Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
so from the question i have here, i will be giving a step by step analysis of the question.
(a). Here we are showing a relationship, i.e.
P(Granite ║ R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) ˃ P (Basalt ║ R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃)
from the LHS;
P(Granite ║ R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) = P(Granite ║ R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) / P(R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃)
= P(Granite)P(R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃ ║ Granite) / [ P(Granite R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) + P(Basaltic R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) ]
= 0.25 × 0.6 / [(0.25×0.6)+(0.75×0.1)] = 0.667
from the RHS;
P (Basalt ║ R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) = P(Basalt R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) / P(R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃)
= P(Basalt)P(R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃ ║ Basalt) / [ P(Basalt R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) + P(Granite R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) ]
= 0.75 × 0.1 / [(0.25 × 0.6)+(0.75 × 0.1)] = 0.333
Therefore from this we can infer that;
P(Granite ║ R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃) ˃ P (Basalt ║ R₁ ∠ R₂ ∠ R₃)
(b). here we are asked to classify the rocks considering the measurement yield.
Measurement yielded R1 < R3 < R2
P(Granite ║ R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) = P(Granite R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) / P(R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂)
= P(Granite)P(R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂ ║ Granite) / [ P(Granite R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) + P(Basaltic R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) ]
= 0.25 × 0.25 / [(0.25 × 0.25)+(0.75 × 0.2)] = 0.294
also for RHS;
P (Basalt ║ R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) = P(Basalt ║ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) / P(R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂)
= P(Basalt)P(R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂ ║ Basalt) / [ P(Basalt R₁ ∠ R₃∠ R₂) + P(Granite R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) ]
= 0.75 × 0.2 / [(0.25 × 0.25)+(0.75 × 0.2)] = 0.706
from this we can infer that;
P(Granite ║ R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂) ∠ P (Basalt ║ R₁ ∠ R₃ ∠ R₂)
Also considering measurements yielded R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂
P(Granite ║ R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) = P(Granite R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) / P(R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂)
= P(Granite)P(R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂ ║ Granite) / [ P(Granite R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) + P(Basaltic R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) ]
= 0.25 × 0.15 / [(0.25×0.15)+(0.75×0.7)] = 0.067
from the RHS;
P (Basalt ║ R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) = P(Basalt R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) / P(R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂)
= P(Basalt)P(R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂ ║ Basalt) / [ P(Basalt R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) + P(Granite R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) ]
1 - 0.067 = 0.933
from this we can infer that;
P(Granite ║ R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂) ∠ P (Basalt ║ R₃ ∠ R₁ ∠ R₂)
cheers i hope this helps
Final answer:
Measurements yielding R1 < R2 < R3 suggest a granitic composition, while the pattern R1 < R3 < R2 leans granitic, and R3 < R1 < R2 lean towards basaltic. The rock type can be further supported by the appearance of the rock, with granitic rocks being coarse and light-colored due to feldspar and quartz, while basaltic rocks are fine-grained and dark with ferromagnesian minerals. If granite contains basaltic inclusions, the granite is younger.
Explanation:
In analyzing rock compositions from infrared spectrum measurements, if measurements yield R1 < R2 < R3, based on typical patterns, the rock would more likely be classified as granitic because, for granite, the intensity measurements usually increase in that order. Conversely, when measurements produce R1 < R3 < R2, it does not fit neatly into the categories provided for basalt or granite, but it leans closer to a granitic composition given that R3 is not the least among the three, which is a characteristic of basaltic rocks. Similarly, if R3 presents a lower intensity compared to R1 and R2, and you have to classify without further information, it might suggest a basaltic nature following the typical pattern for basalt (R3 < R1 < R2), although it is important to note that real-world applications may require additional contextual information to accurately determine the rock type.
When studying rock samples, you should also consider differences in mineral size (coarse-textured like granite versus fine-textured like basalt), mineral content (dark, mafic minerals vs light, felsic minerals), and elemental content of the igneous rock types. For instance, granitic rock contains feldspar and quartz, which is reflected in its coarse and light-colored appearance. In contrast, basaltic rock, which is fine-grained and dark-colored, includes ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars. Additionally, if a granitic rock has inclusions of basalt (xenoliths), this implies that the granitic rock would typically be younger than the basalt since the inclusions must have been present already for the granite to incorporate them during its formation process.
isco Fever is randomly found in one half of one percent of the general population. Testing a swatch of clothing for the presence of polyester is 99% effective in detecting the presence of this disease. The test also yields a false-positive in 4% of the cases where the disease is not present. What is the probability that the test result comes back negative if the disease is present
Answer:
0.8894 is the probability that the test result comes back negative if the disease is present .
Step-by-step explanation:
We are given the following in the question:
P(Disco Fever) = P( Disease) =
[tex]P(D) = \dfrac{1}{2}\times 1\% = 0.5 \times 0.01 = 0.005[/tex]
Thus, we can write:
P(No Disease) =
[tex]P(ND) =1 - P(D)= 0.995[/tex]
P(Test Positive given the presence of the disease) = 0.99
[tex]P(TP | D ) = 0.99[/tex]
P( false-positive) = 4%
[tex]P( TP | ND) = 0.04[/tex]
We have to evaluate the probability that the test result comes back negative if the disease is present, that is
P(test result comes back negative if the disease is present)
By Bayes's theorem, we can write:
[tex]P(ND|TP) = \dfrac{P(ND)P(TP|ND)}{P(ND)P(TP|ND) + P(D)P(TP|D)}\\\\P(ND|TP) = \dfrac{0.995(0.04)}{0.995(0.04) + 0.005(0.99)} = 0.8894[/tex]
0.8894 is the probability that the test result comes back negative if the disease is present .
If the average score on this test is 510 with a standard deviation of 100 points, what percentage of students scored below 300? Enter as a percentage to the nearest tenth of a percent.
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Let us assume that the test scores of the students were normally distributed. we would apply the formula for normal distribution which is expressed as
z = (x - µ)/σ
Where
x = test scores of students.
µ = mean test scores
σ = standard deviation
From the information given,
µ = 510
σ = 100
We want to find the probability that a student scored below 300. It is expressed as
P(x ≤ 300)
For x = 300
z = (300 - 510)/100 = - 2.1
Looking at the normal distribution table, the probability corresponding to the z score is 0.018
Therefore, the percentage of students that scored below 300 is
0.018 × 100 = 1.8%
A meticulous gardener is interested in the length of blades of grass on his lawn. He believes that blade length X follows a normal distribution centered on 10 mm with a variance of 2 mm.
i. Find the probability that a blade of grass is between 9.5 and 11 mm long.ii. What are the standardized values of 9.5 and 11 in the context of this distribution? Using the standardized values, confirm that you can obtain the same probability you found in (i) with the standard normal density.iii. Below which value are the shortest 2.5 percent of blade lengths found?iv. Standardize your answer from (iii).
Answer:
i) [tex] P(9.5 < X<11)[/tex]
And we can solve this problem using the z score given by:
[tex]z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}[/tex]
If we apply this formula to our probability we got this:
[tex]P(9.5<X<11)=P(\frac{9.5-\mu}{\sigma}<\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}<\frac{11-\mu}{\sigma})=P(\frac{9.5-10}{1.414}<Z<\frac{11-10}{1.414})=P(-0.354<z<0.707)[/tex]
And we can find this probability with this difference:
[tex]P(-0.354<z<0.707)=P(z<0.707)-P(z<-0.354)[/tex]
And in order to find these probabilities we can find tables for the normal standard distribution, excel or a calculator.
[tex]P(-0.354<z<0.707)=P(z<0.707)-P(z<-0.354)=0.7602-0.3617=0.3985[/tex]
ii) The z scores for this case are:
[tex] z_1 = \frac{9.5-10}{1.414}= -0.354[/tex]
[tex] z_2 = \frac{11-10}{1.414}= 0.707[/tex]
And we can check the answer with the following excel code:
=NORM.DIST(0.707,0,1,TRUE)-NORM.DIST(-0.354,0,1,TRUE)
iii) [tex]P(X>a)=0.975[/tex] (a)
[tex]P(X<a)=0.025[/tex] (b)
Both conditions are equivalent on this case. We can use the z score again in order to find the value a.
As we can see on the figure attached the z value that satisfy the condition with 0.025 of the area on the left and 0.975 of the area on the right it's z=-1.96. On this case P(Z<-1.96)=0.025 and P(z>-1.96)=0.975
If we use condition (b) from previous we have this:
[tex]P(X<a)=P(\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}<\frac{a-\mu}{\sigma})=0.975[/tex]
[tex]P(z<\frac{a-\mu}{\sigma})=0.975[/tex]
But we know which value of z satisfy the previous equation so then we can do this:
[tex]z=-1.96<\frac{a-10}{1.414}[/tex]
And if we solve for a we got
[tex]a=10 -1.96*1.414=7.228[/tex]
So the value of height that separates the bottom 2.5% of data from the top 97.5% is 7.228.
iv) [tex] z = \frac{7.228-10}{1.414}= -1.96[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
Previous concepts
Normal distribution, is a "probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean".
The Z-score is "a numerical measurement used in statistics of a value's relationship to the mean (average) of a group of values, measured in terms of standard deviations from the mean".
Solution to the problem
Let X the random variable that represent the blade length of a population, and for this case we know the distribution for X is given by:
[tex]X \sim N(10,\sqrt{2})[/tex]
Where [tex]\mu=10[/tex] and [tex]\sigma=1.414[/tex]
Part i
For this case we want this probability:
[tex] P(9.5 < X<11)[/tex]
And we can solve this problem using the z score given by:
[tex]z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}[/tex]
If we apply this formula to our probability we got this:
[tex]P(9.5<X<11)=P(\frac{9.5-\mu}{\sigma}<\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}<\frac{11-\mu}{\sigma})=P(\frac{9.5-10}{1.414}<Z<\frac{11-10}{1.414})=P(-0.354<z<0.707)[/tex]
And we can find this probability with this difference:
[tex]P(-0.354<z<0.707)=P(z<0.707)-P(z<-0.354)[/tex]
And in order to find these probabilities we can find tables for the normal standard distribution, excel or a calculator.
[tex]P(-0.354<z<0.707)=P(z<0.707)-P(z<-0.354)=0.7602-0.3617=0.3985[/tex]
Part ii
The z scores for this case are:
[tex] z_1 = \frac{9.5-10}{1.414}= -0.354[/tex]
[tex] z_2 = \frac{11-10}{1.414}= 0.707[/tex]
And we can check the answer with the following excel code:
=NORM.DIST(0.707,0,1,TRUE)-NORM.DIST(-0.354,0,1,TRUE)
Part iii
For this part we want to find a value a, such that we satisfy this condition:
[tex]P(X>a)=0.975[/tex] (a)
[tex]P(X<a)=0.025[/tex] (b)
Both conditions are equivalent on this case. We can use the z score again in order to find the value a.
As we can see on the figure attached the z value that satisfy the condition with 0.025 of the area on the left and 0.975 of the area on the right it's z=-1.96. On this case P(Z<-1.96)=0.025 and P(z>-1.96)=0.975
If we use condition (b) from previous we have this:
[tex]P(X<a)=P(\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}<\frac{a-\mu}{\sigma})=0.975[/tex]
[tex]P(z<\frac{a-\mu}{\sigma})=0.975[/tex]
But we know which value of z satisfy the previous equation so then we can do this:
[tex]z=-1.96<\frac{a-10}{1.414}[/tex]
And if we solve for a we got
[tex]a=10 -1.96*1.414=7.228[/tex]
So the value of height that separates the bottom 2.5% of data from the top 97.5% is 7.228.
Part iv
The z score for this value is given by:
[tex] z = \frac{7.228-10}{1.414}= -1.96[/tex]
Final answer:
The question involves calculating probabilities and finding values within a normal distribution regarding the length of grass blades. It covers finding specific probabilities, standardizing values, and locating a value below which a certain percentage of data lies, all based on a given mean and variance.
Explanation:
A meticulous gardener is interested in the length of blades of grass on his lawn. He believes that blade length X follows a normal distribution centered on 10 mm with a variance of 2 mm.
Find the probability that a blade of grass is between 9.5 and 11 mm long.
What are the standardized values of 9.5 and 11 in the context of this distribution? Using the standardized values, confirm that you can obtain the same probability you found in (i) with the standard normal density.
Below which value is the shortest 2.5 percent of blade lengths found?
Standardize your answer from (iii).
The standard deviation (sqrt(variance)) is sqrt(2) mm. The standardized value, or z-score, is computed as Z = (X - μ)/σ, where X is the value, μ is the mean (10 mm), and σ is the standard deviation.
For X = 9.5, Z = (9.5 - 10) / sqrt(2) = -0.3536.
For X = 11, Z = (11 - 10) / sqrt(2) = 0.7071.
To find the probability between 9.5 and 11 mm, we look up these z-scores in the standard normal distribution table or use a calculator.
To find the value below which the shortest 2.5 percent of blade lengths are found, we look up the z-score that corresponds to the cumulative area of 0.025 in the standard normal distribution table. Then, we use the z-score formula in reverse to find the original value in mm.
In analyzing hits by certain bombs in a war, an area was partitioned into 553 regions, each with an area of 0.95 km2. A total of 535 bombs hit the combined area of 553 regions. Assume that we want to find the probability that a randomly selected region had exactly two hits. In applying the Poisson probability distribution formula, P(x)equalsStartFraction mu Superscript x Baseline times e Superscript negative mu Over x exclamation mark EndFraction , identify the values of mu, x, and e. Also, briefly describe what each of those symbols represents. Identify the values of mu, x, and e.
Answer:
Probability of having two hits in the same region = 0.178
mu: average number of hits per region
x: number of hits
e: mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828.
Step-by-step explanation:
We can describe the probability of k events with the Poisson distribution, expressed as:
[tex]P(x=k)=\frac{\mu^ke^{-\mu}}{k!}[/tex]
Being μ the expected rate of events.
If 535 bombs hit 553 regions, the expected rate of bombs per region (the events for this question) is:
[tex]\mu=\frac{\#bombs}{\#regions} =\frac{535}{553}= 0.9674[/tex]
For a region to being hit by two bombs, it has a probability of:
[tex]P(x=2)=\frac{\mu^2e^{-\mu}}{2!}=\frac{0.9674^2e^{-0.9674}}{2!}=\frac{0.9359*0.38}{2}=0.178[/tex]
Some parts of California are particularly earthquake-prone. Suppose that in one metropolitan area, 31% of all homeowners are insured against earthquake damage. Four homeowners are to be selected at random. Let X denote the number among the four who have earthquake insurance.
(a) Find the probability distribution of X. [Hint: Let S denote a homeowner that has insurance and F one who does not. Then one possible outcome is SFSS, with probability (0.31)(0.69)(0.31)(0.31) and associated X value 3. There are 15 other outcomes.] (Round your answers to four decimal places.)
(b) What is the most likely value for X?
(c) What is the probability that at least two of the four selected have earthquake insurance? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)
Answer:
a.) 0.0822
b.) 1
c.) 0.3659
Step-by-step explanation:
Probability distribution formula is often denoted by :
P(X=r) = nCr × p^r × q^n-r
Where n = total number of samples
r = number of successful outcome of sample
p = probability of success
q = probability of failure.
If we take 4 samples,
3 of this 4 samples are successful
the success rate =S= 31% = 0.31
Failure rate = F= 0.69
a.) Then probability distribution of X becomes:
P(X=3) = 4C3 × 0.31³ × 0.69¹
P(X=3) = 0.0822 (4d.p),
b. Most likely value of X = expected value = np
= 4 × 0.31
= 1.24 ≈ 1
c.) probability that at least 2 out of the 4 have insurance = Probability that 2 have insurance) + probability that 3 have insurance + probability that 4 have insurance.
P(X=2) = 4C2 × 0.31² × 0.69² = 0.2745
P(X=3), as calculated earlier = 0.0822
P(X=4) = 4C4 × 0.31^4 × 0.69^0 = 0.0092
Total probability of having at least 2 out of those 4 insured = 0.2745 + 0.0822 + 0.0092 =0.3659.
[6 points] Prove Bayes’ Theorem. Briefly explain why it is useful for machine learning problems, i.e., by converting posterior probability to likelihood and prior probability.
Answer: Mathematically Bayes’ theorem is defined as
P(A\B)=P(B\A) ×P(A)
P(B)
Bayes theorem is defined as where A and B are events, P(A|B) is the conditional probability that event A occurs given that event B has already occurred (P(B|A) has the same meaning but with the roles of A and B reversed) and P(A) and P(B) are the marginal probabilities of event A and event B occurring respectively.
Step-by-step explanation: for example, picking a card from a pack of traditional playing cards. There are 52 cards in the pack, 26 of them are red and 26 are black. What is the probability of the card being a 4 given that we know the card is red?
To convert this into the math symbols that we see above we can say that event A is the event that the card picked is a 4 and event B is the card being red. Hence, P(A|B) in the equation above is P(4|red) in our example, and this is what we want to calculate. We previously worked out that this probability is equal to 1/13 (there 26 red cards and 2 of those are 4's) but let’s calculate this using Bayes’ theorem.
We need to find the probabilities for the terms on the right-hand side. They are:
P(B|A) = P(red|4) = 1/2
P(A) = P(4) = 4/52 = 1/13
P(B) = P(red) = 1/2
When we substitute these numbers into the equation for Bayes’ theorem above we get 1/13, which is the answer that we were expecting.
Bayes’ theorem, featuring components of likelihood and prior probability, is fundamental to probability theory and statistics. It's a tool that allows us to update our previous assumptions based on new data, making it essential in machine learning.
Explanation:Bayes’ theorem is a fundamental theorem in probability theory and statistics, named after Thomas Bayes. It formalizes the process of updating probabilities based on new data. The theorem can be derived from the definition of conditional probability, P(A|B), which is the probability of event A given that event B has occurred.
Bayes' theorem is generally represented by the formula:
P(A|B) = (P(B|A) * P(A)) / P(B)
Bayes’ theorem has two main components:
Likelihood: P(B|A) shows the likelihood of the data under a particular hypothesis.Prior Probability: P(A) represents our prior belief in the hypothesis before seeing any data.In the realm of Machine Learning, Bayes' theorem allows us to update our previous assumptions (priors) with data to get updated, more accurate results (posterior). The prior and posterior are probability distributions over the same event space, but Bayesian inference allows us to adjust our initial assumptions in light of new evidence, making it a dynamic and flexible method.
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5.10 Classify each random variable as discrete or continuous. a. The number of visitors to the Museum of Science in Boston on a randomly selected day. b. The camber-angle adjustment necessary for a front-end alignment. c. The total number of pixels in a photograph produced by a digital camera. d. The number of days until a rose begins to wilt after purchase from a flower shop. e. The running time for the latest James Bond movie. f. The blood alcohol level of th
Answer:
(a) Discrete
(b) Discrete
(c) Discrete
(d) Discrete
(e) Discrete
(f) Continuous
Step-by-step explanation:
A discrete random variable considers a finite set of values. Whereas a continuous random viable assumes infinite set of values.
One cannot count the values of a continuous random variable.
(a)
X = The number of visitors to the Museum of Science in Boston on a randomly selected day.
The number of visitors can be counted and on a selected day a finite number of people will visit the museum.
So this is a Discrete random variable.
(b)
X = The camber-angle adjustment necessary for a front-end alignment.
The angle measurements are countable values.
So this is a Discrete random variable.
(c)
X = The total number of pixels in a photograph produced by a digital camera.
The number of pixels in a photograph can be counted and fixed values.
So this is a Discrete random variable.
(d)
X = The number of days until a rose begins to wilt after purchase from a flower shop.
Roses usually wilt after 2 or 3 days from the date of purchase.
So this is a Discrete random variable.
(e)
X = The running time for the latest James Bond movie.
A movie is usually, on average, 96.5 minutes long. The number of minutes can be counted.
So this is a Discrete random variable.
(f)
X = The blood alcohol level
The blood alcohol level assumes values in a fixed interval. The values cannot be counted as there are infinite number of values in this interval.
So this is a Continuous random variable.
Write an equation (-2, 10), (10, -14)
[tex]\bf (\stackrel{x_1}{-2}~,~\stackrel{y_1}{10})\qquad (\stackrel{x_2}{10}~,~\stackrel{y_2}{-14}) \\\\\\ \stackrel{slope}{m}\implies \cfrac{\stackrel{rise} {\stackrel{y_2}{-14}-\stackrel{y1}{10}}}{\underset{run} {\underset{x_2}{10}-\underset{x_1}{(-2)}}}\implies \cfrac{-24}{10+2}\implies \cfrac{-24}{12}\implies -2[/tex]
[tex]\bf \begin{array}{|c|ll} \cline{1-1} \textit{point-slope form}\\ \cline{1-1} \\ y-y_1=m(x-x_1) \\\\ \cline{1-1} \end{array}\implies y-\stackrel{y_1}{10}=\stackrel{m}{-2}[x-\stackrel{x_1}{(-2)}]\implies y-10=-2(x+2) \\\\\\ y-10=-2x-4\implies y=-2x+6[/tex]
3 For the compensation D(s) = 25 s + 1 s + 15 use Euler’s forward rectangular method to determine the difference equations for a digital implementation with a sample rate of 80Hz. Repeat the calculations using the backward rectangular method and compare the difference equation coefficients.
Answer:for FRR method the difference equation is given by:
u(k+1)=0.8125u(k)+(-24.68)e(k)+25e (k+1)
Step-by-step explanation:see the pictures attached
A market research firm conducts telephone surveys with a 44% historical response rate. What is the probability that in a new sample of 400 telephone numbers, at least 150 individuals will cooperate and respond to the questions?
Answer:
So, the probability is P=0.9953.
Step-by-step explanation:
We know that a market research firm conducts telephone surveys with a 44% historical response rate.
We get that:
[tex]p=44\%=0.44=\mu_{\hat{x}}\\\\n=400\\\\\hat{p}=\frac{150}{400}=0.375\\\\[/tex]
We calculate the standar deviation:
[tex]\sigma_{\hat{p}}=\sqrt{\frac{0.44(1-0.44)}{400}}\\\\\sigma_{\hat{p}}=0.025[/tex]
So, we get
[tex]z=\frac{\hat{p}-\mu_{\hat{p}}}{\sigma{\hat{p}}}\\\\z=\frac{0.375-0.44}{0.025}}\\\\z=-2.6[/tex]
We use a probability table to calculate it
[tex]P(\hat{p}>0.375)=P(z>-2.6)=1-P(z<-2.6)=1-0.0047=0.9953[/tex]
So, the probability is P=0.9953.
To find the probability of at least 150 of 400 individuals responding given a 44% response rate, calculate the mean and standard deviation and then find the z-score for 150 responses. The probability of getting at least 150 responses is the area to the right of the z-score in the standard normal distribution.
Explanation:The question asks for the probability that in a new sample of 400 telephone numbers, at least 150 individuals will respond, given a historical response rate of 44%. To determine this probability, we can approximate the binomial distribution to a normal distribution because the sample size is large (n=400).
First, we calculate the mean (μ) and the standard deviation (σ) for the number of responses. The mean is given by μ = np = 400 × 0.44 = 176. The standard deviation is σ = √(np(1-p)) = √(400 × 0.44 × 0.56) ≈ 9.92.
To calculate the probability of getting at least 150 responses, we would find the z-score for 150, which is z = (X - μ)/σ = (150 - 176)/9.92 ≈ -2.62. We then look up this z-score in a standard normal distribution table or use a calculator to determine the area to the right of this z-score, which represents the probability of getting more than 150 responses.
The question is related to market research and involves using statistical methods to calculate probabilities, which requires an understanding of binomial distributions and normal approximations.
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A soccer ball manufacturer wants to estimate the mean circumference of soccer balls within 0.1 in. Determine the minimum sample size required to construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean. Assume the population standard deviation is 0.25 in.
Answer:
[tex]n=(\frac{z_{\alpha/2} \sigma}{ME})^2[/tex] (2)
The critical value for 95% of confidence interval now can be founded using the normal distribution. And in excel we can use this formla to find it:"=-NORM.INV(0.025,0,1)", and we got [tex]z_{\alpha/2}=1.96[/tex], replacing into formula (2) we got:
[tex]n=(\frac{1.96(0.25)}{0.1})^2 =24.01 [/tex]
So the answer for this case would be n=25 rounded up to the nearest integer
Step-by-step explanation:
Previous concepts
A confidence interval is "a range of values that’s likely to include a population value with a certain degree of confidence. It is often expressed a % whereby a population means lies between an upper and lower interval".
The margin of error is the range of values below and above the sample statistic in a confidence interval.
Normal distribution, is a "probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean".
[tex]\bar X[/tex] represent the sample mean for the sample
[tex]\mu[/tex] population mean (variable of interest)
[tex]\sigma=0.25[/tex] represent the population standard deviation
n represent the sample size (variable of interest)
Solution to the problem
The confidence interval for the mean is given by the following formula:
[tex]\bar X \pm z_{\alpha/2}\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
The margin of error is given by this formula:
[tex] ME=z_{\alpha/2}\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex] (1)
And on this case we have that ME =0.1 and we are interested in order to find the value of n, if we solve n from equation (1) we got:
[tex]n=(\frac{z_{\alpha/2} \sigma}{ME})^2[/tex] (2)
The critical value for 95% of confidence interval now can be founded using the normal distribution. And in excel we can use this formla to find it:"=-NORM.INV(0.025,0,1)", and we got [tex]z_{\alpha/2}=1.96[/tex], replacing into formula (2) we got:
[tex]n=(\frac{1.96(0.25)}{0.1})^2 =24.01 [/tex]
So the answer for this case would be n=25 rounded up to the nearest integer
Final answer:
To estimate the mean circumference of soccer balls within 0.1 in at a 95% confidence level, with a population standard deviation of 0.25 in, the minimum sample size required is 24.
Explanation:
The question involves estimating the minimum sample size required for a 95% confidence interval with a given precision and known population standard deviation. In this scenario, the soccer ball manufacturer wants to ensure that the mean circumference of soccer balls is estimated within 0.1 in, given a population standard deviation of 0.25 in. To find the minimum sample size, we use the formula: n = (Z*σ/E)², where Z is the Z-score corresponding to a 95% confidence level (~1.96), σ is the population standard deviation (0.25 in), and E is the margin of error (0.1 in). Plugging in the values gives us: n = (1.96*0.25/0.1)² = 23.04. Since we can't have a fraction of a sample, we round up to get a minimum sample size of 24.
Suppose that you were not given the sample mean and sample standard deviation and instead you were given a list of data for the speeds (in miles per hour) of the 20 vehicles. 19 19 22 24 25 27 28 37 35 30 37 36 39 40 43 30 31 36 33 35 How would you use the data to do this problem?
Answer:
So, the sample mean is 31.3.
So, the sample standard deviation is 6.98.
Step-by-step explanation:
We have a list of data for the speeds (in miles per hour) of the 20 vehicles. So, N=20.
We calculate the sample mean :
[tex]\mu=\frac{19 +19 +22 +24 +25 +27 +28+ 37 +35 +30+ 37+ 36+ 39+ 40+ 43+ 30+ 31+ 36+ 33+ 35}{20}\\\\\mu=\frac{626}{20}\\\\\mu=31.3[/tex]
So, the sample mean is 31.3.
We use the formula for a sample standard deviation:
[tex]\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N-1}\sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_i-\mu)^2}[/tex]
Now, we calculate the sum
[tex]\sum_{i=1}^{20}(x_i-31.3)^2=(19-31.3)^2+(19-31.3)^2+(22-31.3)^2+(24-31.3)^2+(25-31.3)^2+(27-31.3)^2+(28-31.3)^2+(37-31.3)^2+(35-31.3)^2+(30-31.3)^2+(37-31.3)^2+(36-31.3)^2+(39-31.3)^2+(40-31.3)^2+(43-31.3)^2+(30-31.3)^2+(31-31.3)^2+(36-31.3)^2+(33-31.3)^2+(35-31.3)^2\\\\\sum_{i=1}^{20}(x_i-31.3})^2=926.2\\[/tex]
Therefore, we get
[tex]\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N-1}\sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_i-\mu)^2}\\\\\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{1}{19}\cdot926.2}\\\\\sigma=6.98[/tex]
So, the sample standard deviation is 6.98.
You are collecting a sample of 60 data points from a population that you know to follow an exponential distribution. It is not appropriate to use the results of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) to calculate the confidence intervals for the mean.
Answer:
For the exponential distribution:
[tex] \mu = \frac{1}{\lambda}[/tex]
[tex] \sigma^2 = \frac{1}{\lambda^2}[/tex]
We know that the exponential distribution is skewed but the sample mean for this case using a sample size of 60 would be approximately normal, so then we can conclude that if we have a sample size like this one and an exponential distribution we can approximate the sample mean to the noemal distribution and indeed use the Central Limit theorem.
[tex] \bar X \sim N(\mu_{\bar X} , \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}})[/tex]
[tex] \mu_{\bar X} = \bar X[/tex]
[tex]\sigma_{\bar X}= \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
The central limit theorem states that "if we have a population with mean μ and standard deviation σ and take sufficiently large random samples from the population with replacement, then the distribution of the sample means will be approximately normally distributed. This will hold true regardless of whether the source population is normal or skewed, provided the sample size is sufficiently large".
For this case we have a large sample size n =60 >30
The exponential distribution is the probability distribution that describes the time between events in a Poisson process.
For the exponential distribution:
[tex] \mu = \frac{1}{\lambda}[/tex]
[tex] \sigma^2 = \frac{1}{\lambda^2}[/tex]
We know that the exponential distribution is skewed but the sample mean for this case using a sample size of 60 would be approximately normal, so then we can conclude that if we have a sample size like this one and an exponential distribution we can approximate the sample mean to the noemal distribution and indeed use the Central Limit theorem.
[tex] \bar X \sim N(\mu_{\bar X} , \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}})[/tex]
[tex] \mu_{\bar X} = \bar X[/tex]
[tex]\sigma_{\bar X}= \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
A VCR manufacturer receives 70% of his parts from factory F1 and the rest from factory F2. Suppose that 3% of the output from F1 are defective while only 2% of the output from F2 are defective. a. What is the probability that a received part is defective? b. If a randomly chosen part is defective, what is the probability it came from factory F1?
Answer:
See the explanation.Step-by-step explanation:
Lets take 1000 output in total.
From these 1000 outputs, 700 are from F1 and 300 are from F2.
Defective from F1 is [tex]\frac{700\times3}{100} = 21[/tex] and defective from F2 is [tex]\frac{300\times2}{100} = 6[/tex].
a.
Total received part is 1000.
Total defectives are (21+6) = 27.
The probability of a received part being defective is [tex]\frac{27}{1000}[/tex].
b.
The probability of the randomly chosen defective part from F1 is [tex]\frac{21}{27} = \frac{7}{9}[/tex].
The probability that a received part is defective is 2.7%, while the probability that a randomly chosen defective part came from factory F1 is 77.78%.
Explanation:To find the probability that a received part is defective, we need to consider the probabilities of receiving a defective part from each factory. Let's assume that the VCR manufacturer receives 100 parts. From factory F1, 70% of the parts are received, which means 70 parts. The probability of a part from F1 being defective is 3%, so the number of defective parts from F1 is 70 * (3/100) = 2.1. From factory F2, which accounts for the remaining 30% of the parts (30 parts), the probability of a part being defective is 2%, resulting in 30 * (2/100) = 0.6 defective parts. Therefore, the total number of defective parts is 2.1 + 0.6 = 2.7. Since there are 100 parts in total, the probability that a received part is defective is 2.7/100 = 0.027, or 2.7%.
To find the probability that a randomly chosen defective part came from factory F1, we can use the concept of conditional probability. The probability of a part coming from F1 given that it is defective can be found using the formula P(F1|Defective) = P(F1 and Defective) / P(Defective). We already know that P(F1 and Defective) = 2.1/100 and P(Defective) = 2.7/100. Substituting these values, we get P(F1|Defective) = (2.1/100) / (2.7/100) = 2.1/2.7 = 0.7778, or 77.78%.
Greg bought a game that cost $42 and paid $45.78 including tax. what was the rate of sales tax?
Answer:
$0.09 tax per every dollar spent.
Step-by-step explanation:
45.78-42 which gives you the amount of money added on by the tax. which = $3.78 then divide that buy how much the game cost before tax was added to get the amount of tax per each $$$
Answer:
$0.09 tax per every dollar spent.
Step-by-step explanation:
You take the $45.78, and subtract that by $42 (the original cost) and then get $3.78. Then divide by every dollar spent, and you get the final rate, $0.09 tax rate.
The average number of minutes Americans commute to work is 27.7 minutes. The average commute time in minutes for 48 cities are as follows. Albuquerque 23.6 Jacksonville 26.5 Phoenix 28.6 Atlanta 28.6 Kansas City 23.7 Pittsburgh 25.3 Austin 24.9 Las Vegas 28.7 Portland 26.7 Baltimore 32.4 Little Rock 20.4 Providence 23.9 Boston 32.0 Los Angeles 32.5 Richmond 23.7 Charlotte 26.1 Louisville 21.7 Sacramento 26.1 Chicago 38.4 Memphis 24.1 Salt Lake City 20.5 Cincinnati 25.2 Miami 31.0 San Antonio 26.4 Cleveland 27.1 Milwaukee 25.1 San Diego 25.1 Columbus 23.7 Minneapolis 23.9 San Francisco 32.9 Dallas 28.8 Nashville 25.6 San Jose 28.8 Denver 28.4 New Orleans 32.0 Seattle 27.6 Detroit 29.6 New York 44.1 St. Louis 27.1 El Paso 24.7 Oklahoma City 22.3 Tucson 24.3 Fresno 23.3 Orlando 27.4 Tulsa 20.4 Indianapolis 25.1 Philadelphia 34.5 Washington, D.C. 33.1 (a) What is the mean commute time (in minutes) for these 48 cities? (Round your answer to one decimal place.) minutes (b) Compute the median commute time (in minutes). minutes (c) Compute the mode(s) (in minutes). (Enter your answers as a comma-separated list.)
Answer:
a) [tex] \bar X = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n X_i}{n}[/tex]
And replacing we got:
[tex] \bar X = 27.2[/tex]
b) For this case we have n =48 observations and we can calculate the median with the average between the 24th and 25th values on the dataset ordered.
20.4 20.4 20.5 21.7 22.3 23.3 23.6 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.9 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.6 26.1 26.1 26.4 26.5 26.7 27.1 27.1 27.4 27.6 28.4 28.6 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.8 29.6 31.0 32.0 32.0 32.4 32.5 32.9 33.1 34.5 38.4 44.1
For this case the median would be:
[tex] Median = \frac{26.1+26.4}{2}=26.25 \approx 26.3[/tex]
c) [tex] Mode= 23.2, 25.1[/tex]
And both with a frequency of 3 so then we have a bimodal distribution for this case
Step-by-step explanation:
For this case we have the following dataset:
23.6, 26.5, 28.6, 28.6, 23.7, 25.3, 24.9, 28.7, 26.7, 32.4, 20.4, 23.9, 32.0, 32.5, 23.7, 26.1, 21.7, 26.1, 38.4, 24.1, 20.5, 25.2, 31, 26.4, 27.1 ,25.1, 25.1, 23.7, 23.9, 32.9, 28.8, 25.6, 28.8, 28.4, 32, 27.6, 29.6, 44.1, 27.1, 24.7, 22.3, 24.3, 23.3, 27.4, 20.4, 25.1, 34.5, 33.1
Part a
We can calculate the mean with the following formula:
[tex] \bar X = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n X_i}{n}[/tex]
And replacing we got:
[tex] \bar X = 27.2[/tex]
Part b
For this case we have n =48 observations and we can calculate the median with the average between the 24th and 25th values on the dataset ordered.
20.4 20.4 20.5 21.7 22.3 23.3 23.6 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.9 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.6 26.1 26.1 26.4 26.5 26.7 27.1 27.1 27.4 27.6 28.4 28.6 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.8 29.6 31.0 32.0 32.0 32.4 32.5 32.9 33.1 34.5 38.4 44.1
For this case the median would be:
[tex] Median = \frac{26.1+26.4}{2}=26.25 \approx 26.3[/tex]
Part c
For this case the mode would be:
[tex] Mode= 23.2, 25.1[/tex]
And both with a frequency of 3 so then we have a bimodal distribution for this case
The mean commute time for the 48 cities is 25.6 minutes, the median commute time is 26.5 minutes and the mode of the commute times is 28.6 minutes.
To address the student's question about commute times, let's go through the calculations step by step:
(a) Mean Commute Time
The mean (average) is calculated by summing all the commute times and dividing by the number of cities (48).
Sum of all commute times = 23.6 + 26.5 + 28.6 + 28.6 + 23.7 + 25.3 + 24.9 + 28.7 + 26.7 + 32.4 + 20.4 + 23.9 + 32.0 + 32.5 + 23.7 + 26.1 + 21.7 + 26.1 + 38.4 + 24.1 + 20.5 + 25.2 + 31.0 + 26.4 + 27.1 + 25.1 + 25.1 + 23.7 + 23.9 + 32.9 + 28.8 + 25.6 + 28.8 + 28.4 + 32.0 + 27.6 + 29.6 + 44.1 + 27.1 + 24.7 + 22.3 + 24.3 + 23.3 + 27.4 + 20.4 + 25.1 + 34.5 + 33.1 = 1229.3 minutes
Mean = Sum / Number of cities = 1229.3 / 48 ≈ 25.6 minutes
(b) Median Commute Time
To find the median, list the commute times in numerical order and find the middle value. Since we have an even number of cities (48), the median will be the average of the 24th and 25th values.
Ordered list: 20.4, 20.4, 20.5, 21.7, 22.3, 23.3, 23.6, 23.7, 23.7, 23.9, 23.9, 24.1, 24.3, 24.7, 24.9, 25.1, 25.1, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.6, 26.1, 26.1, 26.4, 26.5, 26.7, 27.1, 27.1, 27.4, 27.6, 28.4, 28.6, 28.6, 28.7, 28.8, 28.8, 29.6, 31.0, 32.0, 32.0, 32.4, 32.5, 32.9, 33.1, 34.5, 38.4, 44.1
The 24th and 25th values are 26.4 and 26.5.
Median = (26.4 + 26.5) / 2 = 26.45 ≈ 26.5 minutes
(c) Mode(s) Commute Time
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in the list.
From the list, we see that the most frequently occurring value is 28.6, which occurs 2 times.
Therefore, the mode is 28.6 minutes.
So, (a) the mean commute time is 25.6 minutes, (b) the median commute is 26.5 minutes and (c) the mode of the commute times is 28.6 minutes.
Full-time college students report spending a mean of 29 hours per week on academic activities, both inside and outside the classroom. Assume the standard deviation of time spent on academic activities is 5 hours. Complete parts (a) through (d) below.
a. If you select a random sample of 25 full-time college students, what is the probability that the mean time spent on academic activities is at least 28 hours per week? ___(Round to four decimal places as needed.)
b. If you select a random sample of 25 full-time college students, there is an 84 % chance that the sample mean is less than how many hours per week? ___ (Round to two decimal places as needed.)
c. What assumption must you make in order to solve (a) and (b)? (choose between A through D)
A. The population is symmetrically distributed, such that the Central Limit Theorem will likely hold for samples of size 25.
B. The sample is symmetrically distributed, such that the Central Limit Theorem will likely hold.
C. The population is uniformly distributed.
D. The population is normally distributed.
d. If you select a random sample of 64 full-time college students, there is an 84 % chance that the sample mean is less than how many hours per week? ___(Round to two decimal places as needed.)
Answer:
a) 0.8413
b) 30
c) A. The population is symmetrically distributed, such that the Central Limit Theorem will likely hold for samples of size 25.
d) 29.63
Step-by-step explanation:
To solve this question, we need to understand the normal probability distribution and the central limit theorem.
Normal probability distribution:
Problems of normally distributed samples are solved using the z-score formula.
In a set with mean [tex]\mu[/tex] and standard deviation [tex]\sigma[/tex], the zscore of a measure X is given by:
[tex]Z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}[/tex]
The Z-score measures how many standard deviations the measure is from the mean. After finding the Z-score, we look at the z-score table and find the p-value associated with this z-score. This p-value is the probability that the value of the measure is smaller than X, that is, the percentile of X. Subtracting 1 by the pvalue, we get the probability that the value of the measure is greater than X.
Central limit theorem:
The Central Limit Theorem estabilishes that, for a normally distributed random variable X, with mean [tex]\mu[/tex] and standard deviation [tex]\sigma[/tex], the sample means with size n can be approximated to a normal distribution with mean [tex]\mu[/tex] and standard deviation [tex]s = \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
In this problem, we have that:
[tex]\mu = 29, \sigma = 5[/tex]
a. If you select a random sample of 25 full-time college students, what is the probability that the mean time spent on academic activities is at least 28 hours per week?
25 students, so [tex]n = 25, s = \frac{5}{\sqrt{25}} = 1[/tex]
This is 1 subtracted by the pvalue of Z when X = 28. So
[tex]Z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}[/tex]
By the Central Limit Theorem
[tex]Z = \frac{X - \mu}{s}[/tex]
[tex]Z = \frac{28 - 29}{1}[/tex]
[tex]Z = -1[/tex]
[tex]Z = -1[/tex] has a pvalue of 0.1587
1 - 0.1587 = 0.8413
0.8413 is the answer.
b. If you select a random sample of 25 full-time college students, there is an 84 % chance that the sample mean is less than how many hours per week?
Value of X when Z has a pvalue of 0.84. So X when Z = 1.
[tex]Z = \frac{X - \mu}{s}[/tex]
[tex]1 = \frac{X - 29}{1}[/tex]
[tex]X - 29 = 1[/tex]
[tex]X = 30[/tex]
c. What assumption must you make in order to solve (a) and (b)? (choose between A through D)
Central limit theorem works if the population is normally distributed, or if the sample means are of size at least 30
So the correct answer is:
A. The population is symmetrically distributed, such that the Central Limit Theorem will likely hold for samples of size 25.
d. If you select a random sample of 64 full-time college students, there is an 84 % chance that the sample mean is less than how many hours per week?
Now we have n = 64, so [tex]s = \frac{5}{\sqrt{64}} = 0.63[/tex]
Value of X when Z has a pvalue of 0.84. So X when Z = 1.
[tex]Z = \frac{X - \mu}{s}[/tex]
[tex]0.63 = \frac{X - 29}{1}[/tex]
[tex]X - 29 = 0.63[/tex]
[tex]X = 29.63[/tex]
In this statistics problem related to full-time college students' time spent on academic activities, Z scores and the Central Limit Theorem are used to find probabilities and mean values for different sample sizes. Assumptions about the symmetry of population distribution are also discussed.
Explanation:This question is about understanding and applying concepts of probability, sample means, and Central Limit Theorem in statistics.
a. The probability that the mean time is at least 28 hours can be found by calculating a Z score. The formula for Z score is (X - μ) ⸫ (σ ⸫ √n), where X is the value we are testing (28 hours in this case), μ is the population mean (29 hours), σ is the standard deviation (5 hours), and n is the sample size (25 students). After calculating the Z score, use a standard normal distribution table to find the probability.
b. To solve this, we will again use the Z score formula but in a different way. Use the given % chance and look up the corresponding Z score on a standard normal distribution table. Then use this Z score in the Z score formula to find the X value, which is the number of hours.
c. The assumption we have to make here is option A. For the Central Limit Theorem to hold, the population distribution does not have to be normal but it should be symmetric. Moreover, for sample sizes of 30 or greater, Central Limit Theorem holds regardless of the shape of the population distribution.
d. This is similar to part b but with a larger sample size (64 students). Use the same procedures to find the answer.
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Starting from rest, a DVD steadily accelerates to 500 rpm in 1.0 s, rotates at this angular speed for 3.0 s, then steadily decelerates to a halt in 2.0 s. How many revolutions does it make
Answer:
37.5 revolutions
Step-by-step explanation:
The average rotation speed for the first second and for the last two seconds is:
[tex]V_1 = \frac{0+500}{2}\\ V_1 = 250\ rpm[/tex]
For the next 3.0 seconds, the rotation speed is V = 500 rpm.
The total number of revolutions, converting rpm to rps, is given by:
[tex]n=\frac{1*V_1+3*V+2*V_1}{60}\\n=\frac{1*250+3*500*2*250}{60}\\n=37.5\ revolutions[/tex]
The DVD makes 37.5 revolutions.
A player of a video game is confronted with a series of opponents and has an 80% probability of defeating each one. Success with any opponent is independent of previous encounters. Until defeated, the player continues to contest opponents. a. What is the probability mass function of the number of opponents contested in a game? b. What is the probability that a player defeats at least two opponents in a game? c. What is the expected number of opponents contested in a game? d. What is the probability that a player contests four or more opponents in a game? e. What is the expected number of game plays until a player contests four or more opponents?
Answer:
(a) The PMF of X is: [tex]P(X=k)=(1-0.20)^{k-1}0.20;\ k=0, 1, 2, 3....[/tex]
(b) The probability that a player defeats at least two opponents in a game is 0.64.
(c) The expected number of opponents contested in a game is 5.
(d) The probability that a player contests four or more opponents in a game is 0.512.
(e) The expected number of game plays until a player contests four or more opponents is 2.
Step-by-step explanation:
Let X = number of games played.
It is provided that the player continues to contest opponents until defeated.
(a)
The random variable X follows a Geometric distribution.
The probability mass function of X is:
[tex]P(X=k)=(1-p)^{k-1}p;\ p>0, k=0, 1, 2, 3....[/tex]
It is provided that the player has a probability of 0.80 to defeat each opponent. This implies that there is 0.20 probability that the player will be defeated by each opponent.
Then the PMF of X is:
[tex]P(X=k)=(1-0.20)^{k-1}0.20;\ k=0, 1, 2, 3....[/tex]
(b)
Compute the probability that a player defeats at least two opponents in a game as follows:
P (X ≥ 2) = 1 - P (X ≤ 2)
= 1 - P (X = 1) - P (X = 2)
[tex]=1-(1-0.20)^{1-1}0.20-(1-0.20)^{2-1}0.20\\=1-0.20-0.16\\=0.64[/tex]
Thus, the probability that a player defeats at least two opponents in a game is 0.64.
(c)
The expected value of a Geometric distribution is given by,
[tex]E(X)=\frac{1}{p}[/tex]
Compute the expected number of opponents contested in a game as follows:
[tex]E(X)=\frac{1}{p}=\frac{1}{0.20}=5[/tex]
Thus, the expected number of opponents contested in a game is 5.
(d)
Compute the probability that a player contests four or more opponents in a game as follows:
P (X ≥ 4) = 1 - P (X ≤ 3)
= 1 - P (X = 1) - P (X = 2) - P (X = 3)
[tex]=1-(1-0.20)^{1-1}0.20-(1-0.20)^{2-1}0.20-(1-0.20)^{3-1}0.20\\=1-0.20-0.16-0.128\\=0.512[/tex]
Thus, the probability that a player contests four or more opponents in a game is 0.512.
(e)
Compute the expected number of game plays until a player contests four or more opponents as follows:
[tex]E(X\geq 4)=\frac{1}{P(X\geq 4)}=\frac{1}{0.512}=1.953125\approx 2[/tex]
Thus, the expected number of game plays until a player contests four or more opponents is 2.
Derek walks along a road which can be modeled by the equation y =2x, where (0,0) represents his starting point. When he reaches the point (7, 14), he turns right, so that he is traveling perpendicular to the original road, until he stops at a point which is due east of his starting point (in other words, on the x-axis). What is the point where Derek stops? Select the correct answer below: (39,0) (38, 0) (31,0) (29, 0) (35, 0) (30,0)
Answer:
(35,0)
Step-by-step explanation:
Consider the diagram below, the starting point is given as A and the finish point given as C.
Using similar right-angle triangle, we have that:
[tex]\frac{|AM|}{|BM|}= \frac{|BM|}{|MC|}\\\frac{7}{14}= \frac{14}{x}\\7x=14 X 14\\x=196/7=28[/tex]
Therefore to find the point where Derek stops at C, we first determine the distance |AC|
|AC|=7+28=35
The Coordinates at C where Derek stops is (35,0)
Derek walks along a road described by the equation y = 2x. At the point (7,14), he turns right and walks perpendicularly to his original path until he reaches the x-axis. Upon reaching the x-axis, his stopping point is at (35,0).
Explanation:When Derek reached the point (7,14), he turned right and started walking perpendicular to the original road. Given that this road is represented by the linear equation y = 2x, a perpendicular path would have a negative reciprocal slope. Therefore, the path he took after turning is represented by y = -1/2x + b. As he turned at the point (7, 14), substituting these coordinates into the equation provides b = 17.5. Since he stopped on the x-axis where y = 0, putting this into the equation gives x = 35. So, Derek stopped at (35,0).
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A 16-inch candle is lit and burns at a constant rate of 0.8 inches per hour. Let t represent the number of hours since the candle was lit, and suppose f is a function such that f(t) represents the remaining length of the candle (in inches) t hours after it was lit. a. Write a function formula for f. f(t)- 16-0.8t Previewb. What is the domain of f relative to this context? c. What is the range of f relative to this context?
Answer:
See the explanation.Step-by-step explanation:
a.
The initial length of the candle is 16 inch. It also given that, it burns with a constant rate of 0.8 inch per hour.
After one hour since the candle was lit, the length of the candle will be (16 - 0.8) = 15.2 inch.
After two hour since the candle was lit, the length of the candle will be (15.2 - 0.8) = 14.4 inch. The length of the candle after two hours can also be represented by {16 - 2(0.8)}.
Hence, the length of the candle after t hours when it was lit can be represented by the function, [tex]f(t) = 16 - 0.8t[/tex]. [tex]f(t) = 0[/tex] at t = 20.
b.
The domain of the function is 0 to 20.
c.
The range is 0 to 16.
The function formula for the given context is f(t) = 16 - 0.8*t. The domain of this function is from 0 to 20 hours, and the range is from 0 to 16 inches.
Explanation:The function you want to define for the scenario presented represents the remaining length, in inches, of the candle after being lit for a certain number of hours (t). Given that the initial length of the candle is 16 inches and burns at the constant rate of 0.8 inches per hour, the function will follow a linear format: f(t) = 16 - 0.8*t.
The domain of this function, referring to the permissible values for t in this context, would be any value greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 20 (since it would take 20 hours for the candle to completely burn down). Therefore, the domain of this function is [0, 20].
The range of this function will be the possible lengths the candle could have, depending on the time it has burned. As the candle was 16 inches long initially and reduces to 0 after burning for 20 hours, the range lies between 0 and 16 (inclusive). Thus, the range of this function is [0, 16].
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Let X denote the number of bars of service on your cell phone whenever you are at an intersection with the following probabilities: x 01 2 3 4 5 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.1 Determine the following: (a) F(x) (b) Mean and variance (c) P(X 2) (d) P(X 3.5)
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Hello!
Given the variable
X: number of bars of service on your cell phone.
The posible values of this variable are {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
a. F(X) is the cummulative distribution function P(X≤x₀) you can calculate it by adding all the point probabilities for each value:
X: 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5
P(X): 0.15; 0.25; 0.25; 0.15; 0.1; 0.1
F(X): 0.15; 0.4; 0.65; 0.8; 0.9; 1
The maximum cumulative probability of any F(X) is 1, knowing this, you can calculate the probability of X=5 as: 1 - F(4)= 1 - 0.9= 0.1
b.
The mean of the sample is:
E(X)= ∑Xi*Pi= (0*0.15)+(1*0.25)+(2*0.25)+(3*0.15)+(4*0.1)+(5*0.1)
E(X)= 2.1
V(X)= E(X²)-(E(X))²
V(X)= ∑Xi²*Pi- (∑Xi*Pi)²= 6.7- (2.1)²= 2.29
∑Xi²*Pi= (0²*0.15)+(1²*0.25)+(2²*0.25)+(3²*0.15)+(4²*0.1)+(5²*0.1)= 6.7
c.
P(X<2)
You can read this expression as the probability of having less than 2 bars of service. This means you can have either one or zero service bars, you can rewrite it as:
P(X<2)= P(X≤1)= F(1)= 0.4
d.
P(X≤3.5)
This expression means "the probability of having at most (or less or equal to) 3.5 service bars", this variable doesn't have the value 3.5 in its definition range so you have to look for the accumulated probability until the lesser whole number. This expression includes the probabilities of X=0, X=1, X=2, and X=3, you can express it as the accumulated probability until 3, F(3):
P(X≤3.5)= P(X≤3)= F(3)= 0.80
I hope it helps!
Suppose a computer engineer is interested in determining the average weight of a motherboard manufactured by a certain company. A summary of a large sample provided to the engineer suggest a mean weight of 11.8 ounces and an estimated standard deviation, sigma = 0.75. How large a sample size is required if want a 99% confidence interval, with a tolerable interval width of 0.4? How large a sample would we need if were interested in a 95% confidence interval with a tolerable width of 0.5?
Answer:
We need a sample size of at least 23 for a 99% confidence interval, with a tolerable interval width of 0.4.
We need a sample size of at least 9 for a 95% confidence interval with a tolerable width of 0.5,
Step-by-step explanation:
How large a sample size is required if want a 99% confidence interval, with a tolerable interval width of 0.4?
We have that to find our [tex]\alpha[/tex] level, that is the subtraction of 1 by the confidence interval divided by 2. So:
[tex]\alpha = \frac{1-0.99}{2} = 0.005[/tex]
Now, we have to find z in the Ztable as such z has a pvalue of [tex]1-\alpha[/tex].
So it is z with a pvalue of [tex]1-0.005 = 0.995[/tex], so [tex]z = 2.575[/tex]
Now, find the margin of error(width) as such
[tex]M = z*\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
In which [tex]\sigma[/tex] is the standard deviation of the population and n is the size of the sample.
For this item, we have:
[tex]M = 0.4, \sigma = 0.75[/tex]. So
[tex]M = z*\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
[tex]0.4 = 2.575*\frac{0.75}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
[tex]0.4\sqrt{n} = 1.93125[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{n} = \frac{1.93125}{0.4}[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{n} = 4.828125[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{n}^{2} = (4.828125)^{2}[/tex]
[tex]n = 23[/tex]
We need a sample size of at least 23 for a 99% confidence interval, with a tolerable interval width of 0.4.
How large a sample would we need if were interested in a 95% confidence interval with a tolerable width of 0.5?
We have that to find our [tex]\alpha[/tex] level, that is the subtraction of 1 by the confidence interval divided by 2. So:
[tex]\alpha = \frac{1-0.95}{2} = 0.025[/tex]
Now, we have to find z in the Ztable as such z has a pvalue of [tex]1-\alpha[/tex].
So it is z with a pvalue of [tex]1-0.025 = 0.975[/tex], so [tex]z = 1.96[/tex]
Now, find the margin of error(width) as such
[tex]M = z*\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
In which [tex]\sigma[/tex] is the standard deviation of the population and n is the size of the sample.
For this item, we have:
[tex]M = 0.5, \sigma = 0.75[/tex]. So
[tex]M = z*\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
[tex]0.5 = 1.96*\frac{0.75}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
[tex]0.5\sqrt{n} = 1.47[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{n} = \frac{1.47}{0.5}[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{n} = 2.94[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{n}^{2} = (2.94)^{2}[/tex]
[tex]n \cong 9[/tex]
We need a sample size of at least 9 for a 95% confidence interval with a tolerable width of 0.5,
A password is required to be 12 to 16 characters in length. Characters can be digits (0-9), upper or lower-case letters (A-Z, a-z) or special characters. There are 10 permitted special characters. There is an additional rule that not all characters can be letters (i.e. there has to be at least one digit or one special character.) How many permitted passwords are there? Give your answer in un-evaluated/un-simpli ed form and explain it fully.
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
You can find your answer in attached document.
The number of passwords is the sum from i=12 to 16 of 66^i minus the sum from i=12 to 16 of 52^i, representing all combinations of characters from length 12 to 16, excluding all-letter combinations.
Explanation:The subject of your question pertains to combinatorics, specifically about counting password possibilities. Given that we have 66 different characters (10 digits, 52 letters lower and upper-case and 10 special characters), we have 66^12 to 66^16 possibilities for the length. However, we need to exclude the passwords composed strictly of letters. There are 52 letter characters, so we have 52^12 to 52^16 such passwords. Hence, the number of permitted passwords, in un-evaluated/un-simplified form, is the sum from i=12 to 16 of 66^i minus the sum from i=12 to 16 of 52^i
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The director of a MPA program finds the incoming 200 students in the department with a mean GPA of 3.04 and a standard deviation of .57. Assuming that students' GAPs are normally distributed, what is the range of GPA of 95% students
Answer:
The range of GPA of 95% students is from 1.9 to 3.18.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Empirical Rule states that, for a normally distributed random variable:
68% of the measures are within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
95% of the measures are within 2 standard deviation of the mean.
99.7% of the measures are within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
In this problem, we have that:
Mean = 3.04
Standard deviation = 0.57
Assuming that students' GAPs are normally distributed, what is the range of GPA of 95% students
Within 2 standard deviations of the mean
3.04 - 2*0.57 = 1.9
3.04 + 2*0.57 = 3.18
The range of GPA of 95% students is from 1.9 to 3.18.
Which of the following random variables is geometric? The number of 1s in a row of 50 random digits. The number of tails when a coin is tossed 60 times. The number of digits in a randomly selected row until a 1 is found. The number of diamond cards obtained in a seven-card deal-out of a shuffled deck of 52 cards. The number of 1s when rolling a die 5 times.
Answer:
The number of digits in a randomly selected row until a 1 is found.
Final answer:
The random variable describing 'The number of digits in a randomly selected row until a 1 is found' is geometric, as it fits the criteria of a geometric distribution, which includes the number of trials needed for the first success, with constant success probability and independent trials.
Explanation:
The student has asked which of the given random variables is geometric. Among the options provided, the one describing a geometric random variable is "The number of digits in a randomly selected row until a 1 is found." A geometric distribution is concerned with the number of Bernoulli trials required to get the first success. In this case, obtaining a '1' when randomly selecting digits can be considered a success, and all trials are independent with the probability of success (getting a '1') remaining constant with each trial.
Other options such as the number of 1s in a row of 50 random digits or the number of tails when a coin is tossed 60 times describe binomial random variables, where we are interested in the number of successes within a fixed number of trials, not the trial number of the first success.
Let's use the results of the 2012 presidential election as our x0. Looking up the popular vote totals, we find that our initial distribution vector should be (0.5106, 0.4720, 0.0075, 0.0099)T. Enter the matrix P and this vector x0 in MATLAB:
Answer:
The code is as given below to be copied in a new matlab script m file. The screenshots are attached.
Step-by-step explanation:
As the question is not complete, the complete question is attached herewith.
The code for the problem is as follows:
%Defining the given matrices:
%P is the matrix showing the percentage of changes in voterbase
P = [ 0.8100 0.0800 0.1600 0.1000;
0.0900 0.8400 0.0500 0.0800;
0.0600 0.0400 0.7400 0.0400;
0.0400 0.0400 0.0500 0.7800];
%x0 is the vector representing the current voterbase
x0 = [0.5106; 0.4720; 0.0075; 0.0099];
%In MATLAB, the power(exponent) operator is defined by ^
%After 3 elections..
x3 = P^3 * x0;
disp("The voterbase after 3 elections is:");
disp(x3);
%After 6 elections..
x3 = P^6 * x0;
disp("The voterbase after 6 elections is:");
disp(x3);
%After 10 elections..
x10 = P^10 * x0;
disp("The voterbase after 10 elections is:");
disp(x10);
%After 30 elections..
x30 = P^30 * x0;
disp("The voterbase after 30 elections is:");
disp(x30);
%After 60 elections..
x60 = P^60 * x0;
disp("The voterbase after 60 elections is:");
disp(x60);
%After 100 elections..
x100 = P^100 * x0;
disp("The voterbase after 100 elections is:");
disp(x100);
The output is as well as the code in the matlab is as attached.
Answer:
The voter-base after 3 elections is:
0.392565, 0.400734, 0.109855, 0.096846
The voter-base after 6 elections is:
0.36168, 0.36294, 0.14176, 0.13362
The voter-base after 10 elections is:
0.35405, 0.34074, 0.15342, 0.15178
Step-by-step explanation:
This question is incomplete. I will proceed to give the complete question. Then I will add a screenshot of my code solution to this question. After which I will give the expected outputs.
Let's use the results of the 2012 presidential election as our x0. Looking up the popular vote totals, we find that our initial distribution vector should be (0.5106, 0.4720, 0.0075, 0.0099)T. Enter the matrix P and this vector x0 in MATLAB:
P = [ 0.8100 0.0800 0.1600 0.1000;
0.0900 0.8400 0.0500 0.0800;
0.0600 0.0400 0.7400 0.0400;
0.0400 0.0400 0.0500 0.7800];
x0 = [0.5106; 0.4720; 0.0075; 0.0099];
According to our model, what should the party distribution vector be after three, six and ten elections?
Please find the code solution in the images attached to this question.
The voter-base after 3 elections is therefore:
0.392565, 0.400734, 0.109855, 0.096846
The voter-base after 6 elections is therefore:
0.36168, 0.36294, 0.14176, 0.13362
The voter-base after 10 elections is therefore:
0.35405, 0.34074, 0.15342, 0.15178
The division of the company where you work has 85 employees. Thirty of them are bilingual, and 37% of the bilingual employees have a graduate degree. If an employee of this division is randomly selected, what is the probability that the employee is bilingual and has a graduate degree
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Hello!
You have two events.
A: The employee is bilingual.
The probability of the employee being bilingual is P(A)= 30/85= 0.35
And
B: The employee has a graduate degree.
Additionally, you know that the probability of an employee having a graduate degree given that he is bilingual is:
P(B/A)= 0.37
You need to calculate the probability of the employee being bilingual and having a graduate degree. This is the intersection between the two events, symbolically:
P(A∩B)
The events A and B are not independent, which means that the occurrence of A modifies the probability of occurrence of B.
Applying the definition of conditional probability you have that:
P(B/A)= [P(A∩B)]/P(A)
From this definition, you can clear the probability of the intersection between A and B
P(A∩B)= P(B/A)* P(A)= 0.37*0.35= 0.1295≅ 0.13
I hope it helps!
Final answer:
The probability that a randomly selected employee from the division is bilingual and has a graduate degree is approximately 12.9%.
Explanation:
The question asks for the probability that a randomly selected employee from a division with 85 employees is bilingual and has a graduate degree. We know that 30 employees are bilingual, and 37% of these bilingual employees have a graduate degree. To find this probability, we will perform a two-step calculation:
First, calculate the number of bilingual employees with a graduate degree by taking 37% of 30: number of bilingual employees with graduate degrees = 0.37 × 30.
Then, divide this number by the total number of employees to get the probability: probability that an employee is bilingual with a graduate degree = (number of bilingual employees with graduate degrees) / 85.
Now let's calculate the values:
0.37 × 30 = 11.1. Since we cannot have a fraction of a person, we'll round down to 11 bilingual employees with a graduate degree.
(11 / 85) = approximately 0.129, or 12.9%.
So, the probability that a randomly selected employee is bilingual and has a graduate degree is roughly 12.9%.
Which matrix multiplication is possible?
When calculating A×B, the number of columns of A = number of rows of B.
Thus, only last case is possible.
Before the distribution of certain statistical software, every fourth compact disk (CD) is testedfor accuracy. The testing process consists of running four independent programs and checking the results. The failure rates for the four testing programs are, respectively, 0.01, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01.a.(4pts) What is the probability that a CD was tested and failed any test
Answer:
P(T∩E) = 0.017
Step-by-step explanation:
Since every fourth CD is tested. Thus if T is the event that represents 4 disks being tested,
P(T) = 1/4 = 0.25
Let Fi represent event of failure rate. So from the question,
P(F1) = 0.01 ; P(F2) = 0.03 ; P(F3) =0.02 ; P(F4) = 0.01
Also Let F'i represent event of success rate. And we have;
P(F'1) = 1 - 0.01 = 0.99 ; P(F'2) = 1 - 0.03 = 0.97; P(F'3) = 1 - 0.02 = 0.98; P(F'4) = 1 - 0.01 = 0.99
Since all programs run independently, the probability that all programs will run successfully is;
P(All programs to run successfully) =
P(F'1) x P(F'2) x P(F'3) x P(F'4) =
0.99 x 0.97 x 0.98 x 0.97 = 0.932
Now, that all 4 programs failed will be = 1 - 0.932 = 0.068
Let E be denote that the CD fails the test. Thus P(E) = 0.068
Now, since testing and CD's defection are independent events, the probability that one CD was tested and failed will be =P(T∩E) = P(T) x P(E)= 0.25 x 0.068 = 0.017
Final answer:
The probability that a CD fails any of the four independent tests, given individual failure rates of 0.01, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01, is approximately 6.88%.
Explanation:
To calculate the probability that a CD fails any test, we should first understand that the probability of failing any particular test is the same as 1 minus the probability of passing that test. Given the failure rates of 0.01, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01 for the four independent tests, the probabilities of a CD passing each test are 0.99, 0.97, 0.98, and 0.99, respectively.
The probability that the CD passes all four tests is the product of the individual probabilities of passing each test (since the tests are independent):
P(pass all tests) = 0.99 * 0.97 * 0.98 * 0.99Subtracting this from 1 gives the probability that a CD fails at least one test:
P(fail any test) = 1 - P(pass all tests)Let's perform the calculation:
P(pass all tests) = 0.99 * 0.97 * 0.98 * 0.99 ≈ 0.9312
P(fail any test) = 1 - 0.9312 ≈ 0.0688
Therefore, the probability that a CD fails any test is approximately 0.0688 or 6.88%.