Answers
Answer:
Evolution in the Parasitism: Parasites are mostly the microorganisms which lives in other organisms and develops there body as whole inside its host.As a parasite needs the nourishment and resources of its host cell to grow, or develop. But, it can also involves the damage or the destruction of its host cell as whole or the genome of the host cell can be damaged by its efforts.
Explanation:
Parasite as a predator:
We can simply say, that a parasitic body is much smaller to any other predator but it too consumes all or some of the energy which is the host body posses. As there are some parasites which lives in the gut and the liver of the beings and they get the required energy from the host's body for there own growth and development. The parasites are also involved in changing the cycle of mechanism or function of the host in which it lives inside.
Endoparasites:
The endoparasites requires another body or vessel through which it is transmitted from one point to the other. And the parasites then lives in the body or premises provided by that specific host's body. As the plasmodium which is the protozoa, is transmitted from one body to another with the help of mosquito acting as a vessel for its transmission. Some other types of the endoparasites which grows and damage the host's body are tapeworm,heart-worm, and flatworm in general.
Hyperparasites:
The type of parasites which is also acting as the host for another parasite living inside its body. As we have the example of the, protozoans which are found in the gut of the fleas, while the fleas are again acting as the parasite inside the dog's body.
Related Questions
Aniridia is a type of blindness due to a single dominant gene. Migraine headache is the result of a different dominant gene. A man with aniridia, but normal headaches whose mother was not blind, marries a woman who suffers from migraines and has normal vision but whose father did not have migraine headaches. What is the expected proportion of their children that would have both aniridia and migraines together
Answers
Answer:
[tex]\frac{1}{4}[/tex] = 25%
Explanation:
Aniridia is a type of blindness due to a single dominant gene---- Let Aniridia allele be A
Migraine headache is the result of a different dominant gene----- Let Migraine allele be M
Let normal headache allele be h
Let normal vision allele be v
If A man with aniridia, but normal headaches i.e Ah marries a woman who suffers from migraines and has normal vision i.e Mv
What is the expected proportion of their children that would have both aniridia and migraines together?
The punnet square for this cross is shown below as:
A h
M AM hM
v Av hv
The offspring traits are as follows (AM, hM, Av, hv)
AM----- Aniridia and Migraine
hM------ normal headache and Migraine
Av------- Aniridia and normal vision
hv------- normal headache and normal vision
The expected proportion of their children that would have both aniridia and migraine together is [tex]\frac{1}{4}[/tex] = 25%
Final answer:
With aniridia and migraines being dominant genetic conditions, and each parent carrying one dominant gene for one condition, the expected proportion of their children having both conditions is 25%.
Explanation:
The question asks what the expected proportion of children inheriting aniridia and migraines, both dominant conditions, would be when a man with aniridia but without migraines marries a woman with migraines but without aniridia.
Because aniridia and migraines are each caused by dominant genes, we can denote the gene for aniridia as 'A' (with 'a' being the normal gene) and the gene for migraines as 'M' (with 'm' being the normal gene). The man has genotype Aa (since his mother didn't have aniridia, he must have one normal 'a' gene), and the woman has genotype Mm (since her father didn't have migraines, she must have one normal 'm' gene).
To determine the expected proportion of their children having both conditions, we can draw a Punnett square. The possible genotypes of the offspring would be AM, Am, aM, and am. Each of these genotypes has a 1 in 4 chance of occurring. Since both conditions are independent and due to different genes, the probability of a child having both aniridia and migraines is the product of the individual probabilities, 1/2 chance for aniridia (A from the father) and 1/2 chance for migraines (M from the mother), which gives us 1/4 overall probability.
Therefore, the expected proportion of their children having both aniridia and migraines would be 25%.
Glucagon excess may also be as important as insulin insufficiency of diabetes. Glucagon: Stimulates lipolysis. Stops the release of amylin. Increases somatostatin production. Decreases ghrelin levels.
Answers
Answer: Glucagon stimulates lipolysis and decrease ghrelin levels.
Explanation:
Glucagon is an hormone that is secreted in the pancrease which convert stored glycogen to glucose that is released in the blood. High blood glucose increase insulin levels. Too much of glucagon can cause diabetes. Glucagon stimulate lipolysis which provide fatty acids to tissues to be use as fuel. Glucagon decrease the ghrelin levels. Glucagon stimulates amylin secretion.
Which primates are included among the prosimians? Why is this taxonomic group problematic?
Answers
Answer:
The primates that are included among the prosimians are all the existing or extinct species of strepsirrhines. The taxonomic groups are problematic because they fail to mark specific distinctions between the species.
Explanation:
It is from 85 to 55 million years that the primates have been existing on the Earth. They emerged as small terrestrial animals and developed into some large ones through the continued evolution of species. Daubentoniidae, Tarsiidae, Lemuridae are some examples of primate families.Assume that a cross is made between two organisms that are both heterozygous for a gene that shows incomplete dominance. What genotypic ratio is expected in the offspring?
Answers
Answer:
Genotypic ratio: 1 homozygous for parental trait : 2 heterozygous : 1 homozygous for other parental trait
Explanation:
Incomplete dominance is a non-mendelian type of inheritance in which one allele of a gene portrays Incomplete dominance over the other allele, hence, they combine to form a third phenotype that is a blending of both parental phenotypes. A very good example of incomplete dominance gene is that of flower colour in snapdragon plants.
One allele of the flower colour gene codes for RED while the other codes for WHITE. However, an heterozygous intermediate phenotype (PINK) is formed as F1 offspring when both parents are crossed.
If the F1 heterozygous offsprings are self-crossed i.e. two heterozygous offsprings, four possible offsprings will be produced with the genotypic ratio 1:2:1, which means that 1/4 of the offsprings will be homozygous for one of the parental traits, 2/4 will be heterozygous for both alleles, 1/4 will be homozygous for the other parental trait.
The branch of biology which deals with the study of genes and inheritance is called genetics. In genetics, there are two types of alleles present in an organism. These alleles are as follows:-
Dominant Recessive
Gregor John Mendel is the father of genetics and describes the functioning of the gene in an organism.
Let's assume the gene of the parents, The genes are as follows:-
Mother - TtFather - TtThese different type of genes is known as Heterozygous genes. If we cross both the parents together, the gamete formed is "T" and "t".
After crossing the genes, the genotype of the offspring will be "TT", "Tt", "tt".
For more information, refer to the link:-
https://brainly.com/question/14537692
Clearly cellulose is very abundant on earth, and it is a long-lasting stable substance. Many animals cannot digest cellulose. Given this, what prevents the bodies of dead plants from filling the earth? Something must decompose cellulose. This is where fungal decomposition comes in--fungi digest cellulose, as do many prokaryotes. Name two organisms that consume cellulose and make an educated guess as to whether each breaks down cellulose or simply excretes it as fiber.
Answers
Answer: Termites and herbivores.
Explanation:
The two organism that can digests cellulose are termites and herbivores. The termite contains protists known as mastigophorans carry out digestion of cellulose in the body.
The cellulose in this case is digested and prevents it from getting deposited in the environment.
The other organism are animals like ruminants which can digest cellulose in their gut. They partially digest the cellulose and regurgitate it into the mouth an broken down further.
This process of digestion of cellulose in the gut is anaerobic so methane is released in the environment as a product of digestion.
The human beings cannot digest cellulose and a very less amount of it is considered as fiber and is simply excreted.
Final answer:
Ruminants like cows and fungi have the ability to digest cellulose due to cellulases, allowing them to break down this complex carbohydrate and utilize it as a food source, contributing to nutrient cycles in ecosystems.
Explanation:
Despite the fact that cellulose is a major structural component of plant cell walls and abundantly found on Earth, not all organisms can digest it due to its robust β(1,4) glycosidic bonds. However, certain organisms such as ruminants and termites have symbiotic relationships with microorganisms in their guts that produce enzymes capable of breaking down cellulose. For instance, cows have bacteria in their rumens that secrete cellulases, allowing them to break cellulose down into usable sugars.
Fungi also play a crucial role in cellulose degradation in ecosystems. They secrete exoenzymes into the environment to decompose dead plant material, preventing accumulation of undegraded biomass. These enzymes cleave the cellulose into glucose monomers, which they then utilize for energy and growth, contributing to nutrient cycling in the environment. Therefore, both ruminants and fungi do not simply excrete cellulose as fiber but effectively break it down for consumption.
Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?
a. thoracolumbar origin, long preganglionic fiber, NE release at ganglion, short postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector
b. craniosacral origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, ACh release at effector
c. thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector
d.craniosacral origin, long preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, short postganglionic fiber, ACh release at effector
Answers
Answer:
Answer is C.
Explanation:
The sympathetic pathway is the pathway of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system , that comprises of neurons regulating the body's involuntary actions. It is also regarded as the pathway by which organisms respond to stress, because it prepares the body for stress.
The sympathetic nervous system help the body to respond to stress by increasing the rate of the heart beat, activating the release of adrenaline among others.
The other part of the autonomic nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system, which brings the body to the state of calmness and relaxed feeling after a stressful event. This is done by slowing down the heart rate and increasing the rate of digestion.
Maria is a 121-lb endurance athlete who is planning to employ carbohydrate loading before her next race. Which strategy correctly follows the guidelines for carbohydrate loading?
Choose the statement below that correctly describes a good carbohydrate loading strategy for Maria:
O Four to six days prior to the event, Maria should consume 550 g of carbohydrate daily and decrease to 220 to 275 g of carbohydrate daily 1 to 3 days prior to the event.O One to three days before the event, 550 g of carbohydrate daily is recommended.O One to three days before the event, 1210 g of carbohydrate daily is recommended.O Six days before the event, her carbohydrate intake should be 550 g per day.O Two days before the event, an intake of 33 g of protein daily is adequate.
Answers
Final answer:
The correct carbohydrate loading strategy for Maria, a 121-lb endurance athlete, is to consume 550 g of carbohydrate daily for 1 to 3 days before her event to maximize glycogen storage for energy.
Explanation:
The correct carbohydrate loading strategy for Maria—an endurance athlete who weighs 121 lbs—would be to consume 550 g of carbohydrate daily during the 1 to 3 days prior to her event. This is because carbohydrate loading is aimed at maximizing the storage of glycogen in the muscles, which is used for energy during prolonged periods of intense exercise. Ingesting 550 g of carbohydrates daily, following the guidance, should increase her glycogen stores, providing an energy reservoir that can be tapped into during her endurance event.
Concerning the options given, the second option correctly follows the guidelines for carbohydrate loading: "One to three days before the event, 550 g of carbohydrate daily is recommended." This is based on the principle that consuming high amounts of carbohydrates can boost glycogen stores within muscles, effectively increasing the athlete's endurance capacity during the race.
Protists are very diverse, and many different classification schemes have been used to define relationships between the protists. Traditionally, protists have been classified by their source of energy and nutrients, while newer classification schemes use mode of locomotion. How are amoeboids classified using both of these schemes?
A. photosynthetic, cilia
B. heterotrophic by absorption, nonmotile
C. heterotrophic by ingestion, nonmotile
D. heterotrophic by ingestion, pseudopods
Answers
Answer:
D. heterotrophic by ingestion, pseudopods
Explanation:
Protists are generally classified as all eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals or fungi. Example is amoeba, paramecium etc.They may be unicellular or multi cellular in nature.Most exist in colonies.
Their mode of nutrition can be photosynthetic or hetrotrophic. Hetrotrophic protists can be divided into phagotrophs and osmotrops/saprotrophs. The phagotrophs makes use of the cell body to engulf the food materials as in amoeba ,carry out extracellular digestion before swallowing it.
Osmotrops absorbed dissolved food from surrounding liquid environments directly. (Some photosynthetic protists can also be heterotrophic.
Amoeboid movement is the mode of locomotion of protists and some other eukaryotes. It involved the protrusion of cytoplasm, which exert pressure on the cell membrane to form pseudopodia and the posterioly evolved Uropods.
Sol-gel theory has been proposed to expalin this movements, The ectopalsm of amoeba is gelly-like , while the endiplams is less viscpus and said to be sol. The interchange of the cytoplasmic fluis between the endo-and ecto plasm gives the SOL-GEL propulsion of the protopalms for the amoebic moveemnts .
The false feet(psuedopodium) drags the amoeba along in the direction of the flow of the cytoplasm.
Therefore option D is the right option
1. Which of the following processes will most likely occur when you transfer a bacterial culture from 37 °C to 10 °C?
a) the bacteria will start synthesizing cholesterol
b) the bacteria will remove cholesterol from their membranes
c) the bacteria will reduce the number of unsaturated bonds in the fatty acid tails of their phospholipids
d) the bacteria will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with very long fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes
e) the bacteria will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes
2. Following up on question 1, which of the following best describes what would happen to a culture of yeast cells that was shifted from 37 °C to 10 °C?
a) The cells will die because their plasma membrane will be leaky
b) The cells will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with long, saturated fatty acid chains
c) The cells will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with short saturated fatty acid tails
d) The cells will insert more cholesterol into their ER membrane
e) The cells will insert more ergosterol into their plasma membrane
f) The cells will remove phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails from their plasma membrane
Answers
Answers with Explanations:
1. Which of the following processes will most likely occur when you transfer a bacterial culture from 37 °C to 10 °C?
The answer is letter e, the bacteria will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes.
Explanation: Bacteria are capable of surviving different types of environments with varying temperatures. When it is exposed to a low temperature, as in the situation above (from 37 °C to 10 °C), it regulates its transition phase. Th cytoplasmic membrane of organisms plays a vital role when it comes to physiological environments.
When it comes to bacteria, their membrane is primarily composed of "phospholipids." It is said that the phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids have a transition that is lower to that of phospholipids with saturated fatty acids when it comes to temperature. Thus, the bacteria will have to increase the synthesis of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes. This will help increase the membrane's fluidity, thus allowing it to survive in low temperatures.
2. . Following up on question 1, which of the following best describes what would happen to a culture of yeast cells that was shifted from 37 °C to 10 °C?
The answer is letter b, The cells will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with long, saturated fatty acids chains.
Explanation: The growth of yeast is affected by several factors, naming temperature as one. They are sensitive to temperature, such that they can be killed in water if it reaches a peak of 60°C.
At 10 °C, the yeast will continue its metabolic activity but with low growth rates. Its biological membrane now comes to play its part when it comes to regulation. The growth of temperature is directly related to the degree of the cell's lipid unsaturation. This means that when temperatures are lower, the saturation of lipids is low. So, the cells would most likely increase the synthesis of phospholipids with long, saturated fatty acid chains when the temperature is low.
When we study the effects of chronic stress on human health, most of our chronic stress is imaginary, meaning, it's made up by our imagination and conscious thought, created by the Frontal lobe. Discuss, why frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress like that?
Answers
Answer:
Reasoning and understanding is performed by the Pre-frontal cortex which is the part of the frontal lobe where is the other major part that deals with the implementing and planning approaches performed by the dIPFC.
Prefrontal cortex which is the part of the frontal lobe is not present in lizards and frogs, as they have limbic system which is phylogenitcaly very primitive.
Frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress due to their brain structure and physiological processes.
Explanation:Frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress like humans do because they do not possess the same complex brain structure as humans. The frontal lobe, responsible for creating stress through imagination and conscious thought, is not present in frogs and lizards. Additionally, the physiological and hormonal processes related to stress are different in these animals compared to humans.
Learn more about Effects of Chronic Stress on Human Health here:https://brainly.com/question/33606829
#SPJ3
If you could measure the resting metabolic rate of the following animals, which would most likely have the lowest mass-specific (or relative) metabolic rate?
A. 100 Kg Horse
B. 100 Kg Shark
C. 10 g Mouse
D. 10 g Fish
Answers
The horse and mouse are endotherms among them rat will have high mass-specific metabolic rate.
The shark and fish are endotherms among them fish will have high mass-specific metabolic rate.
Explanation:
The endotherm (heat requires in them to maintain internal temperature of the body) organism have high metabolic rates to maintain homeostasis, this requires the large amount of energy. Smaller animals have the greater surface area to volume ratio, hence more heat loss and higher metabolism. In larger animals body volume increases, surface area increase is also very slow, hence less heat loss and lower Metabolic rate. Smaller animals exchange oxygen to tissues at a high rate.
Same goes with ectotherms the larger the animal the smaller is the metabolic rate. During winters their activity slows down as they cannot adjust with the temperature of the surrounding.
However metabolic rates of ectotherm and endotherm cannot be compared.
The organism that will have the lowest mass-specific metabolic rate is the 100 kg shark.
Metabolic rates simply refer to how sugar is broken down to keep the cells of an organism running. Different organisms have different metabolic rates.
It should be noted that bigger animals have lower metabolic rates As the body volume of an organism increases, the surface area increases slowly. From the organisms, the 100 kg shark will have the lowest metabolic rate.
Read related link on:
https://brainly.com/question/16725768
Which statement taken from a student’s logbook would beconsidered an experimental result?a.The speed of a snail isb.The average speed of the controlc.A mercury thermometerd.If temperatureaffected by temperature.group of snails is 2.4 cm/min.was used to measure temperature.increases, then the speed of the snail decreases
Answers
Answer:
A. The speed of a snail is
Explanation:
An experimental result, in this context, is the raw result (data) from the experiment. It has not undergone any modification, neither is it due to any other calculations. It is simply observed from the experiment. The speed a snail would be an experimental result.
The average speed is a calculation derived from several observations.
A mercury thermometer is an instrument used for measurement and not an experimental result .
Autoimmunities are relatively uncommon. What usually happens to autoimmune antibody-producing clones during development
Answers
Answer
There is not enough antibody-producing clones during development therefore the immune system suffers.
The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity.
A) stomach and liver: superficial
B) heart and lungs: anterior
C) digestive viscera: inferior
D) kidneys and spleen: deep
Answers
Answer:
B Thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs and is anterior/in front of the vertebral cavity
Explanation:
The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs, and it is found anterior to the vertebral cavity.
The thoracic cavity, a crucial anatomical region, houses the heart and lungs, playing a pivotal role in circulatory and respiratory functions. Positioned anteriorly to the vertebral cavity, it lies in the upper part of the trunk and is bound by the rib cage. This anatomical arrangement protects and supports vital organs within the thoracic cavity. The heart, a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, is centrally located, while the lungs flank it on either side, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The anterior positioning of the thoracic cavity implies its presence towards the front of the body, emphasizing its strategic role in bodily functions. This anatomical knowledge is foundational for understanding physiological processes and aids in clinical contexts, guiding medical professionals in diagnosis and treatment.
Therefore, the correct answer is B) heart and lungs: anterior.
Glucose moves from the plasma into a skeletal muscle cell, where it is used for energy. Through which fluid compartment does glucose move between the plasma and the skeletal muscle cell?
(A) Intracellular fluid
(B) Interstitial fluid
(C) Extracellular fluid inside of blood vessels
(D) Cytosol
Answers
Answer:
(B) Interstitial fluid
Explanation:
The interstitial fluid and blood plasma together make the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluids are present outside the cells. The extracellular fluid that is present in the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is known as interstitial fluid. When a substance moves from blood plasma into the cells of a tissue, it crosses the interstitial fluid present between its cells. Therefore, when a skeletal muscle cell picks glucose molecules from blood plasma, it moves from plasma to the interstitial fluid to enter the cell.
Glucose moves from the plasma, through the interstitial fluid, which surrounds cells, to reach the skeletal muscle cells where it's used for energy. The correct answer is (B).
Explanation:The movement of glucose from the plasma into a skeletal muscle cell follows a specific path through different fluid compartments in the body. After digesting carbohydrates, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and circulates in the blood plasma. From here, glucose must then pass through the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells. This movement is facilitated by a concentration gradient, where glucose levels are higher in the blood compared to inside the cells, and by glucose transport proteins present in the cell membrane. Thus, the correct answer is (B) Interstitial fluid, as the glucose moves from the plasma, through the interstitial space, and finally into the skeletal muscle cells where it can be utilized for energy production.
It is important to note that insulin plays a significant role in this process by stimulating the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly into liver and muscle cells for storage and energy use. Additionally, the sodium-potassium pump and facilitated diffusion mechanisms are involved in maintaining proper electrolyte balance and glucose transport, respectively.
A point restricted rabbit was mated with a chinchilla rabbit. The two offspring were albino and chinchilla.
What were the genotypes of the parents?
Answers
Answer:
The result shows that the parents innately is able to bread an albino,
Let's assume they both have a Can the allele or albinism.
One is plain color that is CCa
and the other is light gray so it has to be CchCa.
Outlined below are the possibilities of the offspring of the cross
Plain coloured offspring: CCch, CCa
Light gray: CchCa
Albino: CaCa
This explains that the offspring are possible and we are likely to have the outcomes linking to the parental genotypes.
Explanation:
The genotypes of the parents can be determined by analyzing the phenotypes of the albino and chinchilla offspring. One parent must have the genotype cc, while the other parent must have the genotype cchech or chcch.
Explanation:The genotypes of the parents can be determined by analyzing the phenotypes of the offspring. In this case, the offspring were albino and chinchilla.
Since one of the offspring was albino, which is expressed as white fur, this means that one of the parents must have had the genotype cc, as the albino phenotype is only expressed in individuals with two recessive alleles.
Since the other offspring was chinchilla, which is expressed as black-tipped white fur, this means that the other parent must have had the genotype cchech or chcch, as the chinchilla phenotype is dominant over albino and Himalayan, and incompletely dominant over Himalayan. The chinchilla phenotype requires at least one dominant allele for its expression.
The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle yields ___mol of NADH, ____mol of FADH2, and ___mol of ATP (or GTP).
A. 3; 2; 0
B. 4; 2; 1
C. 4; 1; 1
D. 3; 1; 1
E. 2; 2; 2
Answers
Answer: Option C.
4 mol of NADH, 1 mol FADH2 and 1 mol of ATP.
Explanation:
Pryruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA by a process called private decatboxylation. This take place in the mitochondria. Pyruvate dehydrogenase convert 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of Co2.
Critic acid cycle or kreb cycle is the series of reaction that produce energy through the oxidation of acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate dehydrogenase conversion in living organisms. Citric acid cycle produce ATP and reduced form of 1 mol of FADH2 and 4 mol of NADH.
In humans alkaptonuria is a metabolic disorder in whichaffected persons produce black urine. Alkapotonuria results from anallele(a) that is recessive to the allele for normal metabolism(A). Sally has a normal metabolism, but her brother hasalcaptonuria. Sally's father has alcoptonuria, and her mother hasnormal metabolism.
a) Give the genotype of Sally,her mother,father and herbrother.
b) If Sally's parents have another child what is theprobabilty that this child will have alkaptonuria?
c) If Sally marries a man with alkaptonuria, what is theprobability that their child will have alkaptonuria?
Answers
If Sally marries a man with alkaptonuria, there is a 50% chance that their child will have alkaptonuria.
The genotype of an individual refers to the sum total of genes that the individual received from its parents. Since Sally has a normal metabolism, Sally is Aa. Sally's mother is Aa while Sally's father and brother are aa.
If Sally parents have another child, using the Punnet square method, there is a 50% chance that the child will have alkaptonuria. If Sally marries a man with alkaptonuria, there is a 50% chance that their child will have alkaptonuria.
Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/9743981
a) Genotypes: : Aa (carrier of the alkaptonuria allele) ,Mother: Aa (carrier of the alkaptonuria allele)Father: aa (has alkaptonuria)Brother: aa (has alkaptonuria)
b) If Sally's parents have another child:The probability of the child having alkaptonuria (aa genotype) is 25%.The probability of the child being a carrier (Aa genotype) is 50%.The probability of the child having normal metabolism (AA genotype) is 25%.
c) If Sally marries a man with alkaptonuria (aa genotype):The probability of their child having alkaptonuria (aa genotype) is 50% (as Sally is a carrier).The probability of the child being a carrier (Aa genotype) is 50%.
The probability of the child having normal metabolism (AA genotype) is 0% (as the husband has alkaptonuria).
Sally: Aa (normal metabolism carrier)
Mother: Aa (normal metabolism carrier)
Father: aa (alkaptonuria)
Brother: aa (alkaptonuria)
b) If Sally's parents have another child:
Probability of the child having alkaptonuria (aa genotype) is 25%.
Probability of the child being a carrier (Aa genotype) is 50%.
Probability of the child having normal metabolism (AA genotype) is 25%.
c) If Sally marries a man with alkaptonuria (aa genotype):
Probability of their child having alkaptonuria (aa genotype) is 50% (as Sally is a carrier).
Probability of the child being a carrier (Aa genotype) is 50%.
Probability of the child having normal metabolism (AA genotype) is 0% (as the husband has alkaptonuria).
For such a more question on Genotypes
https://brainly.com/question/30460326
#SPJ3
Most cells are quite small. Limits on cell size are related to limits on the rate of movement of "good stuff in" and "bad stuff out" across cell membrances. Movement rates are greatly influecnced by the surface area-to-volume ratio
Answers
Answer:
Hi
The cell size ranges between 0.3 μm for the smallest and 100 μm for the largest. The lower limit of the sale given by the minimum volume necessary to house all the biochemical machinery that is essential to maintain the vital state. The upper limit is explained by understanding the extent to which the size of the affected cells increases the surface/volume ratio and the effectiveness of the exchange of substances with their environment, which is important for cell nutrition.
Explanation:
What unusual ability do sea cucumbers and polychaete worms have at this depth to help them find food
Answers
Answer:
Bioluminescence
Explanation:
In the deep oceans, the sea cucumbers and polychaete worms use the bioluminescence for defense against predators and to find or attract prey by glowing so the predator can easily see it's glowing skin.
Final answer:
Sea cucumbers and polychaete worms utilize bioluminescence to navigate, communicate, and find food in the deep-sea's perpetual darkness, using a chemical reaction involving luciferin, luciferase, and ATP.
Explanation:
Sea cucumbers and polychaete worms found in the deep sea have an unusual ability to emit light through a process known as bioluminescence. This remarkable feature is utilized to find food in the perpetual darkness of their environment. For example, the anglerfish, which lives between 1000 and 4000 meters below sea level where no sunlight penetrates, has a rod-like structure with a glow-in-the-dark tip to lure prey. In similar fashion, Deep-sea organisms like sea cucumbers and polychaete worms may use bioluminescence to attract or detect prey, or for other reasons that are still being researched by scientists.
Bioluminescence involves a chemical reaction that includes a light-emitting molecule called luciferin, an enzyme called luciferase, and ATP which provides the energy for the reaction. The ability to create light is especially advantageous in the deep sea, allowing these organisms to navigate, communicate, or deter predators in an environment devoid of natural light sources.
Bird feathers are modified scales.
a. True
b. False
Answers
Answer:
A. True.
Explanation:
True. b is wrong
The statement Bird feathers are modified scales is a. True.
Bird feathers and reptile scales share a common evolutionary origin. Feathers are considered to be highly modified scales that have evolved over millions of years.
This evolutionary relationship is supported by both developmental and genetic evidence.
Feathers and scales are made of the same protein, beta-keratin, which is a protein unique to reptiles and birds.
The fundamental structure of feathers and scales is quite similar, with both composed of layers of beta-keratinized cells.
This similarity in composition and structure strongly suggests a common ancestry.
During embryonic development, both feathers and scales start as simple epithelial cells.
As development progresses, these cells differentiate and form either feathers in birds or scales in reptiles, depending on the genetic instructions within the organism.
The evolutionary transition from scales to feathers is thought to have provided advantages such as improved insulation, enhanced aerodynamics for flight, and eventually elaborate displays for courtship. Feathers underwent various modifications and specialized into diverse forms serving different functions, from flight feathers for flying to down feathers for insulation and display feathers for attracting mates.
For such a more question on Bird
https://brainly.com/question/30028464
#SPJ2
Why might different cells of the same organism have cell cycles of different durations?
Answers
Answer:
Cell cycles:
The amount of time or the duration of time required to complete the development and maturation of the body cells. As the parent cells are present less in number and then through the process of cell division the cells divides and forms more like itself.
Explanation:
Duration of the cell cycle:
From the initial point to the last by means of the maturation of a single, there is a sequence or chain of phases through which the cell passes and they develop into a more complex form. But, some phases requires more time then the rest of the phases.
But, there is a difference in the duration of various phases during the development of cells of the same body, as they require time to complete certain tasks, as most of the time the focus is on the cell's proliferation rather then regulating the cell cycle. As different cell phases needs different duration's or timing to complete there growth.For example, during the different phases of the cell growth, there are various proteins involved and for that reason during each phase of the cell growth we analyze the dislocation of certain enzymes and protein. And obviously some of them needs to be produced first and then used by the cells so, it do takes some time to complete the whole process in general.Final answer:
Different cells of the same organism have cell cycles of different durations due to factors such as cell type, function, developmental stage, and various regulatory mechanisms. Division frequency can vary from hours in embryonic cells to never in mature neurons or heart cells, and is influenced by internal checkpoints and external signals.
Explanation:
Cells within the same organism have cell cycles of varying durations due to numerous factors including the cell type, function, stage of development, and internal and external regulatory mechanisms. For example, in humans, embryonic cells may divide every few hours, while epithelial cells usually require two to five days, and specialized cells like cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells may never divide again once they reach maturity. Furthermore, conditions such as the presence of growth-promoting hormones or cell crowding can also influence the length of the cell cycle.
The control of the cell cycle is an intricate process that involves both internal checkpoints and external signals, which coordinate the correct timing of cell growth and division. For instance, cells may receive signals to divide in response to the death of nearby cells or the release of hormones, and conversely, dense crowding of cells can inhibit cell division. Hence, the cell cycle length is tailored to the specific needs and context in which the cell operates, reflecting the complexity and adaptability of biological systems.
You are looking at chromosome 1 in a human being. Assuming there is no crossing over, what is the source of all the genes on this chromosome?
Answers
Final answer:
The source of genes on chromosome 1 in a human being, assuming no crossing over, is one of the individual's parents. Each parent contributes one set of 23 chromosomes, and the combination of genes from these chromosomes determines the individual's characteristics and traits.
Explanation:
If you are looking at chromosome 1 in a human being and assuming there is no crossing over, then the source of all the genes on this chromosome is either the individual's mother or father. Each parent contributes one set of 23 chromosomes at conception, when the sperm (from the father) and the oocyte (from the mother) combine. Chromosome 1 is one of those 23 chromosomes. The genes located on chromosome 1 determine a variety of characteristics and traits, with alleles for these genes possibly varying between the two parental chromosomes.
Each copy of the homologous pair of chromosomes originates from a different parent, leading to variation in individuals within a species. The specific combination of the genes inherited from both parents causes this variation. Beyond this, certain traits, such as blood type, are determined by which specific versions of a gene are inherited from each parent.
Furthermore, genes on the same chromosome are linked, and their alleles usually segregate together during meiosis, unless separated by crossing over. Therefore, in the absence of crossing over, all the genes on chromosome 1 come from the same parent and are likely to be inherited together.
Study the cladogram below. Which statement is true regarding the organisms on the cladogram?
Group of answer choices
The salamander has lungs, but not claws or nails.
These organisms do not have a common ancestor.
The salmon is more closely related to the hamster than the lizard.
The chimpanzee is more closely related to the salamander than the lizard.
Answers
Answer:
The answer is A.
Explanation:
In the answer choices A. is the only one that matches the cladogram.
In anabolic reactions that involve the synthesis of a large molecule from smaller precursor molecules, NADH and ATP are __________ when they provide the needed electrons or energy. a. Consumedb. Formed c. Degenerated d. Oxidized
Answers
Answer:
a. Consumed
Explanation:
Anabolic reactions mostly require the input of energy to form the complex molecules by binding the simpler ones together. Hydrolysis of ATP release the energy which is used during the anabolic reactions. Similarly, anabolic reactions mostly require an electron donor and NADH serves as the same. For example, glucose synthesis from CO2 is an anabolic pathway. It consumes the energy of ATP and uses NADPH as an electron donor. NADH is used during the synthesis of membrane lipids such as Plasmalogens.
A basic truth of inheritance that had been known well before Darwin's time was that Select one: a. Offspring inherit genes from their parents. b. selective breeding improves domesticated plants and animals c. Offspring frequently resemble their parents AND they inherit genes from their parents d, Offspring frequently resemble their parents.
Answers
Answer: d. Offspring frequently resemble their parents.
Explanation: Before Darwin's postulation on evolution, Lamarck talked about the inheritance of characteristics from parents to Offsprings. That is, Phenotypically, and genetically Offspring resembles the parents.
Final answer:
A fundamental truth of inheritance before Darwin's time is that offspring often resemble their parents, encompassing the concept that traits are passed down through generations. Darwin's Theory of Evolution iterates that along with resemblance, inheritable genetic variation is critical to natural selection, influencing survival, reproduction, and potential species evolution over time.
Explanation:
A basic truth of inheritance known well before Darwin's time was that offspring frequently resemble their parents. This acknowledges the fact that most characteristics of an organism are inherited, though the specific mechanics of inheritance were not understood until later. During Darwin's era, breeders already used artificial selection to improve domesticated plants and animals, exploiting the fact that offspring could inherit certain beneficial traits. Darwin extended this concept to natural populations, proposing that natural selection acts upon variations so that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these favorable variations to their offspring.
Through observing artificial selection, Darwin knew that offspring can exhibit chance variations which could be inherited. Moreover, the fitness of an organism, determined by its ability to survive and produce fertile offspring, is a primary factor in natural selection. Both artificial and natural selection can lead to changes in species over time, with natural selection potentially resulting in new species emerging from accumulated changes.
The cornerstone of the Theory of Evolution is the observation that offspring not only resemble their parents but that they inherit genes - the units of inheritance - from them. This principle is supported by centuries of observable evidence from selective breeding and the study of natural populations. Consequently, Darwin's Theory of Evolution is fundamentally grounded in the inheritability of traits and the natural variation within a population, which natural selection acts upon to drive evolutionary change.
Consider a population of 425 diploid giant Sequoia trees. In this population, you observe the following genotypic counts: 100 homozygous dominant genotypes, 250 heterozygous genotypes, and 75 homozygous recessive genotypes. What is the allele frequency of the recessive allele in this population (use two decimal places and the usual rounding conventions)
Answers
Answer:
q = 0.42
Explanation:
This question is an example of Hardy-Weinberg question and there are two equations necessary to carry out this question;
p + q = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
where;
p = the frequency of the dominant allele
q = the frequency of the recessive allele
p² = the frequency of individuals with homozygous dominant genotype
2pq = the frequency of individuals with heterozygous genotype
q² = frequency of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype
Since the total population = 425
q² = [tex]\frac{individuals with recessive genotype}{Total Population}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{75}{425}[/tex]
q² = 0.1765
To find q; we need to square root both side to eliminate the square from q².
∴ [tex]\sqrt{q^2}=\sqrt{0.1765}[/tex]
q = 0.4201
q = 0.42 (to two decimal places)
Indicate whether below is True/False.
1. Mammary glands are specialized for milk and hormone production.
2. Breasts contain areolar connective tissue but little dispose tissue.
3. Alveolar glands occur in lobes of mammary glands.
Answers
Answer:
1. True
2. True
3. False
Explanation:
Mammary glands are made up of glandular tissue. These are meant for the secretion of milk after the newborn birth. The milk ejection is done by different hormones, especially by progesterone and prolactin.
Glandular tissue acts as both exocrine and endocrine glands. The mammary glands are a suitable example as it secretes milk which is an exocrine secretion. The hormone progesterone and prolactin released from the mammary gland are endocrine secretions.
The mammary glands consist of a sac-like structure called alveoli.
These are group alveoli form grape-like appearance called lobules.
The alveolar sacs contain sweat glands. These are the modified sweat glands that secrete milk. It is made up of fibrous connective tissue.
Individuals with Huntington's disease possess an allele that causes severe symptoms by
a. replacing pairs of chromosomes.
b. halting the process of gene expression.
c. producing certain abnormal proteins.
d. regulating the sequences of nucleotides.
Answers
Answer:
C)Producing certain abnormal protiens
Explanation:
Mutations in HTT gene causes Huntington disease. The HTT gene provides instructions for making a protien called huntingin. This protien plays an important role in the neurons of brain. Thus as the gene coding for this protien is mutated ,abnormal protien is synthesized.
A cultured cell line appears to be having trouble surviving. You find that the cells do not appear to have normal chromosome separation. You decide to check for the presence of a mutated protein. Which of the following would your best target for analyzing chromosome separation?
a. Actin
b. Melanin
c. Tubulin
d. Shugoshin
Answers
Answer:
c. Tubulin
Explanation:
Tubulin protein is polymerized to form the cylindrical structures of microtubules. Microtubules form the spindle apparatus during cell division. The spindle microtubules become attached to the kinetochores of chromosomes and mediate the alignment of chromosomes at the equator of cells during metaphase. The shortening of spindle microtubules is responsible for the movement of sister chromatids during anaphase. The same event also moves the homologous chromosomes during anaphase-I.
Any failure in the formation of the spindle apparatus would not allow the proper separation of chromosomes. Therefore, the cell with abnormal chromosome separation might have a faulty or no tubulin.