Part
b.2. the wall of the erlenmeyer flask is occasionally rinsed with water from the wash bottle (see part
a.6) during the analysis of the acid solution. will this technique result in the molar concentration of the acid solution being reported as too high, too low, or unaffected? explain.

Answer : The correct formula of the given compound will be, [tex]FeP[/tex]

Explanation :

Iron (III) phosphide is an ionic compound because iron element is a metal and phosphorous element is a non-metal. The bond formed between a metal and a non-metal is always ionic in nature.

The nomenclature of ionic compounds is given by:

1. Positive ion is written first.

2. The negative ion is written next and a suffix is added at the end of the negative ion. The suffix written is '-ide'.

3. In case of transition metals, the oxidation state are written in roman numerals in bracket in-front of positive ions.

The charge on iron is (+3) and the the charge on phosphide is (-3). The charges are balanced.

Hence, the formula of the compound iron (III) phosphide will be [tex]FeP[/tex]

The volume of 1 mole of helium gas when the pressure is 1.47 atm and the temperature is 287k is 16.02 litres.

The combined gas law is the law of of gaseous state which is made by combination of Boyle's law, Charle's law, Avogadro's law and Gay Lussac's law.

It is a mathematical expression that relates Pressure, Volume and Temperature.

(P1 × V1)÷T1 = (P2 × V2)÷T2

Also, we can simply write it as

PV = nRT

P = 1.47 atm

V = ?

n = 1

R = 0.0821

T = 287K

V = nRT ÷ P

V = 16.02 litres

Therefore, The volume of 1 mole of helium gas when the pressure is 1.47 atm and the temperature is 287k is 16.02 litres.

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Sodium cannot be used in electrical wires due to its high reactivity and lower electrical conductivity compared to metals like copper.

Additionally, sodium is too soft and unsafe for wiring purposes.

Copper is preferred because it has high electrical conductivity, resistance to corrosion, and can be easily drawn into wires.

Ideal gas law is valid only for ideal gas not for vanderwaal gas. Ideal gas is a hypothetical gas. Vanderwaal gas can behave as ideal gas at low pressure and high temperature. Therefore, the mass of a 300 ml sample of gaseous hydrogen chloride at 2.0 atm and 30°C is 0.00868g.

Ideal gas equation is the mathematical expression that relates pressure volume and temperature.

Mathematically the relation between Pressure, volume and temperature can be given as

PV=nRT

where,

P = pressure of gas

V= volume of gas

n =number of moles of gas

T =temperature of gas

R = Gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol

substituting all the given values in the above equation

(2 )(0.3 ) = n(8.314 )(303)

0.6 = n(2519.142)

n = 0.00023818 mols of HCl

mass of HCl= 0.00023818 mols of HCl ×36.46g of HCl/ 1 mol of HCl

mass of HCl = 0.00868g

Therefore, the mass of a 300 ml sample of gaseous hydrogen chloride at 2.0 atm and 30°C is 0.00868g.

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Final answer:

To find the mass of a 300 ml sample of gaseous hydrogen chloride at 2.0 atm and 30°C, use the Ideal Gas Law to determine the number of moles, then multiply by the molar mass of HCl. The approximate mass is 0.89 grams.

Explanation:

To calculate the mass of a 300 ml sample of gaseous hydrogen chloride at 2.0 atm and 30°C, we can use the Ideal Gas Law, which is PV = nRT. In this case, we need to rearrange the equation to solve for n (the number of moles), then convert moles to mass using the molar mass of HCl.

First, convert the volume from milliliters to liters: 300 ml = 0.300 L.

Next, since the temperature is given in degrees Celsius, convert it to Kelvin: T(K) = 30°C + 273.15 = 303.15 K.

The Ideal Gas Law in terms of n is n = PV / RT. Here, P is the pressure in atm (2.0 atm), V is the volume in liters (0.300 L), R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/K·mol), and T is the temperature in Kelvin (303.15 K).

Substituting the values:

Finally, we find the mass by multiplying the number of moles by the molar mass of HCl, which is approximately 36.46 g/mol.

Mass = n * molar mass of HCl = 0.0244 moles * 36.46 g/mol ≈ 0.89 g (rounded to two significant figures)

The mass of the 300 ml sample of gaseous hydrogen chloride at 2.0 atm and 30°C is approximately 0.89 grams.

Answer:

option C= A positive ion is attracted to negative ion

Explanation:

Ionic bond:

Ionic bond is formed when oppositely charged ions attract each others i.e negative and positive ions.

we know that a neutral atom consist of equal number of proton and electron, cancel the charge of each other that is equal in magnitude and make the atom neutral or we can say that net charge is zero.

But when the atom lose or gain the electron, imbalance of neutron electron occur so charge will not remain zero and atom is no more to be said neutral.

For example:

Take the example of sodium that can lose one electron and form Na+. This Na+ ion is called cation because it carry positive charge by losing the one electron. This cation now contain eleven proton and ten electron.

Now consider the example of Chlorine atom. It consist of 17 proton and 17 electron. But in order to attain the noble gas configuration or to complete the octet it gain one electron and form anion (Cl-). The chlorine anion consist of 17 proton and 18 electron.

Now consider the sodium chloride which is an ionic compound. It is formed by the complete transfer of electron from sodium to chlorine atom and form ionic bond. In this ionic compound sodium carry positive charge and chlorine carry negative charge there is attraction between these oppositely charged atoms.

After two or more atoms lose or receive electrons to create an ion, an ionic bond may develop. Metals that are losing electrons and nonmetals that are gaining electrons form ionic bonds. A positive ion is attracted to a negative ion in an ionic bond. The correct option is C.

Valence electrons are transported from one atom to another to form an ionic connection, which is then held together by electrostatic attraction. Metals and nonmetals can ionize one another. The negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons are found in every atom.

Atoms exchange electrons during ionic bonding. At least one electron acceptor and one electron donor are required for ionic bonding.

Thus the correct option is C.

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Answer is: a) ionization energy and electronegativity.

1) The ionization energy (Ei) is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the valence electron, when element lose electrons, oxidation number of element grows (oxidation process).  

Barium, potassium and arsenic are metals (easily lost valence electrons), chlorine is nonmetal (easily gain electrons).

Alkaline metals (far left in Periodic table) have lowest ionizations energy and easy remove valence electrons (one electron), earth alkaline metals (next right to alkaline metals) have higher ionization energy than alkaline metals, because they have two valence electrons.  

Nonmetals are far right in the main group and they have highest ionization energy, because they have many valence electrons.  

2) Electronegativity (χ) is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.  

Atoms with higher electronegativity attracts more electrons towards it, electrons are closer to that atom.  

Nonmetals hava higher electronegativity than metals and metalloids.

3) The atomic radius decreases across the periods because an increasing number of protons, because greater attraction between the protons and electrons.

Ionization energy and electronegativity are the two trends than increase when one moves across a period from left to right.

Keywords: Ionization energy, electronegativity

Level: High school  

Subject: Chemistry  

Topic: Periodic table and chemical families  

Sub-topic: Ionization energy and electronegativity

Answer:

Hydrogen.

Explanation:

The position of hydrogen was always controversial. It resembles both alkali metals and halogens.

However, it is placed with alkali metals in the periodic table in group 1.

The other elements are all metals and are able to give electrons easily so they form ionic bonds only.

While hydrogen can from covalent bond as it can share electrons.

Example : water.

Answer: [tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^1[/tex]

Explanation:

Electronic configuration represents the total number of electrons that a neutral element contains. We add all the superscripts to know the number of electrons in an atom.

The electrons are filled according to Afbau's rule in order of increasing energies.

Total number of electrons of sodium are 11 as the atomic number of sodium is 11. The electronic configuration of sodium will be represented as:

[tex][Na]:11:1s^22s^22p^63s^1[/tex]

In a given neutral atom, actually the number of protons and electrons are equal. So ideally in this case the number of electrons should also be 16. However we have an ionic charge of negative 2. Since it is negative, this means there are 2 more electrons than protons, hence the answer is:

18 electrons

Taking into account the definition of molarity, the molarity of a solution that contains 15.7g of CaCO₃ dissolved in enough water to make 275 mL of solution is 0.57 [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex].

Molar concentration or molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and indicates the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume.

The molarity of a solution is calculated by dividing the moles of solute by the volume of the solution:

[tex]Molarity= \frac{number of moles}{volume}[/tex]

Molarity is expressed in units [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex].

In this case, you have:

Replacing in the definition of molarity:

[tex]Molarity= \frac{0.157 moles}{0.275 L}[/tex]

Solving:

Molarity= 0.57 [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex]

Finally, the molarity of a solution that contains 15.7g of CaCO₃ dissolved in enough water to make 275 mL of solution is 0.57 [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex].

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Answer:

Ionic compounds typically have much higher melting points than molecular compounds. ... To melt a molecular substance, you need to break these weak intermolecular forces between neutral molecules, which is why ionic compounds generally have much higher melting points than molecular compounds.

Explanation:

The concentration of Chloride ions in the solution of NaCl and Magnesium chloride has been 0.165 M.

The dissociation of the compound in the solution has been resulted in the formation of the constituent ions.

The concentration of the ions in the sample has been determined by the stoichiometric coefficient of the balanced equation.

[tex]\rm NaCl\;\rightarrow\;Na^+\;+\;Cl^-[/tex]

The concentration of Cl ions has been:

[tex]\rm 1\;M\;NaCl=1\;M\;Cl^-\\ 0.11\;M\;NaCl= 0.11\;M\;Cl^-[/tex]

The Cl ions from NaCl has been  0.11 M.

[tex]\rm MgCl_2\;\rightarrow\;Mg^2^+\;+\;2\;Cl^-[/tex]

The concentration of Cl ions has been:

[tex]\rm 1\;M\;NaCl=0.5\;M\;Cl^-\\ 0.11\;M\;NaCl= 0.11\;\times\;0.5\;M\;Cl^-\\0.11\;M\;NaCl=0.055\;M\;Cl^-[/tex]

The Cl ions from Magnesium chloride have been  0.055 M.

[tex]\rm Cl^-=NaCl\;+\;MgCl_2\\Cl^-=0.11\;+\;0.055\;M\\Cl^-=0.165\;M[/tex]

The concentration of Chloride ions in the solution of NaCl and Magnesium chloride has been 0.165 M.

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Answer:8 grams of glucose are needed to prepare 400. ml of a 2.0%(m/v) glucose solution.

Explanation:

Volume of the solution = 400 mL

Mass by volume percentage of the solution = 2%

Mass of the glucose = m

The mass by volume percent is given by formula ;

[tex](m/v\%)=\frac{\text{mass of the solute}}{\text{Volume of the solution}}\times 100[/tex]

[tex]2\%=\frac{m}{400}\times 100[/tex]

m = 8 g

8 grams of glucose are needed to prepare 400. ml of a 2.0%(m/v) glucose solution.

Mass Concentration is generally denoted as mass of solute (in grams) per ml volume of solution.

Mass Concentration:

It is generally denoted as mass of solute (in grams) per ml volume of solution. It can be calculated by formula,

[tex]\bold {p = \frac{m}{v} \times 100 }[/tex]

Where,

p = mass concentration (m/v%) =  2%

m = mass in grams =  ?

v = volume in mL = 400mL

Put the values in the formula

[tex]\bold {2 = \frac{m}{400} \times 100 }[/tex]

[tex]\bold { m = 8 }[/tex]

Hence, we can conclude that the 8 g of glucose is needed to prepare 400mL of a 2%(m/v) solution.

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Final answer:

p-block metals have higher electronegativities and ionization energies compared to the reactive s-block metals. d-block metals, known as transition metals, posses variable oxidation states and form colorful compounds, setting them apart from p-block and s-block elements.

Explanation:

The properties of p-block metals differ considerably compared to those in the s-block and d-block. One of the most distinguishing features of p-block metals is their position on the periodic table - they are found in the right-most six columns. Elements in the p-block, which include both metals and nonmetals, typically have higher electronegativities and ionization energies than s-block elements, which consists mostly of metals with low electronegativities like the alkali and alkaline earth metals.

d-block elements, also known as transition metals, have a much larger range of oxidation states and, due to incomplete inner d subshells, typically exhibit properties like colorful compounds, variable oxidation states, and often function as good catalysts. Electronegativity and electron affinity generally increase from left to right across the periodic table, affecting the chemical properties of these elements.

s-block elements tend to be softer and more reactive due to their single valence electron (alkali metals) or two valence electrons (alkaline earth metals). They usually have lower melting and boiling points compared to most d-block metals. The d-block elements are characterized by their partially filled d-orbitals which allow them to form a variety of complex ions and colored compounds.

Answer:

FILTRATION

Explanation:

This is a very simple process with a very simple solution

Answer:

Potassium (K)

Explanation:

First, you need to know the possible alkali metals, which are:

Sodium (Na), Litium (Li), Potassium (K) and Cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb).

Now, the reaction that is taking place is the following:

M + O2 ------> M2On

Where n should be the oxidation state of the metal. In this case, most of the alkalin metals have an oxidation state of +1, so, this number should be 1. However some elements can produce the peroxyde, like litium, sodium and potassium.

The following reaction would be:

M2O + H2O --------> MOH

Now, the hint here is that the solution is tested with a flame. This, would be, the final hint to know which element this is.

In the case of sodium, litium and potassium, the reactions being held are as following:

Li + O2 ------> Li2O2         Li2O2 + 2H2O ------> 2LiOH + H2O2

Na + O2 ------> Na2O2         Na2O2 + 2H2O ------> 2NaOH + H2O2

K + O2 ------> K2O2         K2O2 + 2H2O ------> 2KOH + H2O2

Now, all of these elements throw a different color in the flame. Litium is a red or crimson. Sodium is usually yellow, and finally the potassium is always purple.

Therefore the identity of this metal would have to be potassium.

The mixture of potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) has the formula K3N.

A substance made up of two or more different chemical substances that are not chemically bonded is referred to as a mixture.

A mixture is a physical blending together of two or more substances while maintaining their identities. It can take the form of solutions, suspensions, or colloids.

For instance, water and salt are two different substances that, when combined, form seawater.

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Answer:

B because it should be

Explanation:

and that is right answer??

Final answer:

Heat is transferred in three ways: conduction through direct contact, convection by fluid movement, and radiation through electromagnetic waves. Each method requires a temperature difference and can occur together.

Explanation:

Heat Transfer Methods

Heat transfer occurs through three primary methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. These processes are all driven by a temperature difference between regions or objects.

Conduction

Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between materials. The rate of heat transfer (Q/t) in conduction is proportional to the temperature difference between the two objects and the area in contact, and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

Convection

Convection involves the transfer of heat by the physical movement of fluid (such as gases or liquids). This method occurs in natural phenomena like wind patterns, ocean currents, and even in heating up a pot of water on the stove.

Radiation

Radiation refers to the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as the heat from the sun reaching Earth or heat emitted from a light bulb.

These methods can occur simultaneously in various processes and are essential for understanding how heat is transferred in different contexts.

Among electromagnetic waves, UV rays are most dangerous because exposure to these radiation cause serious problems in living organism. Therefore, the emission of electromagnetic radiation by an excited atom is best explained by photoelectronic effect.

Electromagnetic wave is a wave which contain two component one is electric component and other is magnetic component. The electric and magnetic component are perpendicular to each other. There are so many wave that comes under electromagnetic wave like infrared wave , radio wave.

There is a relation between energy of wave. frequency of wave, and wavelength of wave

Mathematically,

E=hc/λ

where,

E = energy of electromagnetic wave

h is planks constant having value 6.67×10⁻³⁴js

c is speed of light that is 3×10⁸m/s

λ is the wavelength of electromagnetic wave

The emission of electromagnetic radiation by an excited atom is best explained by photoelectronic effect.

Therefore, the emission of electromagnetic radiation by an excited atom is best explained by photoelectronic effect.

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Ionization energy of an atom decreases down a group. It is due to the increase in the number of electrons and orbitals and thus screening of electrons reduces the nuclear pull.

Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the loosely bound valence electron from an atom. From left to right in periodic table, the electronegativity of atoms increases thereby the ionization energy.

The positive charge of protons in the nucleus attracts the revolving electrons and each electron experiences a nuclear attractive pull which keep the electrons surrounds the nucleus.

However, one electron is shielded from the attractive pulling by its neighboring electrons and this shielding or screening increases with increases with increase in number of electrons Hence as the shielding increases, the net nuclear force decreases make it easy to remove the valence electron.

Down a group, the number of shells or orbitals increases and the electrons becomes more far from the nucleus and thus more shielded results in the decrease in ionization energy.

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Answer:

The balanced equation is

[tex]N_{2}[/tex] (g) + 3 [tex]H_{2}[/tex](g) ⇒ 2 [tex]NH_{3}[/tex] (g)

The coefficient in front of ammonia, [tex]NH_{3}[/tex], in the balanced equation is 2.

Explanation:

The law of conservation of matter states that since no atom can be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, the number of atoms that are present in the reagents has to be equal to the number of atoms present in the products.

Then, you must balance the chemical equation. For that, you must first look at the subscripts next to each atom to find the number of atoms in the equation. If the same atom appears in more than one molecule, you must add its amounts

The coefficients located in front of each molecule indicate the amount of each molecule for the reaction. This coefficient can be modified to balance the equation, just as you should never alter the subscripts.

In this case you can start balancing the hydrogen. On the left side there is an amount of two hydrogens, while on the right side there are three. In order to match the amount of hydrogen on both sides, the easiest way to do this is by exchanging these numbers and adding them as coefficients in front of each molecule. It is as follows:

[tex]N_{2}[/tex] (g) + 3 [tex]H_{2}[/tex](g) ⇒ 2 [tex]NH_{3}[/tex] (g)

By multiplying the coefficient mentioned by the subscript, you get the amount of each element present in the reaction.  So now you can calculate again the amount of elements on each side of the chemical reaction:

You can see that you have the same amount of each element on each side of the chemical equation. This indicates that the equation is balanced.

And the coefficient in front of ammonia, [tex]NH_{3}[/tex], in the balanced equation is 2.

Density is the ratio of mass and volume. Object II will float in water as it has a density of 0.95 g/ml.

Density is the measuring capacity that concerns the mass and the volume occupied by the object. It is calculated as:

Density (D) = Mass (M) / Volume (V)

For object I density is calculated as:

50. 0 / 40.2 = 1.24 g/ml

For object II D is calculated as:

59.3/62.5 = 0.9488 g/ml

For object III D is calculated as:

100 / 50 = 2 g/ml

Therefore, object II will float on water as it has less density than water.

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