One of your fellow systematists has asked you to help her group organisms into a valid phylogenetic tree. At present, she has grouped species G, H, and K. Which, if any, additional species would you also need to add to ensure the grouping is monophyletic?

Answer:

a. ΔG was negative.

Explanation:

The answer is a. ΔG was negative because, for a biochemical reaction to occur and provide energy for cellular metabolism, the Gibbs free energy ΔG = ΔH - TΔS < 0 , for spontaneity. If all terms on the right were to be negative, then ΔG = -ΔH - (-TΔS) = TΔS - ΔH and would only be less than zero if the absolute value of ΔH > absolute value of TΔS. If ΔG was positive as in C, the reaction would not be spontaneous and energy would have to be put into the biochemical reaction for it to occur. If all terms on the right were positive, then, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS < 0 when TΔS > ΔH , else ΔG > 0 and energy would have to be put into the biochemical reaction for it to occur, so its not spontaneous.    

Answer:

The answer is A.

Explanation:

Philodendron's are plants with naturally high temperatures and to maintain their temperature, they burn off fat as fuel during their life cycles because it is a better and more efficient source of energy. Because of this trait, the answer given in option A is a suitable explanation to the situation given in the question that the plant can use the sugar and starch that it had accumulated during the time it had access to sunlight and burned those off to provide energy for itself when it was left in the dark.

I hope this answer helps.

"The correct answer is A) While it did have access to light, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from the stored molecules during your vacation.

Plants require light to carry out photosynthesis, which is the process by which they convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions). The light-dependent reactions, as the name suggests, require light and occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Here, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle, on the other hand, does not directly require light; however, it relies on the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to synthesize glucose.

Given that the philodendron was left in total darkness, it could not have performed the light-dependent reactions to produce new ATP and NADPH. Therefore, options B and C can be ruled out. Option B is incorrect because plants cannot use gamma rays and X-rays for photosynthesis; they require visible light. Option C is incorrect because, while the Calvin cycle does not require light, it cannot occur without the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions.

Option D suggests that plants can derive energy from inorganic molecules in the absence of light. This is not accurate; plants cannot directly use inorganic molecules as an energy source to replace photosynthesis.

Option A is the correct answer because it describes the process of energy storage and utilization in plants. Before being left in the dark, the philodendron would have stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, which are produced during photosynthesis. When the plant was placed in total darkness and could no longer perform photosynthesis, it would have used these stored energy reserves to maintain its metabolic processes and stay alive. This is a common survival strategy for plants, allowing them to endure periods when light is not available.

Therefore, the philodendron survived by using the energy stored in the form of sugars or starch that it had accumulated prior to being placed in darkness. This is consistent with the known biology of plants and explains how the philodendron could remain alive despite the absence of light."

Answer:

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Explanation:

Final answer:

The researcher should expect the strain to not grow on the plates that are missing the his3, ura3, and leu2 genes.

Explanation:

The researcher should expect the strain to not grow on the plates that are missing the ingredients necessary for its growth. In this case, the strain is missing the his3, ura3, and leu2 genes. Therefore, the plates that the researcher should expect to not support growth of the strain are:

YC lacking histidine

YC lacking uracil

YC lacking leucine

Answer:

From soma to axon terminal.

Explanation:

The signal travels in the neurons in the form of an action potential or the ions or the electrical impulse. The electrical impulse is generated in the axon hillock located one end of the cell body of the neuron which contains the nucleus.

The generated electrical impulse travels in the one direction from the soma or the axon hillock to the axon terminal via the axon ans cannot travel in both directions due to the refractory phase.

Thus, From soma to axon terminal is the correct answer.

Answer:

The question lacks options, the options are:

parents?

A.100% red/white-feather chickens.

B.50% white-feather chickens and 50% red/white-feather chickens.

C.33% white-feather chickens, 33% red-feather chickens, and 33% red/white-feather chickens.

D.25% white-feather chickens, 25% red-feather chickens, and 50% red/white-feather chickens

The Correct answer is D

Explanation:

According to the question, the hybrid chicken has a mixture of red and white feather phenotypes expressed at the same time. This tells us that the red and white alleles are CODOMINANT in the chicken i.e. none is dominant or recessive over the other.

Let's assume that (R) allele is the red feather colour while (r) allele is for white feather colour. Therefore, the red/white feathered chicken will have a Rr genotype. In a cross between two red/white feathered chicken (Rr), the following offsprings will be produced RR, Rr, Rr and rr

RR- Homozygous red feather d chicken (1/4 × 100=25%)

Rr- Hybrid Red/White feathered chicken (2/4 × 100=50%)

rr- Homozygous white feathered chicken (1/4 × 100=25%)

Answer:

C. Telencephalon.

Explanation:

Telencephalon which is also called the cerebrum is the uppermost part of the central nervous system, it is also the largest part of the human brain containing the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures which includes the basal ganglia, limbic system and the olfactory bulbs.

The basal ganglia is a group of subcortical nuclei that is responsible for motor learning, motor control and behaviors. The limbic system is a system that controls our physical and emotional responses to environmental stimuli and it includes thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus. The olfactory bulbs is a neural structure located in the forebrain that is responsible for the detection of smell by cells in the nasal cavity.

The basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are components of the telencephalon in the human brain. C. telencephalon Therefore , C. telencephalon is correct .

Basal Ganglia:

The basal ganglia are a set of nuclei in the brain involved primarily in motor control, regulation of voluntary motor movements, emotional control, procedural learning, and cognition. Disorders related to the basal ganglia can result in movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.

Limbic System:

The limbic system is a complex network of interconnected brain structures involved in emotions, motivation, memory, learning, and various other cognitive functions. It includes the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and parts of the thalamus. It plays a crucial role in regulating emotions and behaviors.

Olfactory Bulbs:

The olfactory bulbs are specialized structures in the forebrain related to the sense of smell (olfaction). They receive sensory input from olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity and transmit this information to other brain regions for processing and interpretation.

Classification of Brain Regions:

In terms of brain development and classification:

Telencephalon: The basal ganglia and olfactory bulbs are part of the telencephalon, which is the anterior division of the forebrain. It contributes to the cerebral hemispheres and is involved in various complex functions, including sensory perception, motor control, and cognition.

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Answer: The answer is C. An iron atom located on the heme portion hemoglobin

Explanation: Hemoglobin is responsible for the transportation of oxygen in the red blood cells to tissues of vertebrates. It is the protein molecule found in the red blood cells.

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 heme molecules surrounding the globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. The heme molecules contain one atom of iron each and this is the binding spot for each molecule of oxygen through a covalent bond. Therefore, each hemoglobin molecule can have up to four molecules of oxygen attached to them.

Oxygen is attached to an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin. The correct answer is C) an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. It consists of four subunits, each containing a heme group. Each heme group contains an iron atom that can bind to oxygen molecules.

When oxygen enters the lungs, it binds to the iron atoms in the heme groups of hemoglobin, forming a reversible complex called oxyhemoglobin. This oxygenated form of hemoglobin then carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues, where it releases oxygen for use in cellular respiration. In the tissues, the oxygen dissociates from the iron atoms, and the hemoglobin returns to its deoxygenated state.

Therefore, the correct answer is C)  an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin.

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lac Operon of E.coil consist of three structural genes - lacZ,lac Y and lac A which are involved in lactose metabolism.These genes are regulated by a single promoter.

Explanation:

Cortisol is responsible for gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels, while aldosterone and glucagon work to increase blood glucose levels when they are low.

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, primarily due to the action of the hormone cortisol. This hormone is a glucocorticoid and is secreted in response to ACTH. One of the main roles of cortisol is to stimulate the synthesis of glucose and gluconeogenesis (converting a non-carbohydrate to glucose) by liver cells and promote the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.

Insulin, on the other hand, is responsible for reducing blood glucose levels by stimulating glycolysis, the metabolism of glucose for ATP generation, and inhibiting enzymes involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Thus, insulin helps in decreasing glucose in the blood, not forming it.

It's also worth noting that aldosterone, another hormone, regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels decrease in the blood. And glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

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Lac operon in E. coli is a classic example of Gene expression occurring at transcription

Explanation:

A lac operon is a type of bacterial operon which is a cluster of co-regulated genes. In order to adapt to environmental changes, the related genes are grouped in an operon.  

When lactose is absent, the E. coli bacteria group related genes and produce enzymes (lacZ, lacY, lacA) which help in lactose metabolism to encode the unexpressed lactose.  

Structural genes that specifically code for amino acids are called gene expressions. This takes place at two levels – transcription and translation.  

Lac operon operation involves promoter, operator, CAP-binding site sequences. The gene group binds with the promoter and is transcribed as a single mRNA.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

Naloxone is an antagonist at opioid receptors and heroin is an agonist at opioid receptors

Explanation:

An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and causes a biological reaction. In this case, heroine binds to opioid receptors. An antagonist blocks the reaction from the agonist, impeding the receptor's activation. Agonists and antagonists work for specific receptors, and for an antagonist to block an agonist they must bind to the same receptor, like naloxone does with heroin. Giving an antagonist that binds to one receptor and and agonist that binds to a different one means that the antagonist will have no effect.

Answer:

Option D , serious but faintly condescending

Explanation:

The passage for this question is

Throughout her history China had believed herself the center of civilization,

surrounded by barbarians. She was the Middle Kingdom, the center of the

universe, whose Emperor was the Son of Heaven, ruling by the Mandate of

Heaven. Convinced of their superior values, the Chinese considered that

China’s greatness was owed to principles of social order over a harmonious

whole. All outsiders whose misfortune was to live beyond her borders were

“barbarians’’ and necessarily inferiors who were expected, and indeed required,

to make their approach, if they insisted on coming, bearing tribute and

performing the kowtow in token of humble submission.

From the time of Marco Polo to the eighteenth century, visiting Westerners,

amazed and admiring, were inclined to take China at her own valuation. Her

recorded history began in the third millennium B.C., her bronzes were as old as

the pyramids, her classical age was contemporary with that of Greece, her

Confucian canon of ethics predated the New Testament if not the Old. She was

the inventor of paper, porcelain, silk, gunpowder, the clock and movable type,

the builder of the Great Wall, one of the wonders of the world, the creator of

fabrics and ceramics of exquisite beauty and of an art of painting that was

sophisticated and expressive when Europe’s was still primitive and flat . . . .

When at the end of the eighteenth century Western ships and merchants

surged against China’s shores, eager for tea and silk and cotton, they found no

reciprocal enthusiasm. Enclosed in the isolation of superiority, Imperial China

wanted no influx of strangers from primitive islands called Britain or France or  Holland who came to live off the riches of the Middle Kingdom bearing only

worthless articles for exchange. They had ugly noses and coarse manners and  wore ridiculous clothes with constricting sleeves and trousers, tight collars and  coats that had tails down the back but failed to close in front. These were not the garments of reasonable men. A past-oriented society, safe only in seclusion, sensed a threat from the

importunate West. The Imperial Government raised every barrier possible by refusals, evasions, postponements, and prohibitions to foreign entry or

settlement or the opening of formal relations. Splendidly remote in the “Great Within’’ of the Forbidden City of Peking, the court refused to concern itself with the knocking on its doors. It would admit foreign embassies who came to plead for trade treaties only if they performed the ritual of three genuflections and

nine prostrations in approaching the Son of Heaven. British envoys, after

surmounting innumerable obstacles to reach Peking, balked at the kowtow and  turned back empty-handed.

Solution -

In this passage , China is represented as a nation considering itself superior to all other nations on the basis of its civilization, values, social order etc. Earlier the western world admired the nation for its ancient civilization, tradition, merchandise, art and culture and ethics and inventor of some of the popular materials such as gun powder, clock, etc. However, with expectation of trading when the ships of western world reached the Chinese sea shore, they did not received any enthusiastic approach from them. This left China isolated. However after centuries later this nation itself made rule and regulation for trading across the border.  

Thus, option D is correct.

Using the theories of genes, we find that gene flow is the example of the  discovery in which black wolves got their coat color from exchanging genes with dogs.

In biology, actually word gene can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is the  basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are basically two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes.

During the gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be  intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of the genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of the phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called the genotypes.

Hence, discovery by biologists that black wolves got their coat color from exchanging genes with dogs is an example of gene flow.

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Answer:

In Earth’s Northern Hemisphere summers are hot with plenty hours of strong sunlight and the winters are cold due to reduced daylight hours and weak sunlight.

This is because the Earth is tilted on its axis.

To picture this axis, envision an imaginary stick going through Earth from its North to South poles.

This axis isn't upright up and down as Earth orbits roundabout the sun. It is TILTED at an ANGLE just ABOUT 23 DEFREES and also in a fixed position and direction in space.

This tilt affects how the sunlight affects Earth at a certain location in its all year orbit. During summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the North Pole is in the direction of the sun, receiving more sun's rays while the Southern Hemisphere at winter is pointed away from the sun, with its rays at mid way of Earth on a slant.

Take for example, When a book is tilted back 45 degrees, from a source of light - flashlight, it gives an oval shape that is dimmer and larger. The more it is tilted at a distance from the flashlight, it gives a more slanted light rays(it's weaker since it overlay a wider area and heat the air and surface less as in direct rays) that strikes the paper's surface.

The same phenomenon is seen with Earth and the sun. When Earth's North Pole is tilted in the direction of the sun, the direct rays produces stronger sunlight and warmth in North America-summertime—in relation to when the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. This will cause North America to have less direct rays and more slanted rays, producing much cold— wintertime.

Answer:

The correct answer is paralysis.

Explanation:

Curare refers to a poison originating from a plant, which is commonly found in South and Central America. It is a poison that works competitively by reversibly preventing the activity of an acetylcholine receptor present at the neuromuscular junction. This further blocks the activity of muscles as the signal between the nerves and the muscles get restricted.  

When this poison is used in adequate concentrations it results in paralysis and can even result in death due to the non-functioning of diaphragm muscles. The poison is obtained from the plant extract, also termed as alkaloid arrow poisons.  

Curare would cause muscle paralysis as it blocks the binding of acetylcholine, preventing muscle contraction.

If a toxic dose of curare entered the bloodstream, it would cause paralysis in the muscles. The reason for this is curare's ability to block the binding of acetylcholine (ACh) by muscle cells. ACh is a key neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction. In the presence of curare, the ACh cannot bind to its receptors on the muscle cells, thereby preventing the generation of action potentials at the neuromuscular junction. This essentially means that the nerve impulse cannot trigger muscle contraction, resulting in paralysis.

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Answer:

8 is the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose.

Explanation:

Stereoisomers are usually calculated by a formula 2 ^n

n= no. of chiral carbons.

As the ribose is a pentose sugar, it contains 3 chiral carbons.

Hence calculated as :

                2^n = 2^3 = 8

Hence, 8 is the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose.

The maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose is 8 is the most range of stereoisomers that could exist for ribose.

Stereoisomers are commonly calculated with the aid of using a system [tex]2^ ^ n[/tex]

[tex]n = no . of chiral carbons.[/tex]

As ribose is a pentose sugar, it incorporates three chiral carbons.

Hence calculated as:

[tex]2^ ^ n=2^ ^ three=eight[/tex]

Hence, eight is the most range of stereoisomers that could exist for ribose.

L-ribose and D-ribose are optical isomers that can both shape a pentagonal or hexagonal ring in an aqueous solution. There are eight isomers of ribose, every of them can have both an alpha or beta ring while dissolved in an aqueous solution. Properties of ribose are similar to that of the opposite monosaccharides.

Hence concluded that the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribosomes is 8.

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Answer:End - diastolic volume

Explanation:

End-diastolic volume is the amount of blood that is in the ventricles before the heart contracts. Doctors use end-diastolic volume to estimate the heart’s preload volume and to calculate stroke volume and ejection fraction. These different measurements indicate the health of a person’s heart.

Why are amoeba, paramecium, and euglena not classified as bacteria?

They are eukaryotic cells.

The bacteria is classified under the kingdom Monera of the 5 kingdom classification where the prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and blue green algae lives. These cells lack mitochondria or any membrane bound organelles inside their cells, lack nucleus, 80s ribosomes and golgi bodies etc. They have diferent cellular structure than the eukaryotic ones.

Whereas the amoeba, paramecium, and euglena, although unicellular are under the kingdom Protista where eukaryotic organisms live. They contains well defined nucleus, membrane bound organelles, mitochondria etc. Amoeba are protozoa, and euglena is autotroph in nature.

So they aren't called as bacteria.

Answer:

Unlike bacteria, the organisms shown are eukaryotic cells and contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane bound organelles.

Answer:

C) Look for cell walls under a microscope.

Explanation:

It can be decided wheter it is an animal or a fungus by looking for cell walls under microscope.

As the animal cells lack cell wall ( outer membrane is just the cell membrane ) while the fungal cells contain a proper cell wall (surrounding their cell membrane )containing chitin.

Hence C) Look for cell walls under a microscope is the right option.

As both the cells reproduce sexually , option A is excluded.

Both the animal and the fungal cells are multicellular , option B is also excluded.

Both of these organisms are eukaryotes , hence option D is also excluded.

Answer:

Dreams occurring during REM sleep are _intense_; dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are _less vivid, disconnected, and less memorable_.

Explanation:

REM  (rapid eye movement) sleep is

"a kind of sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing."

Non-REM sleep (non-rapid eye movement) sleep is dreamless sleep.

Answer:

Dreams occurring during REM sleep are intense;

dreams occurring during non-REM sleep   less vivid, and less memorable.

REM –Rapid Eye Movement sleep is one of the stages of sleep the brain goes through during sleeping. It begins about an hour to  one hour thirty minutes  when an individual goes to sleep, The brain is active at this period as if  the subject fully awake. This explains why the dreams memories is retained   when fully awake  and the dream  is vivid and could be recollected.

Other physiological features associated with this stage are increase in blood pressure, variation in body temperature, and rise in brain oxygen consumption among others.

The full active brain also   stimulates the  spinal cord  for the seizure of motor control to the limbs, These immobilized these body parts with the subject in tentative state of paralysis, hence the REM is is sometimes refers to as  paradoxical sleep.  

The Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) is made up of 3 stages. This sleep stage mark the transition from being awake  to  deep sleep. It is marked with reduction in brain waves , body temperature,no paralysis of the limbs.

Dreams are rear during NREM stage, and if they occur it is usually early in the morning. This dream is due to activation of the subcortical area of the brain at this period of the day; this includes the olfactory bulb, the hypothalus.amygdala  .

Explanation:

Answer:

Cell changes shape from cuboid to squamous when the bladder gets full.

Also the transitional epithelium being flexible in terms of contraction and expansion are suitable for urinary bladder

Explanation:

Transitional epithelium is a stratified epithelium which means it consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells. These multiple layer of cells allows the epithelium to contract and expand as per the requirement of the organ. Since Urinary bladder stretch and change its shape continuously (when it becomes full or empty).  

The shape of these cells also varies with the bladder state. When the bladder is empty, these cells are cuboid and when the bladder is full these cells gain flat shape just like squamous cells

Transitional epithelium in the bladder changes from a thick, multilayered, cuboidal appearance when empty to a thinner, squamous appearance when full, facilitating the bladder's function of storing variable urine volumes.

The transitional epithelium is unique tissue found in the urinary bladder that facilitates its expansion and contraction as it fills and empties. When the bladder is empty, the transitional epithelium is composed of multiple layers that make it appear thicker due to convoluted and cuboidal-shaped apical cells. Conversely, as the bladder fills and stretches, the cells transition to a squamous appearance, and the tissue becomes thinner and less stratified, effectively accommodating larger volumes of urine.

Thus, the structural design of the transitional epithelium aligns perfectly with the function of the bladder, which demands high distensibility to store varying quantities of urine, ranging from nearly zero to 500-600 mL in adults.

Final answer:

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ampicillin against the tested organism, based on the provided macrotube dilution susceptibility test setup and observations, is 12.5 micrograms/ml.

Explanation:

The student has inquired about determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a macrotube dilution susceptibility test. In this test, ampicillin was added to multiple tubes to observe the lowest concentration where bacterial growth is inhibited. Because tubes 1 through 5 showed no visible growth, with plates 1 through 4 indicating no growth upon further inspection, and growth only observed on plate 5, we conclude the MIC as follows: Since tubes 6 to 11 (including tube 5, where the sample was taken for Plate 5 showing bacterial growth) represent increasing concentrations of ampicillin and tube 5 was the last without visible growth before this series, the concentration in tube 5 represents the MIC. Considering the twofold serial dilution starting from 200 micrograms/ml in tube 1, by tube 5, the concentration would have been diluted four times (i.e., halved four times), indicating an MIC of 12.5 micrograms/ml for ampicillin against the tested organism.

Answer:

True, an involuntary action is one which occurs without the conscious choice of an individual or organism.

Explanation:

Irrationality is described as an action or opinion given through inadequate use of reason, or though emotional distress or cognitive deficiency. Sutherland's physiological research on irrationality argued that irrational behavior is far more widespread and normal than is generally supposed. Sutherland explained that people were driven by irrational impulse rather than guided by reason.

Answer:

Peroxides

Explanation:

Peroxides are group of compounds that have the structure R-O-O-R. Peroxides have two oxygen atoms linked together by single covalent bond.

Hydrogen peroxide is most common peroxide and toxic byproduct of respiration. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in producing oxidative stress and thus producing damage to cellular components.

Peroxidases are enzymes that are found in wide range of organisms from bacteria to plants and animals. Most of these enzymes breakdown invloved in breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidases act as antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress by cleavenging hydrogen peroxide radicles.

Answer:

rocky areas contain more minerals

Answer:

The options

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.

(B) The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is that conclusion.

(C) The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion for which the argument provides further evidence; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.

(D) The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is a claim presented in order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.

(E) The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is evidence presented to establish that the finding is accurate.

The CORRECT ANSWER IS (D)

Explanation:

"In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered." - a fact.

It examine countries where whiplash injuries are taken care of in automobile insurance with countries where whiplash injuries are not taken care of under automobile insurance. The first group of countries have double the reports of whiplash injuries when viewed against the other group of countries.

"Presently; no objective test for whiplash exists," - A fact.

Spurious reports of whiplash injuries is not easy to be identified. - This is an idea of the author. He believes that spurious reports of whiplash injuries pose some difficulties in identification. Let's have a closer look to the words used here. Despite the fact that no indiviual has till now discussed about spurious reports of whiplash injuries, the author has specify this sentence in a form that reflects agreement. Let's hope the coming sentences bring more clarity.

"Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious." - keyword is 'Nevertheless'.

It shows a different point in direction. Now, go through the statement also with the preceding statement. So, basically, in the preceding statement in view, the author was agreeing to the commentators, who have been pointed to but disagrees on the idea that half of the situations of whiplash injuries are spurious (If you are considering why author sees 'half' the situations, consider the first statement once more, which highlights on double amount of whiplash injuries).

"Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered." - With this statement, the author unites his idea (that it does not reflects on half of the the cases been spurious) with the fact highlighted in the first statement (that there are double the reports of whiplash injuries in countries where it is taken care of under automobile insurance).

How does the author reconciles? He provides another explanation for the fact - he added that the high cases of whiplash injuries in countries where it is taken care of under automobile insurances is due to the reward and compensation they receive on reporting these injuries which is less in other countries without the reward and compensation on reporting these injuries.

So, let's review the option statements:

Option (A).❌

Bold Face (BF)1 it is not the case in the argument.

Option (B).❌

- Note, Bold Face (BF)1 is not a claim but a fact. Secondly, we can pinpoint from our review that BF1 has been employed to backup an explanation (of commentators) which is not the idea in the passage.

Option (C)❌

Just as seen in option B, the role of BF1 is not rightly stated and BF2 cannot serve as the centre conclusion of the argument. Therefore, the Second last statement being the basic conclusion of the argument is wrong.

Option (D).✔✔✔

With the implications being the conclusion stated by the commentators from BF1 as it is the concept of the argument. It is important to note that BF2 provides a another explanation for the finding to oppose the explanation given by commentators as the importance of both BF1 and BF2 are rightly stated.

Option (E).❌

The accuracy of BF1 is not determined in the argument

Answer: Hypothalamus

Explanation:

The hypothalamus, located in the fore brain is the important part of the brain that controls the secretion of the pituitary gland. It does this by stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormone, ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) which in turns stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods that helps in fluid and salt balance in the body.

Thus, professor petrol's colleague is focusing on the hypothalamus.

Answer: C.ecosystem services

Explanation:

The ecosystem services are the benefits that are received by human kind from the natural environment. These benefits includes the forest ecosystem, aquatic ecosystem and grassland ecosystem.

The chemicals, medicines, food and water are the services that human kind receives from ecosystems. The natural ecosystems are also responsible for controlling the disease, climate and nutrient cycles, aids in the production of oxygen and also aids in maintaining the recreational benefits.

The pharmaceutical products obtain from the wild life are also the sources of ecosystem services.