the first three (frame 1 from C, frame 2 from A, frame 3 from G) and continues in triplets from there on.
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A dominant mutation in Drosophila called Delta causes changes in wing morphology in Delta/+ heterozygots. Homozygosity for this mutation (Delta / Delta) is lethal. In a population of 150 flies, it was determined that 60 bad normal wings and 90 had abnormal wings. a. What are the allele frequencies in this population? b. Using the allele frequencies calculated in part (a), how many total zygotes must be produced by this population in order for you to count 160 viable adults in the next generation? c. Given that there is random mating, no migration, and no mutation, and ignoring the effects of genetic drift, what are the expected numbers of the different genotypes in the next generation if 160 viable offspring of the population in part (a) are counted? d. Is this next generation at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Why or why not?
A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Which of the following statements describes the best use of this discovery?
a. Screen all newborns of an at-risk population.
b. Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele.
c. Follow the segregation of the allele during meiosis.
d. Introduce a normal allele into deficient newborns.
Answer:
b. Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele.
Answer:
A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Which of the following statements describes the best use of this discovery?
Screen all newborns of an at-risk population.
Explanation:
When all newborns are screened, it enable the researcher to identify areas with lapses in order to correct such either by introducing an heterozygous to correct the abnormality
The resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) grows on the bark of southern live oak trees (Quercus virginiana). Resurrection ferns that grow on the underside of branches receive less water than those growing on the topside and, therefore, have a fitness of only 0.28. How many of these ferns will be non-reproducing?
a. 52%
b. 72%
c. 80%
d. 28%
Answer:
b. 72%
Explanation:
Survival rate of underside of branches & topside of branches resurrection ferns are equal. Let say p + q = 1
Resurrection ferns that grow on the underside of branches receive less water than those growing on the topside and, therefore, have a fitness of only 0.28
That shows and indicate that they vary in reproducing factor.
let the reproducing factor be (p) = 0.28
let the no-reproducing factor be (q) = ???
0.28 + q = 1
q = 1 - 0.28
q = 0.72
q = 72 %
Two autosomal genes control horn color in dragons. Pure-breedinggold-horned dragons were mated to pure-breeding silver-horneddragons. All of the F1 were gold. The F1 were intermated and the F2generation consisted of 147 gold, 17 silver and 92 bronze.
Fill in the blanks with whole numbers to indicate the geneticallybased phenotypic ratio that should be hypothesized to explain theF2 data.
gold: silver: bronze
Conduct a chi-square test to test the appropriate type ofepistasis.
In the chi-square test,
The expected number of gold-horned dragons is
The expected number of silver-horned dragons is
The expected number of bronze-horned dragons is
Answer:
The genetically based phenotypic ratio for of Gold: Silver: Bronze = 9:1:6
The expected number of gold-horned dragons is = 144
The expected number of silver-horned dragons is = 16
The expected number of bronze-horned dragons is = 96
Explanation:
Given that; F2 generation consisted of:
147 gold
17 silver
92 bronze.
Total autosomal genes control horn color in dragons = 256
When we conducted the punnet square for the Pure-breedinggold-horned dragons were mated with the pure-breeding silver-horneddragons, then intercrossed them for the F2 generation, It is seen that;
The genetically based phenotypic ratio for of Gold: Silver: Bronze = 9:1:6
∴
The expected number of gold-horned dragon = [tex]256*\frac{9}{16}[/tex]
= 144
The expected number of silver- horned dragon = [tex]256*\frac{1}{16}[/tex]
= 16
The expected number of Bronze-horned dragon = [tex]256*\frac{6}{16}[/tex]
= 96
Null Hypothesis = The observed ratio of Gold:Siver:Bronze
=144:16:96
=9:1:6
Observed Expected (OF - EF)² [tex]\frac{(OF-EF)^2}{EF}[/tex]
Frequency Frequency
(OF) (EF)
147 144 9 0.062500
17 16 1 0.062500
92 96 16 0.166667
Total: 0.291667
Since Degree of Freedom = 2
Our P-Value = 0.864
∴ Our P. Value is very high that we accept the null hypothesis
what are the drawbacks to only regulating at the transcriptional level and not the translational level or protein level?
Answer:
Energy and Cellular Space
When gene Gene expression at( transnational level ) is regulated it ensures energy and cellular space conservation, If a gene were to be regulated at each time after transcription, then significant amount of ATPs beyond the synthetic capacity of the cells will be needed, the cells will need large surface to accommodate the mechanism s. Thus regulation saves more energy and space to regulate gene expression. by turning on genes when needed to expressed and off when not needed.
Sequence of Gene
In addition, for the timely synthesis of exact copies of protein needed by the cells for various cellular activities; it is important for cells to regulate and control how the DNA is translated to the required proteins. If this mechanisms were not regulated deletion , addition of nitrogenous bases in gene sequence during translation may lead to mutations and therefore wrong coding of the needed protein in the cells.
Protein Quantity
Furthermore, the need to know the quantity of protein to synthesize, when to stop the synthesis, necessitated regulation of the process.If required amount is not expressed wrong amino acids units will be synthesized leading to abnormalities in hormones and enzymes.
Explanation:
Enzymes are proteins that change energy-requiring reactions to energy-releasing reactions. true or false
Answer: True
Explanation:
Enzymes are biological molecules or proteins that speed up chemical reactions or processes in living cells but do not get used up and can be use over again.
Enzymes are very important in the body in that they help in digestion( I.e breakdown of food particles into small pieces) and metabolism. They change energy requiring actions to energy releasing reactions.
The statement that "enzymes are proteins that change energy-requiring reactions to energy-releasing reactions" is false.
Explanation:Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up both energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions by lowering the activation energy, but do not change the type of reaction.
Enzymes are indeed proteins, but they do not change the type of reaction. Instead, they function as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions, including both energy-requiring (endergonic) and energy-releasing (exergonic) reactions. They achieve this by lowering the activation energy needed for reactions to proceed.
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If the diastolic blood pressure at the heart level is 80.0 mm Hg, what is the diastolic pressure at the height of the head, which is 0.300 m above the heart? Ignore any pressure drop due to the viscosity of the blood. g
Answer:
56.6 mm of Hg
Explanation:
Given that;
the diastolic blood pressure at the heart level is 80.0 mm Hg = [tex](P_0)[/tex]
height = 0.300 m
the diastolic pressure at the height of the head, which is 0.300 m above the heart can be determined using the formula
P= [tex](P_0) - (pgh)[/tex]
where; [tex](pgh)[/tex] is the hydrostatic pressure applied by the column of the liquid (Blood) of height (h) and average density [tex]p[/tex], also the g = gravitational acceleration.
the average density [tex]p[/tex] of a human blood = 1060 kg/m³
gravitational acceleration. ( g ) = 9.81 m/s²
h = 0.300 m
∴ the [tex](pgh)[/tex] = 1060 kg/m³ × 9.81 m/s² × 0.300 m
= 3119.58 Pascal (Pa)
From the standard conversion rate, 1 mm of Hg(mercury) = 133.322 Pa
∴ the amount of mm of Hg(mercury) that can be gotten from 3119.58 Pascal (Pa) will be; [tex]\frac{3119.58}{133.322}[/tex]
= 23.40 mm of Hg(mercury)
P= [tex](P_0) - (pgh)[/tex]
P= (80.0 - 23.4) mm of Hg
P= 56.6 mm of Hg
Diastolic pressure at the height of the head, which is 0.300 m above the heart is 56.6 mmHg.
Given here,
Diastolic blood pressure at the heart level = 80.0 mm Hg
0.300 m above, diastolic pressure = ?
The Diastolic pressure can be calculated using the formula
[tex]\bold {P_d = h \times g \times \rho }[/tex]
Where,
[tex]\rho[/tex] = average density of a human blood = 1060 kg/m³
g - gravitational acceleration. = 9.81 m/s²
h = Height = 0.300 m
Diastolic pressure,
= 1060 kg/m³ × 9.81 m/s² × 0.300 m
= 3119.58 Pascal (Pa)
Since, 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa
So, 3119.58 Pascal = 23.40 mmHg
Thus ,
Pd = (80.0 - 23.4) mmHg
Pd = 56.6 mmHg
Therefore, diastolic pressure at the height of the head, which is 0.300 m above the heart is 56.6 mmHg.
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A cross is done between two mutant T4 phage (a- b+ c+) and (a+ b-c)(no order implied by these genotypes). The genotypes of the progeny from this cross and their relative frequencies are given below: a-b+ c+ (30%) a+D c. (30%) a+ b+ c-(2%) a+ b+ c+ (8%) a- b-e+(2%) a-b-c-(8%) e+b-c+ (10%) a-b+ c-(10%) What is the distance between "a" and "b? Please give your answer in % recombination, but L number please! EAVE OUT the units (NO % sign), such as 20, or 3,
Since, the relative frequency is incorrectly mentioned in the question. The correct relative frequency table is attached below.
Answer:
20.
Explanation:
The genotype with the least recombinant frequency will represent the double cross overs.
The double cross overs progeny are a+ b+ c-(2%) and a- b-c+(2%).
The percentage of the recombinant frequency determined the distance between the genes. In the double crossovers, the b gene gas been exchanged and present in the middle.
The single recombinant crossovers as compared with the parents are a+ b+ c+ (8%) and a-b-c-(8%).
Distance between the gene a and b = Single cross overs + double cross overs
Distance between the gene a and b = 8 + 8 +2 +2 = 20.
Therefore, the distance distance between the gene a and b is 20 centi morgan.
DNA from a newly discovered virus was purified, and UV light absorption was followed as the molecule was slowly heated. The absorbance increase at the melting temperature was only 10%. What does this result tell you about the structure of the viral DNA? Please be sure to make your initial post and respond to at least two classmates with additional questions and comments to further the discussion.
Answer: The viral DNA has a sharp thermal transition.
Explanation:
Due to more guanine to cytosine (G-C) bonds in viral DNA, and the extra stability its presence confers, the double stranded Viral DNA is more stable to heat and have a higher melting point.
Hence, even when denatured by heat, the unstacked base pairs in its single strands only absorb ultraviolet light at a minimal rate such as 10% increase or less, before it gets renatured into double stranded DNA again.
Thus, the ability of viral DNA to adjust to thermal (heat) denaturation is the reason.
The low absorbance increase at the melting temperature suggests that the structure of the viral DNA may be more resistant to the heating process, which could mean it has a more complex or compact form than typical DNA.
Explanation:The UV light absorption data suggests that the newly discovered viral DNA has a unique structure differing from typical DNA. When DNA is heated to its melting temperature, the two strands 'unzip' or separate, leading to an increase in absorbance. A typical increase in absorbance at the melting temperature for ordinary DNA is around 37%. In this case, the increase was only 10%, indicative that the structure may be more resistant to the heating process, perhaps due to additional base-pairing or tighter coils. This suggests that the viral DNA might have a more complex or compact structure compared to typical DNA.
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The type of synapse that occurs between the terminal end of the presynaptic cell and the terminal end of the postsynaptic cell is referred to as which kind of synapse?
Answer:
Synaptic cleft
Explanation:
Synaptic cleft is the gap between the terminal end of the presynaptic cell and the terminal end of the postsynaptic cell. It helps in transportation the neurotransmitters from a synapse to another.
Snapdragons occur in nature as either green or yellow plants. A green snapdragon is homozygous and has the genotype CC. A yellow snapdragon is heterozygous and has the genotype Cc. Suppose that a gardener crosses two yellow snapdragons, and one-third of the offspring are green and two-thirds of the offspring are yellow.
What type of allele could be responsible for the 2:1 offspring ratio seen when two yellow snapdragons are crossed?
A. dominant allele
B. polymorphic allele
C. recessive lethal allele
D. codominant allele
Answer:
Snapdragons occur in nature as either green or yellow plants. A green snapdragon is homozygous and has the genotype CC. A yellow snapdragon is heterozygous and has the genotype Cc. Suppose that a gardener crosses two yellow snapdragons, and one-third of the offspring are green and two-thirds of the offspring are yellow.
What type of allele could be responsible for the 2:1 offspring ratio seen when two yellow snapdragons are crossed?
dominant allele
Explanation:
As a result of two yellow snapdragons crossed, the dominat yellow allele gives the reason why the reult reflects in such a way that there is yellow dominates over green and leads to why yellow has two-third while green has one-third