_____ refers to smaller groups or segments whose beliefs, values, norms, and patterns of behavior set them apart from the larger cultural mainstream.

Answer:    C. The promotion of attitudes conducive to crime

Explanation:  The subculture is part of a broader culture and is typical of values, preferences and patterns of behaviour that are transmitted through socialisation. So accepting the norms of the subculture is a precondition for socialisation. Sub cultural theory deals precisely with the phenomenon of socialisation and the contribution of different sub cultural influences to the spread of crime through socialisation. This theory argues that sub cultural groups promote values ​​and patterns of behaviour conducive to crime. Sub cultural theory is a derivative of the so-called Chicago School, which dealt with gangs and crime. Thus, criminal behaviour that can be seen in the ghetto, the environment, the neighbourhood, whatever, becomes a pattern of behaviour that is accepted as something normal.

Answer:d. roles.

Explanation:Role, in sociology, refers to expected behavior from each and every person who occupies a particular social status. A role is a pattern of socially recognised behavior which defines what one need to do and give someone a spot in a society such as a mother has her role , teacher has her role and so on

Answer:

Option-(A,C): A qualitative statement made by an expert when presenting evidence is a subjective statement corroborated by statistics, and it is supported by the extensive research with peer review.

Explanation:

Final answer:

Qualitative statements by experts in evidence presentation are non-statistical observations drawn from qualitative research, relying on subjective observation and interpretation, common in qualitative sociology.

Explanation:

A qualitative statement made by an expert when presenting evidence, which is non-statistical and speaks to the strength of a match or observation, often arises from qualitative research. This type of research includes subjective evidence that is hard to control and replicate, and it's particularly common in fields like qualitative sociology.

For instance, an expert may observe a group in a natural setting on a particular day and time, drawing conclusions from this limited context. The strength of the evidence presented depends on the observer's interpretation, which can involve personal biases or subjective viewpoints. These observations are crucial for case studies and are supported by anecdotal or observational data rather than numerical data.

Furthermore, expert statements in qualitative research are not always subject to the same rigorous testing as quantitative statements. They are instead often evaluated based on the credibility of the observations and the reputation and expertise of the researcher.

Answer:

The answer is C. Cultural relativism.

Explanation:

Cultural relativism refers to the idea that beliefs, values, as well as practices related to a person, must be considered according to that person's own culture, instead of judging those elements against the criteria of another one.

Cultural relativism was established by Franz Boas concerning  anthropological research in the early 20th century. After Franz Boas' death in 1942, the term became an important element among anthropologists to establish their synthesis related to some ideas developed by Boas.  

Answer:

yes he does

Explanation:

Also known as Dual Federalism, Dual Sovereignty is a system of political arrangement in which the state and federal governments have power divided between them in a way which does not interfere with each other. The federal government powers such as regulating the military forces, laying and collecting taxes, and coining money etc. while the state government exercises powers such as conducting elections and making banking, health, and criminal laws etc.

President Roosevelt, surrounding the Great Depression,  introduced a number of new policies like the New Deal policies which not only regulated commerce and economy, but policies like the Interstate Commerce Act in the Commerce clause gave Congress the authority to regulate commerce between state. This ensured that the state and federal governments would be working together more which eventually led to cooperative federalism in the United States.

Answer:

D. Law Enforcement I believe. Law is a general professional field which could include "law enforcement" so there's no need for it to be specified so I believe that D is the correct answer  

Explanation:

Explains the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis where individuals under hypnosis behave based on social roles and expectations.

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis: In this theory, individuals under hypnosis act according to their perception of how a hypnotized person should behave, fulfilling the role based on social expectations and not necessarily experiencing an altered state of consciousness. Hypnotized individuals are motivated to conform, relax, obey, and respond to suggestions, shaping their behavior within the context of the hypnotic experience.

Answer: among the many steps in information risk planning, below are the 5 basic steps:

• STEP 1: Identify the risk

• STEP 2: Analyze the risk

• STEP 3: Evaluate or rank the risk

• STEP 4: Treat the risk

• STEP 5: Monitor the risk.

I WILL NOT CONSIDER STEP THREE, BECAUSE I SEE ALL RISK TO BE THE SAME, THE ONE YOU ASSUME TO BE A HIGH RISK MAY NEVER OCCUR, WHILE THE ONE YOU ASSUME TO BE A LOW RISK MAY OCCUR FREQUENTLY. SO I WILL GIVE EQUAL ATTENTION TO ALL RISK IDENTIFIED.

In using this steps I have to take is orderly.

FIRST STEP: identifying the risk, in this first step I will have to identify all the risk that are involved in information security, which could be data lost from a computer or data theft from a personal computer.

SECOND STEP: Analyse the risk. I will study easy risk, how can data be stolen from an employee personal work computer, and how can data be lost from an employee work computer. To analyze this risk, data can be lost from an employee computer, if the system has been corrupted by a virus, if the system hard disc crash, if the system was mistakenly formated, and if the system is poorly maintained. Data can be stolen from a system if the system is been hacked, if the system has no password, and by stealing the hard disc in the system.

THIRD STEP: Evaluate or rank the risk. This is where you evaluate each risk, to know the high risk and the low risk, and to know the level of precaution to be used. I will not consider this step because I believe all risk are high and anyone can occurs any day, so the chance of all risk is the same, and the level of precaution to be taken in all risk should be the same.

FOURTH STEP: Treat the risk. In this step I will treat all the risk I discovered in the second step. For data security in terms of theft, special security code will be generated for all employee computer, which will be known only by the employee who use the computer. All staff are meant to leave the office when working hours is over, or work with the security personnel if the staff works overtime, to avoid theft of hard disc. Staffs will be educated to avoid clicking links from an unknown source, to avoid been hacked. For data security in terms of lost. All staff will back up their files in a cloud. All staff will be educated on the usage of computers to avoid formating the system by mistake. They will be an updated anti virus, to quarantine the system from virus, which can damage data.

FIFTH STEP: Monitor and review the risk. The risk will be monitored constantly, by updating virus always, changing of password to each system at least once in a month, monitoring each staff usage of the computer, updating the IT unit with recent technologies and softwares, updating the security on their duties. As the risk is been monitored, I will watch out for more risk to be identified.

Answer:a. Responsibility

b. Respect

c. Fairnessd. Honesty, these are all values mentioned under PMI

Explanation:Ethics at work is about fowling decision making process that would consider people, resources and environment and these four values will drive a project management profession.

Responsibility - This means the project manager must take full ownership of their decisions and consequences of those decisions and actions fro example they can not decided and blame the team members if anything goes wrong.

Respect means a project manager needs to treat their people with respect and also respect the resources that have been left in tgeir care , they can't just use the money anyhow they want it has to be for reasonable and logical work related use.

Fairness a project manager can not make subjective decisions without considering the people they work with they can't push project that are only driven by self interest.

Honesty They can't act untruthful in term of how they communicate information or conduvt themselves within the company and amongst the people they lead because this may lead to confusion and improper working environment.

The PMI 'Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct' outlines four main values that should guide a project manager's actions: responsibility, respect, fairness, and honesty.

The four main values described in the PMI 'Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct' are responsibility, respect, fairness, and honesty.

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Totalitarian governments had a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may be restrained by the power of social institutions.

Answer:

d. group

Explanation:

A social group is a group of people who have something in common with others or share similar characteristics and common sense of unity.  An individual can belong to many different types of groups which includes  college class, a sports team, a religious group, an ethnic group,  group of colleagues in the workplace, etc.

Answer:

The example ofa more that is bad in itself is "SLAVERY".

Sumner will accept this because he believes in "LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY".

Explanation:

William Graham Sumner defined mores to be a social norms that are widely seen within a particular society or culture. The mores of a group is used to determine an acceptable and unacceptable actions within such group.

Sumner believes in LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY, which states that people should be given the chance to live a free live, without any government or political interference. Since he is a freedom speaker, that means he is against slavery, and will believe that slavery is bad in itself, and should be a general bad more among all societies and nation's.

Answer: In modern view, the origin of variation is mutation. Since Darwin stated that variation will occurs in the most useful part and is retained, most people don't use their left hands, if according to Darwin's theory, those left hands should be going to extinct by now.

If Darwin's theory of variation is acceptable, then dwarfs who always want to be giant, by stretching the body, would have become giant by now.

Darwin just had a general idea about variation, offsprings tends to change in appearance from the parents. But this variation is not in terms of usefulness of the body parts of the parents, it is in terms of Gene mutation of the parents in their offspring.

Explanation: Darwin's 1859 theory set out a theory of Evolution by natural selection to explain adaptation and speciation.

According to Darwin's theory, individual of one generation are qualitatively different from one another this is as a result of natural selection. But in modern science, this is as a result of Gene mutation.

Answer:

Quantitative

Explanation:

In research, the term quantitative research refers to the type of research that involves gathering data that is quantifiable, in other words, that it can be measured in an objective way and expressed in numbers.

In this example, researchers measure children's IQ by using IQ tests, therefore, they are gathering data that can be measure and expressed in numbers (IQ is a number). Therefore, they are using quantitative research.

Answer: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Explanation: Quantitative research can be defined as a systematic scientific investigation of a quantity or number of properties and their relationship using statistical, mathematical or computational methods.

basically, this experiment conducted on children seeks to find the number/quantity of children in different categories of their observation techniques. this is an example of what quantitative research portrays.

In the Kent v. United States the Court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings

A woman was robbed and raped in 1961 in Washington and it has been found that the culprit was a 16 year old boy Morris Kent. He was also having history of records when he was 14 years old for snatching purse and also burglaries. As he was under the juvenile court authority from his 14th year to his 16th year, now he was again accused for this crime.

Hence the judge of the Juvenile court felt that Morris can get better justice from the adult criminal court. The supreme court of U.S decided that the Juvenile offenders can be entitled to some amount of due process of law as adults while they were under the Juvenile courts jurisdiction under the  Kent v. United States.

Answer:

c. the digital divide

Explanation:

The digital divide -

It refers to the non - uniform distribution of the services of internet between the people of various class and groups , is referred to as the digital divide .

The various groups can be divided on the basis of geopolitical criteria , geographical and social area .

The information and communication technology is very costly , and hence , not everyone can afford to use it .

Hence , from the given information of the question,

The correct option is  the digital divide .

Answer: DIGITAL DIVIDE

Explanation: Digital divide can be defined simply as the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies and information technology and those without.

These can be divided based on social, geographical or geopolitical.

The digital divide is accessed based on 5 criteria

1) affordable, broadband internet service;

2) internet-enabled devices that meet the needs of the user;

3) access to digital literacy training;

4) quality technical support;

5) applications and online content designed to enable and encourage self-sufficiency.

Answer:

d. token economy            

Explanation:

Token economy: In psychology, the term token economy is defined as a phenomenon which is based on the contingency management related to the systematic reinforcement of specific target behavior. It is considered as a reward for some good behavior with specific tokens that an individual can exchange with things that are desirable for him or her. A token can be anything, for example, sticker, chip, coin, etc.

Token economy is generally based on the ABA or applied behavioral analysis principles.

In the question above, the given statement states that Shay is using a token economy.

Final answer:

Shay is using a token economy, a behavior modification technique that employs tokens like stickers to reinforce desired behaviors such as potty training. This technique is based on operant conditioning principles and is effective in various settings.

Explanation:

Shay, the nursery school teacher, is employing a technique known as a token economy to encourage potty training among the 2- and 3-year-old children in her classroom. This approach is a form of behavior modification that relies on the principles of operant conditioning. Children are given stickers as tokens for performing the desired behavior of using the bathroom successfully. These tokens serve as secondary reinforcers and can be exchanged for a small prize after a child accumulates a certain number. Token economies like this are widely recognized for their effectiveness in varying settings, including schools, by increasing desirable behaviors and decreasing misbehaviors.

Shay's use of this method aligns with findings from studies such as those by Cangi and Daly (2013), which reported increased appropriate social behaviors and decreased inappropriate ones using a similar system. In Shay's classroom, the stickers, and the subsequent prizes for accumulating stickers, act to reinforce the behavior of using the potty among the children.

Answer:

Referral is the appropriate and ethical course of action to take when a client's needs are outside the scope of your competence.

Explanation:

Referral is the act of officially sending someone to a person or authority that is qualified to deal with them.

The appropriate and ethical course of action to take when a client's needs are outside the scope of your competence is to refer the client to another professional who has the necessary expertise.

When a professional is faced with a situation where the client's needs exceed their own knowledge, skills, or abilities, it is crucial to prioritize the client's best interest. The ethical guidelines of most professions emphasize the importance of practicing within one's area of expertise to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and quality of the services provided.

Here are the steps to follow in such a scenario:

1. Assess Competence: Evaluate the limits of your own expertise in relation to the client's needs.

2. Inform the Client: Communicate openly with the client about your assessment and explain why their needs fall outside your scope of practice.

3. Maintain Confidentiality: Ensure that any communication about the client's needs with other professionals respects the client's confidentiality and privacy.

4. Referral: Identify and recommend other professionals or services that can meet the client's needs. It is helpful to provide a few options if possible, and to ensure that these referrals are to reputable and competent individuals or organizations.

5. Collaboration: If appropriate and with the client's consent, collaborate with the new professional to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of care.

6. Documentation: Keep a record of your assessment, the client's decision regarding the referral, and any actions taken to facilitate the referral process.

7. Follow-Up: Offer to follow up with the client to ensure that their needs have been adequately addressed by the professional to whom they were referred.

By following these steps, a professional can uphold their ethical obligations, ensure that the client receives the best possible care, and maintain the trust and integrity of their professional relationship with the client. It is also important to engage in ongoing professional development to expand one's competence and better serve clients in the future.

Answer:

Perception is a three phase process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information, objects, people, events or situations.

Explanation:

Perception involves three steps.

1. Selecting

In the first stage we select that stimuli which attracts us the most by ignoring the others about making perception about any event or object.

2. Organizing

In the second stage we organize the information about our selection.

3. Interpretation

In the third step we interpret that information in a meaningful way that makes sense to us.

Perception refers to the three-phase process that includes the selection, organization, and interpretation of various types of information around us. This process allows us to make sense of our environment. Our senses pick up signals in our environment, we organize this data into meaningful categories and finally interpret them to make sense of our surroundings.

Perception is a three-phase process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information, objects, people, events, or situations. This process begins with the selection of sensory data through our five senses. From there, we organize this data into meaningful categories. The last phase involves interpreting this data so that we can understand our individual environment.

For instance, our first phase could be selecting the smell of pizza, which we then organize into the scent category of food. Then, we interpret this as someone nearby probably heating a pizza.

This interpretation process accounts for variations in how we each perceive the world. All three phases interact to help us make sense of our surroundings.

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Answer:. d. All of the choices are correct.

Explanation: Baby boomer refer to a

large generation that was all born in the end of world war II and the mid 1960s

- Their number was too high and during their career times US economy was doing really great hence they are considered economically influential generation

- currently , baby boomers have reached their retirement age and have many challenges such as social security and funding their retirements

History of Baby Boomers

- Baby boomers were born all over the world and the birth rate spiked throughout the whole world during their time , this explosive birth rate was referred to as baby boom

Historians suggest that this was caused by people so eager to start families after they have been on a pause during the world war II and people started to feel optimistic about the future and safety of their nation. People got into businesses and people started to feel positive.

Answer:

d. All of the choices are correct.

Explanation:

Baby boom are those born between 1946 and 1964 the name was brought about due to the massive increase in births after the World War II which was the era of Great Depression.

The baby-boom cohort stands out in all the population pyramids. They are emerging as the power generation in political and economic institutions because they drive economic growth and development. The Federal Insurance Contribution Act in the U.S was passed to fund the need of Social Security and Medicare by taxing the present workforce to pay the retirees and aged.

Answer:

Social psychology

Explanation:

The research questions that concern social psychology include understanding and working to reduce racial prejudice and determining whether two heads really are better than one. Social psychology is also concerned with studying social interaction and their effect on individuals, it also studies social perception and cognition among individuals,

Answer:

Often, a stereotype in the field of education is reflected in behavior even before direct contact. Often, the teacher is biased towards the student based on his racial or ethnic origin. For example, guided by stereotypes, the teacher can underestimate the student’s mental abilities. A particular role in the formation of a stereotype is played by prejudice - an attitude that has formed an opinion about a person or group of people, often based on rumors, rather than direct evidence. Moreover, this opinion, rather negative, often does not change even with the emergence of new information and new facts. Thus, a teacher under the influence of prejudice can reject those students who do not belong to his ethnic group, allowing discriminatory practices in relation to them, being convinced that they are ignorant and/or even dangerous.

Explanation:

Answer:

The appropriate test to use is independent t-test (also known as two sample t-test) in order to make a comparison between the means of the two independent groups used in the study.

Explanation:

In designing the study, independent t-test can be used to evaluate the statistical difference between the mean of half of the department population using the old policy, and the mean of the other remaining half of the population using the new policy in order to evaluate their understanding of both (constituting a broad range) appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in the workplace. The statistical result will provide evidence that would indicate whether a new organizational policy on sexual harassment is effective.

Answer:

A. Experimenter effects.

Explanation:

Experimenter effects are experimental errors gotten during the analysis and collection of data, due to the researchers bias behavior. This bias behavior of the researcher reduces the validity of the experiment.

Therefore the bias likely to be present in the research of the male psychologist is the experimenter effects.

Final answer:

The most likely bias present in the research scenario described is A) experimenter effects, where a researcher's expectations inadvertently affect the study's outcome.

Explanation:

In the scenario described, several types of biases could potentially be present. However, the specific research context provided suggests that A) experimenter effects is the most likely bias to be present. This occurs when a researcher's expectations influence the outcomes of a study. A well-known example of this is the study by Rosenthal and Fode (1963) concerning maze learning in rats, where the students' expectations about the rats' abilities affected the results. Given that the male psychologist in the scenario may have unconscious biases about gender differences, it is possible that his administration of the test or interpretation of the results could be influenced, consequently impacting the validity of the findings.

Answer:

a.  Karl Marx.

Explanation:

Karl Marx -

Karl Marx was born in Germany , Trier and studied philosophy and law .

He is the famous German philosopher , socialist revolutionary ,  journalist ,

political theorist , sociologist ,  historian and economist .

He gave the idea about the factory safety rules or the limited work day .

Some of the famous works of Marx are the three-volume Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto .

Hence, from the given information of the question ,

The correct option is a.  Karl Marx .

Answer: I don't think it's reasonable for one to rely wholly on it's sense alone

Explanation: Psychologist has proved that, the frequency of ones brain varies at different occasions, therefore affecting ones reasoning at that point. For instance, a drunkerd may see a drainage system and assume it to be a water bath, at that moment the frequency of the brain is high and has affected the thinking ability. When back to normal the fellow will see that his sense has deceived him. This is not applied only when drunk, it is also applied when over excited, angry, depressed or lost in mind thinking. Different occasions tends to change the frequency of our brain, which affects our thinking and reasoning at that moment.

It has happened to me, on my birthday, when I was over excited with the gifts I got from my friends, my dad called me to take his car to a filling station, and add petrol, so I can use his car to have fun with friends, out of excitement, I took my shoe in place of the car key. I noticed my sense has received me, when I entered the car to start it. At that moment the frequency of my brain has been altered because of over excitement.

Answer: C. Pluralism

Explanation: Pluralism is simply refered to as the doctrine of multiplicity. Pluralism denotes the idea of acknowledgment and attestation of assorted diversity within a political body, which allows peaceful coexistence of different interests, beliefs and ways of life. People coexist and still maintain their separate identity

Full Question:

A question on a survey asks respondents to express their opinion of a new flavor of potato chips on a continuum between “terrific” and “horrible”. This type of attitude scale is known as a _____.

Likert scale

Behavioral intention scale

Seven point scale

Semantic Differential Scale

Answer:

Semantic Differential Scale

Explanation:

As originated by Charles E. Osgood, Semantic Differential (SD) is a type of a rating scale usually applied to measure opinions using connotations such as adjectives that may differ by degree of effectiveness. The semantic meaning derived from these connotations are believed to be the attitude of a person towards certain objects. It is largely used in research to measure opinions, values and preferences of a person.

Final answer:

A survey question prompting opinions on a continuum between "terrific" to "horrible" for a new potato chip flavor uses a semantic-differential scale, designed to measure nuanced attitudes through contrasts.

Explanation:

A question on a survey that asks respondents to express their opinion of a new flavor of potato chips on a continuum between “terrific” and “horrible” is known as a semantic-differential scale. This type of attitude scale is distinct from other scales, such as the Likert scale, in that it allows respondents to evaluate an attitude object using a series of negative to positive response scales, with endpoints denoted by contrasting adjectives (e.g., “unpleasant” vs. “pleasant”). The semantic-differential scale is particularly useful in capturing the nuances of respondents' opinions and attitudes towards specific subjects, making it a valuable tool in survey research for understanding complex consumer preferences and attitudes.

Answer:

b. the exponential principle

Explanation:

In sociology, the term exponential principle refers to a theory that states that when a discovery is made and the technology allows it, the uses for this discovery tend to grow in a geometric radio, in other way, the uses grow in a very large rate and they start multiplying very fast.

In this example, the discovery of glass  gave birth to lenses, costume jewelry, window panes, and test tubes. We can see that the discovery of glass gave birth to many uses to it such as lenses, costume jewelry, test tubes and other things and suddenly, glass was being used in many different ways and these ways started multiplying themselves. Therefore such developments reflect b. the b. the exponential principle.