Part A - Identifying X-linked inheritance in pedigrees
You are investigating the inheritance of two rare conditions (A and B) in an extended family of thoroughbred racehorses. You have constructed the following pedigree for these conditions.
Identify the inheritance mode of each condition by using the labels to complete the table. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Condition A Inheritance Mode: _____________________ ?
Condition B Inheritance Mode: _____________________ ?
PICK ANSWER FROM THESE CHOICES:
A) Autosomal Dominant
B) X-linked Dominant
C) X-linked Recessive
D) Autosomal Recessive
Answers
Sex-linked inheritance refers to genes linked to the sexual chromosomes, while autosomal inheritance refers to genes placed in autosomal chromosomes. Condition A: Option D / Condition B: Option C
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According to the pedigree, we can assume that
Condition A Inheritance Mode is Autosomal RecessiveCondition B Inheritance Mode is X-linked RecessiveLet us first remember a few concepts,
Sex-linked ⇒ Refers to the gene that is linked to one of the sex chromosomes. In general, genes are linked to the X chromosome.
Autosomal ⇒ These genes affect men and women equally because they are located on autosomal chromosomes.
Also, remember that in a pedigree,
Circles represent women or females.Squares represent men or males. Empty symbols are healthy or not affected individuals.Solid symbols represent affected individuals.Each individual can be represented with a letter o a number.Generations are represented with roman numbers.Now, let us analyze each condition
Condition A.
This condition appears only in the female II-6. This female has two brothers, both of them not expressing the condition. Their parents do not express the condition either.If the condition was dominant, at least one of the parents should be heter0zyg0us expressing it. So we can assume that the condition is recessive and that female II6 is h0m0zyg0us recessive for that trait.
If the gene coding for this condition was sex-linked, then the mother of woman II6 should be heter0zyg0us, and the father should be affected.
The fact that individuals I-3 and I-4 (father and mother) do not express the condition, and only individual 6 does, suggests that the gene coding for this trait is autosomal recessive.
Both parents must be heter0zyg0us for the trait, the brothers might be either h0m0zyg0us dominant or heter0zyg0us, and the affected woman is h0m0zyg0us recessive.
So let us make a short cross:
Cross) man I-3 x woman I-4
Parentals) Aa x Aa
Gametes) A a A a
Punnett square) A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
F1) 3/4 AA + Aa ⇒ individuals II-5 and II-7
1/4 aa ⇒ individual II-6
According to this analysis, Condition A Inheritance Mode is Autosomal Recessive (Option D).
Condition B.
This condition appears in individuals I-2, III-1, III-3, and IV-2.All the other individuals do not express the condition.The fact that the condition is mostly affecting men, excepting for individual
IV-2, suggests that the gene coding for this trait could be sex-linked.
If it was dominant, at least one of the individuals II-1 and II-2 should carry the dominant allele and should express the trait.
The fact that these individuals do not express the trait, but their III-1 son does, suggests that this is a recessive trait.
According to this analysis, Condition B Inheritance Mode is X-linked Recessive (Option C).
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Related Questions
The student is examining a tissue sample with a microscope. The student decides that it is squamous keratinized tissue. Which type of epithelial tissue is the student viewing?A) Stratified epithelium.B) Glandular.C) Neuroepithelium.D) Simple epithelium.
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is A) Stratified epithelium.
Explanation:
Stratified epithelium is characterized by being formed by more than one layer of epithelial cells. According to the morphology of the cells of the outermost layer, they are classified as keratinized stratified flat epithelium when it has several layers and the outermost are flattened cells and with keratin. The most prominent location of this epithelium is in the skin, forming the epidermis. Its function is to protect and cover surfaces that are in direct contact with the outside or with irritating or traumatic substances.
Continuous rotation of the CT x-ray tube and detector array, with simultaneous movement of the CT couch, has been accomplished through implementation of__________.
Answers
Answer:
The options
A. Additional cables
B. Slip rings
C. Multiple rows of detectors
D. Electron beam CT.
The CORRECT ANSWER IS B.
B. Slip rings
Explanation:
During the 1990s, the use of slip ring technology promoted consecutive rotation of the x-ray tube (via removal of cables) and concurrent couch locomotion.
The Sixth-generation CT scanning is referred to as helical (or spiral) CT—allowing procurement of volume multislice scanning.
Today's helical multislice scanners, makes use of thousands of detectors (around 60+ rows), can derive continuous data procurement of 128 "slices" per tube rotation and can undergo 3D multiplanar reformation (MPR).
Fifth-generation CT employs electron beam; as the ultra high-speed CT is employed majorly for cardiac imaging.
At what age are infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others, such as comforting and showing concern for others?
Answers
Answer:
At "24 months or 2 years" infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others, such as comforting and showing concern for others
Explanation:
When the baby becomes 2 year old they develop a genuine empathy, and have the ability to understand that what other people feel may be they are not feeling the same. We can also conclude that, the babies not only can understand the pain of the people but also try to pacify in their own way. The trait of the empathy develop in the baby through early development. When they gets their limbs combinedly, hence babies will try to reach them and try to soothe others in distress.
The nurse is working with a client from the Middle East. The nurse maintains a distance of approximately 13 feet from the client while talking. The client says that the client is uncomfortable when the nurse talks to the client from such a long distance. How should the nurse interpret this statement?1. The client feels that the nurse is not doing the job properly.2. The client feels that the nurse is invading the client's personal zone.3. The client feels that the nurse is indifferent toward the client.4. The client is not maintaining boundaries.
Answers
Answer:
3. The client feels that the nurse is indifferent toward the client
Explanation:
Nurse would interpret as the the client feels that the nurse is indifferent toward the client
A moss-covered log is overturned by a hungry bear looking for insects to eat. The bear disturbs an ant colony, and some chipmunks leave the hollow log to search for another home in the forest. Which relationship do these organisms have with each other?
A) They are all of the same species.B) They all require the same type of food.C) They are part of a community.D) They are abiotic factors in a forest.
Answers
Answer:
C) They are part of a community
Explanation:
A community represents the sum total of populations of different species present together in an area or ecosystem. In a community, the organisms of these different species may benefit or harm each other and exhibit little or more interdependence. In the given example, beer, insects, ants, chipmunks represent the organisms of different species that are present together in a habitat. They interact with each other in various ways. For instance, the bear is a predator of insects.
Who was the author of the book Principles of Geology? The book presented arguments to support a theory of geological change, proposing that the earth was subject to slow but continuous erosion and uplift.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is "Charles Lyell".
Explanation:
Charles Lyell was a notorious Scottish geologist that associated events of Earth's history with natural events taking place at the same time. In 1830, Charles Lyell published the book "Principles of Geology", associating the formation of the Earth's crust with different small and vast natural events. Charles Darwin's was largely influenced by Lyell's ideas and he took his book during the famous travel trough the Galapagos islands.
Answer:
Charles Lyell
Explanation:
Charles Lyell was a Scottish geologist who explained the former transformations in the Earth’s surface in his geology masterpiece. This book is considered as the most significant scientific book ever and has 3 volumes. Lyell expressed how the surface of the Earth was changing by the time and reinforced his argument for uniformitarianism through geology.
Uniformitarianism: It is the idea that the Earth’s natural processes behave the same way today as they were in the past and will keep on doing in the future as well.
Describe the genetic mutations that you think occurred in the cancer cells that were responsible for the phenotypic differences between the normal and cancercells you observed. The normal cells were organized, normal shape, and the cancerous cells were all over the place stacked together, multiple nuclei in one cell for some and a lot of them in on area. I think the genetic mutation that occurred would be with the gene that affects cell division and the tumor suppressor gene.
Answers
ANSWER:
Most types of cancer are believed to begin with a random genetic mutation. This is followed by mutations, which endow the cancer cells with properties allowing them to grow without normal controls to become a tumor.
Mutation is any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment.
Genetic Mutations that lead to cancer cell formation can occur in two forms:
1. GROWTH-PROMOTING GENES are commonly mutated in cancer cells, becoming SUPER-ACTIVE and producing cells that are too strongly stimulated by growth receptors.
2. Mutations can INACTIVATE the genes that suppress cell proliferation or those that signal the need for apoptosis. These genes are known as TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES.
What inherent characteristics of populations did both Darwin and Wallace propose were need for natural selection to lead to adaptation?
Answers
Answer:
Darwin and Wallace both the naturalist known for the theory of natural selection. These naturalist have proposed various inherent characteristics that are essential for natural selection process to result in the change or adaption according the atmosphere.
The inherent characteristic is that the population must have variability as trait, increasing the competition by over reproduction and in a population some individuals are successful at reproduction.
Thus, the correct answer is mention above.
What strategies should the radiologic technologist adopt to maintain good communication while approaching a child for radiographic examination? Select all that apply. 1 Greet the child and parent with a smile. 2 Use trivial praise to motivate the child. 3 Ensure that the correct child is identified. 4 Bend down to the child’s eye level and talk. 5 Answer questions that are helpful for the child.
Answers
Answer: 1, 4, 5
Explanation:
To maintain good communication while approaching a child for radiographic examination,
1)When addressing the child, sit or kneel so as to be at the child's eye level.
2)Establish rapport with the child by talking to the child from a comfortable distance before approaching him or her;
3)Considerations when communicating with a child include: age- appropriate methods of communication to include sensitivity for the child and the parent;
4) Acquaint the child with the new environment; explain the procedure to the child and the parent as effectively as possible;
Answer:
The radiologist must follow options 1,2,4, and 5.
Option 3 is not necessary.
Explanation:
The radiologist needs to show genuine consideration to the child. There should be sensitivity in the communication with the child.
The radiologist needs to greet the child and parent with a smile. This is the first antidote to their anxiety. It will simply calm both the child and parent and make them feel relaxed. The radiologist needs to establish a close bond with the the child by talking to the child from a comfortable distance before approaching the child. He can do this by praising the child for something. This might make the child smile or laugh, thereby motivating the child.
The radiologist should effectively explain why the child is in the new environment and also explain its procedure to the child and parent, answering their questions in a simple way so that the child can understand.
Lastly, while speaking to the child, the radiologist must bend down, sit or kneel so as to be at the child's eye level. This will help the child look into his eyes and feel assured.
The electrical current (signal) moves slower through the the conductive cells compared to it's movement through regular cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells).
Answers
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The heart transmits electric current that causes contraction of the heart muscles. The depolarization to threshold caused by positive charged ions entering the cell occurs faster in conductive cells compared to the surrounding cardiomyoctes.
Due to this, the conductive cells are able to direct the signal in an organized manner so that the heart can contract promoting proper blood flow.
Assume the diameter of the field of vision in your microscope is 2mm under low power. If one Bacillus cell is 2um, how many Bacillus cells could fit end across the field? How many 10um yeast cells could fit across the field?
2) Name two ways in which you can enhance the resolving power.
3) what are the advantages of the low-power objective over the oil immersion objective for viewing fungi or algae?
4) what would occur if water were accidentally used in place of immersion oil?
5) which controls on the microscope affect the amount of light reaching the ocular lens?
6) which objective focuses closest to the slide when it is in focus?
7) why is it desirable that microscope objectives be parfocal?
8) In Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa and algae, which one is the largest organism, which one is the smallest?
9) how does increased magnification affect the field of vision.
Answers
1. If one bacillus is 2um, then 1000 bacillus could fit end across the field.
Also
200 yeast cell fit across the field.
2. Ways in which you can enhance the resolving power are
a. Adjustment of numerical aperture
b. Immersion oil
3. It helps you to get a better view of fungi or algae because they are larger organism
4. If water accidentally used in place of immersion oil the image would not be clear.
5. The diaphragm and the light intensity adjustment.
6. The immersion oil objective (100x)
7. Because you do not have to refocus the microscope every time you switch the lenses.
8. Protozoa is the largest organism while virus is the smallest.
9. Because you are essentially looking closer and closer at the object.
The study of a living being is called biology.
The correct answer is mentioned as follows:-
What is a microscope?The instrument is used to see the small organism which can not be seen by the eyes.According to the question, the answer to the first question is as follows:-
If one bacillus is 2um, then 1000 bacillus could fit the end across the field. Also, 200 yeast cells fit across the field.The Ways in which you can enhance the resolving power is by Adjustment of numerical aperture or by Immersion oilThe advantage of low power is It helps you to get a better view of fungi or algae because they are larger organismIf water was accidentally used in place of immersion oil the image would not be clear.The diaphragm and the light intensity adjustment.The immersion oil objective (100x)Because you do not have to refocus the microscope every time you switch the lenses.Protozoa is the largest organism while the virus is the smallest.Because you are essentially looking closer and closer at the object.All the answer is mentioned above to the following question.
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Consider the following five infectious diseases: Ebola hemorrhagic fever avian influenza SARS West Nile encephalitis mad cow disease What do these diseases have in common?
Answers
Answer:
All these are emerging infectious diseases.
Explanation:
The emerging infectious diseases refer to the infections, which have appeared freshly within a population or those whose occurrence or geographic range is enhancing briskly or is threatening to upsurge in the coming time. The emerging infections can be a result of:
1. Known agents, which have dispersed to novel geographic locations or new populations.
2. Previously unknown or undetermined infectious agents.
3. Previously known agents whose function in particular diseases was not determined previously.
According to WHO, infectious diseases are emerging at a rate, which has not been noticed before. Since the 1970s, many infectious diseases have been discovered like Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, mad cow disease, and West Nile encephalitis.
With the individuals traveling much more to far greater distances in comparison to the past, encountering with wild animals, and living in more densely populated regions has caused the emerging infectious diseases to spread briskly and is resulting in global epidemics, which is a major worry.
Answer:
The correct answer is - these are emerging infectious diseases.
Explanation:
Ebola is an emerging virus cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever disease that is an infectious disease that infects the people by coming in touch with the infected animal or body fluids of other human or primates.
Avian influenza is also an infectious disease contracted by the contact of the infected bird and can be infected by the human cough sneeze. Similarly, SARS, West Nile encephalitis, and mad cow are the infectious disease that is emerging and infected by the various mode of infection.
Thus, the correct answer is - these are emerging infectious diseases.
The brain structure responsible for regulating behavior related to survival, such as hunger and thirst, is called the _____ and is part of the _____ system.
Answers
Answer:Hypothalamus, Lymbic system
Explanation:
The generation and experience of emotions involve many regions of the brain. The limbic system is one of the region in the brain that controls emotion, memories and arousal. It contains regions that detect fear, reinforcement behavior. The limbic system which includes the amygala, hypothalamus and part of the thalamus is dedicated to different functions.
The Hypothalamus also controls emotions, hunger, thirst, appetite, digestion and sleep.
The brain structure responsible for regulating behavior related to survival is called the hypothalamus and is part of the endocrine system.
Explanation:The brain structure responsible for regulating behavior related to survival, such as hunger and thirst, is called the hypothalamus and is part of the endocrine system. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by controlling various physiological processes, including hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep.Learn more about the hypothalamus here:https://brainly.com/question/32900534
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In each generation of this family after generation I, the age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial (sporadic) cases of this cancer (~63 years). What is the most likely reason?
Answers
Answer:
Option B, Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer typically occur at earlier ages than do no familial forms.
Explanation:
Image for this question is attached. Options for this questions are -
A. Members of this family know to be checked for colon cancer early in life
B. Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer typically occur at earlier ages than do no familial forms.
C. This is pure chance; it would not be expected if you were to look at a different family
D. This cancer requires mutations in more than this one gene
Solution-
The cause of early diagnosis of this genetic cancer form is done in order to detect the risk and guidance to reduce the risk at an early stage. Being familial in nature, this cancer form occurs at an early stage in the family members as compared to its non familial form. Genetic diagnosis will help in determining the pattern of transmission asap and hence will help in determining the risk that an individual may face so that precautionary measure can be taken to suppress the problems caused due to this cancer.
Hypovolemic shock caused by severe burns is the result of a loss of: Select one: a. whole blood. b. red blood cells. c. plasma. d. platelets
Answers
Answer:
Option (C)
Explanation:
Plasma is usually defined as those liquid portions in blood, that is comprised of about 55% of total blood by volume. It is mostly water, having about 90% by volume, and are mixed up with dissolved proteins, hormones, mineral ions, and CO₂.
Hypovolemic shock usually refers to a dangerous and critical condition that occurs when there is a loss of more than 20% of plasma from the body. This does not allow a sufficient amount of blood to pump to an individual's body, as a result of which organ failure may occur.
Thus, Hypovolemic shock usually is caused by severe burning is a result of the loss of plasma from the body.
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
_____are needed for sexual reproduction.
Gametes
Pollen
Spores
Cells
Answers
Answer:
Gametes
Explanation:
Gametes are sex cells.
Investigator Barnes has examined the body of a young man who was murdered in his apartment. The body is just beginning to relax from rigor mortis. If the time is now 10:30 am on Friday morning, the condition of the body would indicate what possible time of death?
Between 2 am and 10 am on Monday
Between 10:30 am on Wednesday and 10:30 am on Friday
Between 10:30 pm on Wednesday and 10:30 pm on Thursday
Between 10:30 am on Saturday and 3 pm on Wednesday
Answers
Between 10:30 pm on Wednesday and 10:30 pm on Thursday the death has occurred.
Option C.
Explanation:Rigor mortis is the phenomenon where the dead body becomes stiff and rigid because of some chemical and enzymatic reactions inside the dead body after a few hours of its death. Rigor mortis occurs as the glycogen reserve of the body has ended and the ATP production mechanism has been finished, resulting in non detachment of actin and myosin filaments from each other, resulting in the muscles being stiff as ropes.
Time of rigor mortis depends on the body glycogen reserve, the ambient temperature, and humidity as well. In warmer regions, the rigor mortis sets in quickly as well as depletes away quickly. The reverse occurs in colder region. In our climate, Rigor mortis sets in from the papillary muscles of eyes after about 12 hours of death, as well as dissappear after 12 hours of set in. So about 12 to 24 hours is spent in appearing and disappearing of the rigor mortis.
Here in the said body, the death has occurred between 10:30 pm on Wednesday and 10:30 pm on Thursday.
In fruit flies, the color of the eyes is sex linked (on the X chromosome). A cross of the flies in the image will produce.
a. 100% white eyed flies
b. 100% of the females with white eyes, 50% of the males with white eyes.
c. 100% red eyed flies
d. 100% of the females with red eyes, 100% of the males with white eyes.
Answers
Answer:
d. 100% of the females with red eyes, 100% of the males with white eyes
Explanation: sex linked gene are usually linked with sexes and fruits flies is one fly that exhibit such traits. The first generation of the cross will give us all males with white eyes and all female with Red eyes 100% from both male and female
Based on the assumption that red-eye is represented by R allele and white by r allele, 100% of the females would be red-eyed while 100% of the males would be white-eyed.
The cross will produce the following genotypes and their respective phenotypes:
[tex]X^RX^r[/tex] - red-eye, female[tex]X^RX^r[/tex] - red-eye, female[tex]X^rY[/tex] - white eye, male[tex]X^rY[/tex] - white-eye, maleThus, all the females from the cross will be red-eyed while all the males will be white-eyed.
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Both sickle cell anemia and hemophilia:A. are caused by genes for defective proteins B. are seen in homozygous dominant individuals C. Provide resistance to malaria infections D. are sexlinked traits
Answers
Answer:
A. are caused by genes for defective proteins
Explanation:
Sickle cell anemia occurs when the gene coding for the beta chain of the hemoglobin has a substitution mutation. The mutant gene code for a faulty protein. The mutated hemoglobin forms aggregates and imparts sickle shape to the red blood cells carrying them. Similarly, hemophilia is caused due to mutation in the gene coding for Factor VIII. This protein is involved in blood clotting. The affected person has a deficiency of Factor VIII and experience severe blood loss even in case of a small injury.
Populations that exhibit logistic growth still exhibit exponential growth. This statement is:
Select one:
a. true; logistic growth is another term for exponential growth.
b. true; however, this can only occur in different populations of the same organism because one population cannot exhibit both types of growth.
c. false; exponential growth and logistic growth are characteristics of different species.
d. true; populations exhibiting logistic growth go through a period of exponential growth before growth rates level off around zero.
e. false; populations exhibiting logistic growth show exponential growth when the population size is greater than the environment's carrying capacity.
Answers
Answer: Option B (True)
Explanation: The statement can only occur in different populations of the same organism. The two growth strategies happens in different modes.
Firstly, logistic growth occurs when the resources available in the habitat (i.e organism’s niche) are limited to satisfy the whole population and this allows the organisms of the same species to grow rapidly until it reaches the point the resources can circulate, the carrying capacity.
While exponential growth occurs when there's abundance of resources for the population and allows growth of population beyond the carrying capacity, which results to overshoot of population in later stage of growth.
Secondly, in logistic growth population rarely crash but in exponential growth, population crashes due to mortality (often by predation, disease outbreak and etc) when there's overshoot of population beyond the carrying capacity.
Note: Population refers to the total number of organisms of the same species inhabiting a geographical area at a particular time.
Logistic growth starts off as exponential in its early stages, when resources are plentiful, but slows and levels off as resources become scarce. This is typical of many populations across various species and environments, and it does not differentiate one species from another.
Explanation:The statement 'Populations that exhibit logistic growth still exhibit exponential growth' is true, but it needs clarification. The correct answer is 'true; populations exhibiting logistic growth go through a period of exponential growth before growth rates level off around zero.' This reflects the nature of logistic growth, which starts off as exponential during the early stages when resources are plentiful but slows down and levels off over time as resources become scarce.
During the initial stage, species multiply rapidly, and the population size increases exponentially. However, eventually, the population size begins to approach the carrying capacity of the environment, at which point population growth rates decline and level off.
This behavior can be observed in a variety of species and in different types of environments, but it is not a characteristic that differentiates between species. It is a universal natural population behavior when the growth is limited by an environment's resources.
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The client is an average-sized adult and has abnormal microcytic hypochromic red blood cells due to a long-term, chronic disease. Which complete blood count (CBC) result is characteristic of this type of anemia?
Answers
The TC DC ESR test gives this type of results.
Explanation:Anemia is defined as the condition of blood where the average sizes of red blood cells are smaller than normal, and the hemoglobin count is also low. The chronic diseases that are the causes are iron deficiency, chronic leukocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, hookworm infections etc.
As suspected, these patients are advised to do total count, differential count of blood corpuscles, erythrocytic sedimentation rate, haemoglobin count, blood ferritin levels etc which gives the corresponding results proving any of the diseases.
Why are human males much more likely than human females to inherit the recessive condition hemophilia (a failure of the blood to clot properly)?
Answers
Answer:
Human males much more likely than human females to inherit the recessive condition hemophilia because it follows X-linked recessive pattern.
Explanation:
Actually hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder i-e the defective genes are located on the X chromosome (sex chromosome) and are transmitted through it. As males have only one X chromosome (inherited from mother), one altered copy of the gene in every cell cause this disease.On the other hand females have 2 X chromosomes thus this disease is rare in females.
DNA sequences can act as "tape measures of evolution". Some highly conserved regions of the human genome (similar to comparable regions in other species) don’t code for proteins. Why? Propose a possible explanation for this observation.
Answers
Explanation:
The DNA contains many regulatory sequences that are very important, even though they do not code for proteins.
For example, the expression of every gene is regulated by a region called the Promoter. The promoter sequence, located close by the coding region of the gene, usually binds the RNA polymerase (the enzyme that transcribes genes into mRNA) as well as other proteins necessary for transcription,
The promoter sequence, thus, does not itself code for proteins, but is essential for transcription and must be highly conserved so that the RNA polymerase can find it.
Answer: Those sequences do not code for proteins because the genes may be important and maybe should not be mutated. A mutation there could have a negative impact on an organism's ability to function effectively.
Explanation:
DNA transcription is the first process of gene expression, by which the information contained in the DNA sequence is transferred to the protein sequence using various RNAs as intermediaries. During gene transcription, the DNA sequences are copied into RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (pRNA) which synthesizes a messenger RNA (mRNA) that maintains the DNA sequence information. In this way, DNA transcription could also be called messenger RNA synthesis. At last, that mRNA is used to make proteins in a process called translation.
Those DNA sequences are transcribed, but not translated because they are able to regulate certain mRNA strands by destroying them or blocking translation of them. So those DNA sequences are not used to make proteins, because a mutation there could have a negative impact on the organisms. Instead, those sequences may be used for other functions such as regulating gene expression by acting over other mRNA strands.
What can people do to lessen the effect of energy production on the pH of freshwater sources? Check all that apply.
Answers
Final answer:
To mitigate the impact of energy production on freshwater pH, individuals can plant more trees, burn less fossil fuels, and use energy more efficiently. Chemical neutralization and biological treatments with bacteria can also be applied to pollutants before they enter water bodies.
Explanation:
To lessen the effect of energy production on the pH of freshwater sources, people can engage in several practices. Among them, planting more trees helps to absorb CO₂, a contributor to acidic rain. Burning less fossil fuels reduces the emissions of SOx and NOx, which are primary causes of acid rain and can lower the pH of water bodies. In areas affected by acidic water due to energy production and other sources, measures such as chemical neutralization can be applied to effluents before they are released into the environment. Biological approaches, like using bacteria to neutralize pH and detoxify compounds, are another eco-friendly solution. Additionally, individuals can help by using energy more efficiently, for example, by changing to low-flush toilets and reducing the use of air conditioning.
Can you identify the class of organic molecule to which these molecular structures and examples belong? Part A Sort these items into the appropriate bins.
Answers
There are four classes of organic molecules that are essential to all living organisms.
1. Carbohydrates:
Components: monosaccharides. Functions: energy for cell, raw material, energy storage, and plant cell support Ex: glucose, starch, glycogen, cellulose
2. Lipids (dont form polymers): Components: glycerol, fatty acid, components of a fat molecule Functions: energy storage, cell membrane components, and hormones Ex: fats, phospholipids, and steroids
3. Proteins:
Components: amino group, carboxil group, R group, and amino acid Function: enzyme, structural protein, movement, transport, communication, defense, storage, receive signals Ex: lactose, hair, tendons, muscles, hemoglobin, signal proteins, antibodies, egg albumin, receptor protein
4. Nucleic acids:
Components: phosphate group, nitrogeneous base, ribose or deoxyribose, nucleotide Functions: heredity, DNA
Ex: code for proteins, DNA and RNA
The different classes of organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, macromolecules, and nucleotides. They are characterized by their structures, carbon skeletons, and functional groups.
Explanation:The class of organic molecules depends on their structure and composition. Some examples include carbohydrates, which can be simple sugars (monosaccharides) or complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). Another important class is lipids, which include fats, oils, and sterols. Proteins are another class, and they are made up of amino acids.
Macromolecules form another class, typically composed of smaller units (monomers) bonded together. Carbon is a crucial element in these organic molecules, forming covalent bonds with other atoms. Lastly, nucleotides form a class, which are components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, also vital for life.
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What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterization?
a.Surgical
b. Urinary tract
c. Bacteremia
d. Lower respiratory
e. Cutaneous
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is c. Bacteremia
Explanation:
Nosocomial infection is a hospital-acquired infection. Intravenous catheterization is majorly used in hospitals for therapeutic purposes like drug administration, blood sampling, etc.
These catheters are one of the major causes of nosocomial bacteremia in patients. Bacteremia is the condition in which bacteria is present in the blood.
So these catheter can be contaminated with bacteria which came from a patient and when they are used in another patient without proper sterilization they can transfer these bacteria to other patients blood which then cause nosocomial bacteremia.
Jimmy is camping with friends when he accidentally steps in the campfire and recoils his foot instantaneously. What produced this speedy foot-saving action?
a. The direct operation of musclesb. The direct operation of the spinal cordc. The direct operation of nerves
Answers
Answer:
The nerves
Explanation:
Our body has nerves that sends signs to our brain. It helps us feel things when we touch it. The nerves sends different signals depending on the object.
Final answer:
Jimmy's foot withdrawal from the campfire was a reflex action controlled by the spinal cord, bypassing the brain for an immediate response to the sensation of heat.
Explanation:
Jimmy's quick reaction to stepping in the campfire was produced by the direct operation of the spinal cord. This automatic response is known as a reflex action, where sensory messages meet certain parameters that trigger an instantaneous reaction without needing input from the brain. In such scenarios, the signal is passed from a sensory nerve to an interneuron in the spinal cord, which then relays a command to the muscles through a motor nerve causing the muscle to contract and recoil the foot away from the heat.
These reflex actions are part of the body's survival mechanisms, allowing for reactions that are extraordinarily fast. For instance, when a sensory receptor responds to a sensation like heat, it sends an impulse along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord. The spinal cord then instantly sends a message through motor nerves to withdraw the affected body part. This rapid motor response bypasses the brain entirely, illustrating the speed and efficiency of spinal reflexes.
The measurement of the distance from the crown of the infant's head to the infant's heel, while the infant is lying on his/her back with legs extended, is a measurement of:
Answers
Answer:
Length.
Explanation:
The measurement may be defined as assigning of the particular number to the measured object. The infants height and weight are measured after the birth.
The measurement of any objects is generally done in terms of the length, weight and circumference as well. The length can be measured in terms of meters, kilometers, feet and inches. The infants head to the heel measurement is done in terms of the length only.
Thus, the answer is length.
As part of their normal function, many proteins bind to DNA briefly and then release it again. Which types of bonds might be involved in these transient protein-DNA interactions?a. ionicb. covalentc. van der Waals forcesd. hydrogene. all of the abovef. a, c, and dg. a, b, and c
Answers
Answer:
Option (a), (c), and (d).
Explanation:
The DNA is the genetic material of almost all the living organisms but in case of some viruses RNA acts as the genetic material. The DNA requires the binding of proteins and factors for the proper functioning of the cellular system.
The DNA and protein interaction is bounded by non covalent interactions as these interactions are not permanent in nature. The non covalent interaction include the hydrogen bonding, vander walls and ionic interaction. The covalent interaction is the strongest interaction present in nature.
Thus, the correct answer is option (f).
Answer:
Option A - Iconic
Option C - van der Waals forces
and option D- Hydrogen
Explanation:
The interactions between DNA and protein can be specific and non-specific based sequence of nucleotides and binding interactions. The functional groups in proteins and the backbone of DNA made up of sugar and phosphate forms different types of bond. These proteins –DNA interactions are strong and are primarily of three types –
a) Hydrogen bond , generally mediated by water molecule
b) Ionic bonds producing salt bridges and
c) Other minor forces such as van der Waals force etc.
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the inheritance of the ability to taste the chemical PTC (phenylthiocarbamide)?
A) The ability to taste PTC follows Mendelian
patterns of inheritance.
B) Any child born of parents who are able to taste PTC will inherit the ability to taste PTC.
C) Two children of taster parents can inherit opposite PTC-tasting phenotypes.
D) The non-taster phenotype is a recessive trait.
E) The inheritance pattern of PTC tasting differs from the inheritance pattern of hairline contour (widow's peak).
Answers
Answer:
B) Any child born of parents who are able to taste PTC will inherit the ability to taste PTC.
Explanation:
The ability to taste the chemical PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) contain some people who can and some people who cannot taste PTC. Despite the fact, this trait is often considered a simple Mendelian trait, i.e.one gene-two alleles.(a simple genetic trait governed by a pair of alleles).The reason why this trait has been kept going in the population is undetermined but polymorphism may influence food selection or nutritional status.
If we have two parents that are heterozygous for this PTC traits, if the cross, they will have the following types of offspring.
Let say; dominant T for tasting and recessive t for nontasting---- i.e Tt
If Tt crosses with Tt, we have;
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
From the punnet square, we have the following offspring
TT (dominant PTC taster )
2 Tt ( heterozygous PTC taster)
tt (recessive Non- taster)
From, the foregoing, we can clearly see that the incorrect statement about the inheritance of the ability to taste the chemical PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) is Any child born of parents who are able to taste PTC will inherit the ability to taste PTC. This is because from the cross, it is not all children that inherit the ability to taste PTC.