Answer:
Prepaid Insurance 3,490
Insurance Expense 1010
Explanation:
November 1, Year 1,
Insurance Expense recorded = $3,600
Unadjusted balances:
Insurance Expense = $4,410
Prepaid Insurance =$90
* Assuming prepaid of $90 is from other insurance policy of $900 for 10 months and it has only one month to expired 9 moths charged as 810 (9 x 90 ) .
Actual Prepaid balance = $90 + ( 3600 x 34/36) = 90 + 3400 = 3,490
Actual Insurance Expense = 4,410 -3400 = 1010
Answer:
Prepaid insurance: $3,400
Insurance expense: $1,100
Explanation:
Since Key Co. paid $3,600 to renew its policy for 3 three years, it means that the cost per month = $3,600 / 36 months = $100
So during year 1 it has to record two months worth of insurance or $200, that means that the prepaid insurance account should decrease by $200 = $3,600 - $200 = $3,400.
The actual amount of insurance expense = $4,410 + $90 (prepaid insurance not previously expensed) - $3,400 (prepaid insurance balance) = $1,100
Paul Davis wants to deposit a lump sum of money today for a vacation that he plans to take to Asia after he graduates from Graduate School. Which formula should he use to determine the amount of money he will have available for his vacation?
Paul Davis should use the compound interest formula, A = P(1 + r/n)^(NT), to determine how much money he will have for his vacation. This formula allows for the calculation of the future value of an investment taking into account the initial deposit, interest rate, compounding frequency, and time.
Explanation:Paul Davis should use the compound interest formula to determine the amount of money he will have available for his vacation. The compound interest formula is A = P(1 + r/n)^(NT), where A represents the amount of money accumulated after n years, including interest, P is the principal amount (the initial amount of money), r is the annual interest rate (in decimal form), n is the number of times that interest is compounded per year, and t is the time the money is invested for in years.
For instance, if he deposits $10,000 with an annual interest rate of 5% compounded annually for 3 years, he can substitute these values into the formula like so: A = $10,000(1 + 0.05/1)^(1*3). Solving this will give him the amount of money he will have after 3 years.
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When the _____ value of debt is the same as its face value, it is said to be selling at _____ value.
Answer:
When the market value of debt is the same as its face value, it is said to be selling at par value.
Explanation:
Face value and par value is same. When market price of the bond is same as the face value of the bond it is said that this debt is trading on its par value. Par or face value is the value on which bond is initially issued and the value mentioned on the face of the bond. So, When the market value of debt is the same as its face value, it is said to be selling at par value.
Mr. A owned 75% of the voting stock and 85% of the nonvoting stock of Corporation Y. Mr. A transferred property with a fair market value of $90,000 and an adjusted basis of $70,000 to Y for an additional 5% of the voting stock and 5% of the nonvoting stock. What is the amount of gain to be recognized by Mr. A?
Answer:
$0
Explanation:
Since Mr. A already owns 75% of common stock (and 85% of nonvoting stock), the extra 5% will result in a total of 80% (and 90%), that means that he cannot recognize any loss or gain resulting from this transaction. This applies to all stockholders that own at least 80% of a company's stocks and transfer property in exchange for more stocks.
At the center of consumer __________ is the purchase and use of a product, though this field of study also examines mental and social processes that come before and after these actions.
Answer: Behavior
Explanation:
The consumer behavior is the process of studying the various types of individual customers ideas about the products and the services for satisfying the actual requirement of the customers.
The consumer behavior plays an important role in recognizing the actual purpose of purchasing the products and also the purchasing behavior of customers.
According to the given question, the consumer behavior is basically refers to the thoughts of the customers that helps in examining the social and the mental process.
Therefore, Behavior is the correct answer.
Fernando was thrilled to find out that his company had just decided to invest a great deal of money in the product he was managing. He knows that even with its recent high rate of growth and the fact that it dominates its market, he would need more money to establish it firmly. Using the BCG portfolio analysis, his product would be classified as a:
a. star
b. dog.
c. cash cow.
d. anchor.
e. question mark.
Answer:
a. star
Explanation:
The summary of the Boston Consulting Group matrix is as follows:
1. Dogs: This relates to products with low growth or market share.
2. Question marks or Problem Child: This relates to products in high growth markets with low market share.
3. Stars: This relates to products in high growth markets with high market share.
4. Cash cows: This relates to products in low growth markets with high market share
Based on the above categorization, Fernando being thrilled to find out that his company had just decided to invest a great deal of money in the product he was managing, and that he knows that even with its recent high rate of growth and the fact that it dominates its market, will imply that his product is a STAR
Suppose at $10 the quantity demanded is 100. When the price falls to $8, the quantity demanded increases to 130. The price elasticity of demand (using the midpoint formula) between $10 and $8 is approximately:
Answer:
-$1.17
Explanation:
The computation of the price elasticity of demand using mid point formula is presented below:
= (change in quantity demanded ÷ average of quantity demanded) ÷ (percentage change in price ÷ average of quantity demanded)
where,
Change in quantity demanded is
= Q2 - Q1
= 130 - 100
= 30
And, an average of quantity demanded is
= (130+ 100) ÷ 2
= 115
Change in price is
= P2 - P1
= $8 - $10
= -$2
And, the average of price is
= ($8+ $10) ÷ 2
= 9
So, after solving this, the price is -$1.17
Assume that apples cost $0.50 in 2002 and $1 in 2009, whereas oranges cost $1 in 2002 and $1.50 in 2009. If 4 apples were produced in 2002 and 5 in 2009, whereas 3 oranges were produced in 2002 and 5 in 2009, then the GDP deflator in 2009, using a base year of 2002, was approximately _________.
Answer:
The value of GDP deflator was 1.67.
Explanation:
GDP deflator measures the inflation or change in price level. It is measured by calculating the ratio of nominal GDP and real GDP.
Nominal GDP is based on current market prices, whereas real GDP is based on constant or base prices.
The price of apples in 2002 is $0.5 and quantity is 4.
The price of oranges in 2002 is $1 and quantity is 3.
The price of apples in 2009 is $1 and quantity is 5.
The price of oranges in 2009 is $1.50 and quantity is 5.
Nominal GDP in 2009
= [tex](\$1\times 5) + (\$1.50\times 5)[/tex]
= $5 + $7.5
= $12.5
Real GDP on 2002 prices
= [tex](\$ 0.5 \times 5) + (\$1 \times 5)[/tex]
= $2.5 + $5
= $7.5
GDP deflator
= [tex]\frac{Nominal/ GDP}{Real/ GDP}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{\$12.5}{\$7.5}[/tex]
=1.67
The GDP deflator for 2009, using a base year of 2002, is approximately 133.33. This is calculated by dividing the nominal GDP by the real GDP for the year 2009 and then multiplying the result by 100.
Explanation:To calculate the GDP deflator for the year 2009, we firstly need to calculate the nominal GDP and the real GDP. Nominal GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced in the current year using the current year's prices, whereas real GDP uses the base year's prices.
In this case:
For 2009, the nominal GDP would be: 5 apples * $1/apple + 5 oranges * $1.50/orange = $10. The real GDP for 2009, using 2002 prices would be: 5 apples * $0.50/apple + 5 oranges * $1/orange = $7.5.
The GDP deflator then is given by the relation Nominal GDP/Real GDP * 100. Hence, the GDP deflator for 2009 using the base year 2002 would be $10/$7.5 * 100 = 133.33 (approximately). The GDP deflator essentially reflects the overall increase in prices when compared to the base year.
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The demand schedule for a good Group of answer choices
1. indicates the relationship between the price of the good and the price of other goods.
2. indicates the quantities of the good that people will buy at various prices.
3. illustrates the quantity producers will provide at alternative prices.
4. is determined primarily by the cost of producing the good.
Answer:
2. indicates the quantities of the good that people will buy at various prices.
Explanation:
Demand refers to an individual's willingness to buy a product in consideration for a price.
The law of demand states that more of a good is demanded at a lesser price and vice versa. When price of a good changes with other factors affecting demand remaining constant, the quantity demanded for that good changes which is termed as movement along the demand curve.
A demand schedule for a good represents the tabular relationship which shows the quantity demanded by customers at different price levels.
A demand schedule when represented graphically creates a downward sloping demand curve depicting inverse relationship between price of a good and it's quantity demanded.
A demand schedule indicates the quantities of a good people are willing to buy at different price levels. It's not primarily determined by the cost of producing the good or by the price of other goods. An example provided highlights the inverse relationship between price and demand.
Explanation:The demand schedule for a good Group from the given choices primarily indicates the quantities of the good that people are willing to buy at various prices. It doesn't primarily indicate the relationship between the costs of other goods, nor is it determined by the cost of producing the good itself. Instead, it shows a direct relationship between price and quantity. The higher the price, the less people are willing to purchase, and vice versa.
For instance, if the price of an apple is $1, maybe 100 people are willing to buy. But if the price rises to $2, the number of people willing to buy may decrease to 80. This is depicted by a demand schedule and the corresponding demand curve in economics.
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In which case is velocity the highest?
a. the price level equals 4, the money supply equals 5,000, and output equals 20,000.
b. the price level equals 4, the money supply equals 20,000 and output equals 5,000.
c. the price level equals 2, the money supply equals 5,000, and output equals 20,000.
d. the price level equals 2, the money supply equals 20,000 and output equals 5,000
Answer:
a. the price level equals 4, the money supply equals 5,000, and output equals 20,000.
Explanation:
Velocity = (price × output) / money supply
A. (4 × 20,000) / 5000 = 16
B. (4 × 5000) / 20000 = 1
C. (2 × 20,000) / 5000 = 8
D. (2 × 5000) / 10000 = 0.5
The highest velocity is option A.
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The difference between absorption costing net operating income and variable costing net operating income can be explained by the way these two methods account for ________. a. all overhead costs b. fixed overhead costs c. selling and administrative expenses d. variable overhead costs
Answer:
B) fixed overhead costs
Explanation:
Variable and fixed costs are considered the same for absorption costing net operating income, no difference is made between each type of cost.
On the other hand, variable costing net operating income does separate variable and fixed costs, that is why this system is more appropriate for cost-volume profit analysis.
Which of the following statementsis CORRECT?a.While the distinctions are becoming blurred, investment banks generally specialize in lending money, whereas commercial banks generally help companies raise capital from other parties.b.The NYSE operates as an auction market, whereasNasdaq is an example of a dealer market.c.Money market mutual funds usually invest theirmoney in a well-diversified portfolio of liquid common stocks.d.Money markets are markets for long-term debtand common stocks.e.A liquid security is a security whose valueis derived from the price of some other "underlying" asset.
Answer:
b.The NYSE operates as an auction market, whereas Nasdaq is an example of a dealer market.
Explanation:
There are major types of market: auction market and dealer market.
Auction market is a type of market where the seller and buyers simultaneously trade the offer price and the bid price for security. The offer price represents the lowest price a seller want for security while the bid price represents the highest price a buyer intends to purchase. The matching of the two prices will make transaction work.
NYSE represents avenue for this type of security trading. It provides platform for buyer and seller to simultaneously trade once the bid price matches the offer price.
On the hand, dealer market is platform whereby many seller or buyers can relay the price at they want to sell or buy a security and any intending seller or buyer can come to the market sell or buy at that price. In a dealer market, there are multiple dealers involves in a trading a security and the market maker provides transparency and liquidity to ensure a smooth running of the market. Nasdaq is a potent example of a dealer market.
So option B is correct.
Other options are contradictory.
You live in a community with many teenagers, and you work during the summer bagging groceries for a low hourly wage. How might living in a community with fewer teenagers looking for grocery bagging jobs affect your hourly wage?
A. Your wages would probably be lower because demand for baggers would be higher.
B. Your wages would probably be higher because the supply of baggers would be higher.
C. Your wages would probably be lower because the supply of baggers would be higher.
D. Your wages would probably be higher because demand for baggers would be higher.
Answer:
D. Your wages would probably be higher because demand for baggers would be higher.
Explanation:
If I live in a community with fewer teenagers looking for grocery bagging jobs, the supply of labour would be lower. This would lead to an excess of demand over supply, wages would rise as a result.
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When preparing the statement of cash flows using the indirect method, a decrease in current liabilities is added to the net income to arrive at net cash provided by operating activities.
a) true
b) false
Answer:
b) false
Explanation:
Operating activities: It contains those transactions that affect the after-net income working capital. It would subtract the increase in current assets and a decline in current liabilities, while adding the reduction in current assets and a rise in current liabilities.
Therefore, the given statement is false.
To say that a decrease in current liabilities is added to net income to arrive at net cash by operating activities is FALSE
When there is a decrease in current liabilities:
It is assumed that cash was used to pay off the liabilities Cash must have reduced as it flowed to the liabilitiesBecause cash has reduced as a result of this, that cash should be deducted from net income and not added so as to reach the net cash provided by operating activities.
In conclusion, this statement is false.
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On July 1, 2018, Nall Co. issued 2,500 shares of its $10 par common stock and 5,000 shares of its $10 par convertible preferred stock for a lump sum of $140,000. At this date Nall's common stock was selling for $24 per share and the convertible preferred stock for $18 per share. The amount of the proceeds allocated to Nall's preferred stock should be __________.a. $70,000.
b. $84,000.
c. $90,000.
d. $77,000.
Answer:
B) $84,000.
Explanation:
2,500 common stock x $24 market price per stock = $60,000
5,000 preferred stock x $18 market price per stock = $90,000
total market price = $150,000
since only $140,000 was received, the stock price must be adjusted by $140,000 / $150,000 = 93.33%
common stock = $60,000 x 93.33% = $56,000preferred stock = $90,000 x 93.33% = $84,000Identify the phase in the new product development process during which the item first acquires finite form. The concept generation phase The development phase The launch phase The concept or project evaluation phase
Answer: The correct answer is the TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT PHASE
Explanation: The new product process refers to the next product in a company's product line. It is a product that adopts or replacea an existing product. This process goes through different stages.
The technical development phase is however the phase during which the item acquires finite form - a tangible good or a specific sequence of resources and activities that will perform an intangible service.
An investment advisor has decided to purchase gold, real estate, stocks, and bonds in equal amounts. This decision reflects which part of the investment process? 1. Asset allocation 2. Investment analysis 3. Portfolio analysis 4. Security selection
Answer:
1. Asset allocation
Explanation:
By allocating assets the investment advisor has found a way to balance risk and reward for its investors by considering their risk tolerance, goals and objectives towards the investments and the investment time frame with which the investors are to recieve their Return on Investment (ROI) or also called Profit.
Athena Company's salaried employees earn two weeks of vacation per year. It pays $858,000 in total employee salaries for 52 weeks but its employees work only 50. Record Athena Company's weekly journal entry to record the vacation expense:a. Debit Vacation Benefits Expense $16.500: credit Vacation Benefits Payable $16,500 b. Debit Vacation Benefits Expense $17,160, credit Vacation Benefits Payable $17,160c. Debit Vacation Benefits Expense $17.875: credit Vacation Benefits Payable $17,875 d. None of the above
Answer:
a. Debit Vacation Benefits Expense $16.500: credit Vacation Benefits Payable $16,500
Explanation:
858,000 wages per year / 52 weeks per year = 16,500 per week
The weekly wages for our employees are 16,500 dollars
For each of the two weeks of vacations we will do an adjusting entry by this amount.
When Kendra's manager asked the team to come up with new ideas for attracting people to their trade show booth, Kendra suggested installing a video game in the booth. Which part of the rational decision making process does Kendra's idea exemplify?
a. Implement the solution.
b. Identify the problem.
c. Evaluate alternatives.
d. Think up alternative solutions.
Think up alternative solutions can be exemplified by Kendra.
Explanation:A multiple step process of making some important decisions based oin the evaluation of many alternatives refers to the rational decision making process. This process involves choosing an alternative based on the logic, analysis and the objectivity.
There will be many alternatives for a problem and choosing a best one after a deep analysis of all the alternatives is the important thing that is considered by a rational decision making process. In the example given, many ideas are invited by the manager of Kendra and the idea of Kendra that must exemplified should be thinking about the alternative solutions as they can be evaluated and best one can be selected from it.
A current asset is __________.a. the last asset purchased by a business. b. an asset which is currently being used to produce a product or service. c. usually found as a separate classification in the income statement. d. an asset that a company expects to convert to cash or use up within one year or the ope
Answer:
Right answer:
d. an asset that a company expects to convert to cash or use up within one year .
Explanation:
Current assests are expected to be sold , used, exhausted through the normal process of business operations. There´s an expectation that they can be converted to cash value over the next year period. They are short term assets for a company.
Amanda, the sales manager at an e-commerce fashion site, decides the annual, monthly, and weekly targets of all the salespersons in the company. She sets these targets in such a way that the salespersons work toward achieving the organizational goals. In this scenario, which of the following management functions is best illustrated in Amanda's work?
A) Organizing.
B) Controlling.
C) Leading.
D) Planning.
Answer:
n this scenario, which of the following management functions is best illustrated in Amanda's work?
D) Planning.
Explanation:
Planning
Planning can be defined as the act of formulating strategies to achieve a goal. Managers often use planning to lay out procedure that are to be followed in order to attain a certain goal. It involves the decisions on how to achieve set goals beforehand. It is a way that involves the consideration of future events and making a decision in advance on how to go about the specific future events. Planning has the following features;
1. Serves as a major managerial functions. Before performing other managerial functions like controlling, organizing and leading, a plan has to be set out to determine the best way of performing them. Thus planning serves as the foundation on for other managerial functions.
2. Goal oriented
A plan always stipulates the organizations goals. The plan has to be in line with the achievement of the goals, thus it helps drive the organization in a direction where there is high possibility of the fulfillment of the goals.
Baxter Company's merchandise inventory at the start of 2014 was $85,000. The company purchased inventory during 2014 in the amount of $323,000, and its inventory at the end of the year was $102,000. What was Baxter's Cost of Goods Sold for 2014?
Answer:
$306,000
Explanation:
The formula and the computation of the cost of good sold is shown below:
Cost of goods sold = Opening balance of merchandise inventory + Purchase made - ending balance of merchandise inventory
= $85,000 + $323,000 - $102,000
= $306,000
Basically we have applied the above formula to find out the cost of goods sold
A study examined the employment benefits of getting a PhD degree.PhD degree. The researchers made inferences based on employment rate data collected for a sample of individuals who took graduate entrance examinations required for PhD program admission.PhD program admission. All those who took exam in any of four selected periods were mailed a questionnaire.Those who responded to thequestionnaire were then sent three follow dash up surveys. The final sample of 3 ,853,785 represents only those individuals who responded to all four surveys. (For example, about 6,000 took the exam on one occasion: of these, only about only about 700 responded to to all four surveys.)a. For this study, describe the population of interest.A.All people who have a PhD.All people who have a PhD.B.All 3 comma 785 people who responded to all four surveys.All 3,785 people who responded to all four surveys.C.All people who are employed.D.All those who took the exam during the selected time period.All those who took the exam during the selected time period.
Answer:
Option D
Explanation:
This is the group whom the researcher wants to know more about and to draw inference from.
In which of the following phases of the new products process is the first full test-of-fit with manufacturing made? The launch phase The opportunity identification phase The concept generation phase The development phase
Answer:
The development phase
Explanation:
Every product goes through different phases till is manufactured and available for sale. Among these phases are identification phase, concept generation phase, development phase, launch phase, etc.
All of these phases have specific process that happen within them but for the purpose of this question, let's stick to the development phase.
The development phase of a product is the phase in which the product is designed and manufactured. The development starts with the manufacturing of a prototype and then it is tested for performance, etc The testing could be in the market or in a created environment, etc.
The results of this test is then put into consideration and its effect is taken into account. This helps to determine if the product should be redesigned or should have some parts of it removed or added, etc and ultimately decide whether to start full scale production of the product.
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Which of these best describes the tax rates shown in the graph?
As income increases, the percentage of tax paid decreases.
As income increases, the percentage of tax paid increases.
For all income levels, the percentage of tax paid is about 20 percent.
For all income levels, the percentage of tax paid is less than 20 percent.
Answer:
As income increases, the percentage of tax paid increases.
Explanation:
Which of these best describes the tax rates shown in the graph?
As income increases, the percentage of tax paid decreases.
As income increases, the percentage of tax paid increases.
For all income levels, the percentage of tax paid is about 20 percent.
For all income levels, the percentage of tax paid is less than 20 percent.
The following information pertains to Grey Co. on December 31, 17: Checkbook balance $12,000 Bank statement balance 16,000 Check drawn on Grey's account, payable to a vendor, dated and recorded 12/31/17 but not mailed until 1/10/18 1,800 On Grey's December 31, 17 balance sheet, what amount should be reported as cash?
Answer:
$13,800
Explanation:
Given that
Checkbook balance = $12,000
Bank statement balance = $16,000
Payable made to vendor = $1,800 but not mailed
So, the amount that is to be reported as a cash balance is shown below:
= Checkbook balance + Payable made to the vendor
= $12,000 + $1,800
= $13,800
As we have to find out the cash balance so we ignored the bank statement balance
In the 1950s, the economist Bela Balassa compared 28 manufacturing industries in the United States and Britain. In every one of the 28 industries, Balassa found that the United States had an absolute advantageLOADING.... In these circumstances, would there have been any gain to the United States from importing any of these products from Britain? Explain. A. Since the United States had an absolute advantage in all 28 industries, it also had a comparative advantage in each industry and would not have gained anything from importing any of these products from Britain. B. Even with an absolute advantage, the United States would have benefited from importing those products for which Britain had the same opportunity cost. C. Since the United States had an absolute advantage in all 28 industries, it had more bargaining power and would have gained from importing all of these products from Britain. D. Even with an absolute advantage, the United States would have benefited from importing those products for which Britain had a comparative advantage. E. Even with an absolute advantage, the United States would have benefited from importing those products that Britain could have produced at lower total cost.
Answer:
D) Even with an absolute advantage, the United States would have benefited from importing those products for which Britain had a comparative advantage.
Explanation:
The basis for foreign trade are comparative advantages, not absolute advantages. You must remember that in order for trade to be effective and long lasting, both sides must benefit from it, not just one side.
Resources are limited, and that applies to everyone, to every corporation and to every country. You might have an absolute advantage at producing everything, but your production possibilities frontier sets you a limit on what products or combination of products you can produce. Sometimes it might be beneficial to trade and receive some products that you could produce more efficiently, but their opportunity costs might be too high. Probably you can get them at lower costs from foreign suppliers and use those resources for producing something else.
During the year you own Nike stock earn a dividend of 1.25 per share. You own 720 shares.How much did you earn in dividends? How did you arrive at your answer?
Answer:
900 shares
Explanation:
Given that
Dividend per share = 1.25
Number of shares owned = 720 shares
So, the earning made due to dividend would be
= Number of shares owned × Dividend per share
= 720 shares × 1.25 per share
= 900 shares
We simply multiplied the number of shares with the dividend per share so that the correct value could come
Leonore's Luxury Leather Footwear Corp. conducted a SWOT analysis and determined that at least 57% of consumers would demand high-end footwear and their sales should increase by 18% in the next year. This vision of what could happen is known as a _____.
Answer: Forecast.
Explanation:
The predicted increase in sales of of the Leonore's Luxury Leather footware is an example of a forecast of future events. A forecast is an estimation of an event or trend that would possibly occur in the future.
You go to an all-you-can-eat buffet. Once you pay the price to enter the buffet, you can fill your plate as much as you want at no additional cost. If you maximize utility, the marginal utility of the last bite that you eat will be _______
Answer:
Zero
Explanation:
Marginal utility refers to the extra satisfaction derived, which is expressed in utils, when an additional unit of a commodity is consumed.
Total utility reaches it's maximum point when marginal utility is zero. As total utility begins to fall, the marginal utility becomes negative.
Alfred Marshall cited the law of diminishing marginal utility, which states, as more and more units of a commodity are consumed, the successive utility derived must fall.
In the given case, if utility is maximized, the marginal utility derived from the last bite eaten would be zero.
Suppose the government requires each firm to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by an equal amount such that total emissions are reduced by 7.0 million tons per year. Is this approach necessarily economically efficient? This command-and-control approach is efficient because reducing sulfur dioxide pollution by 7.0 million tons per year is where the marginal cost and marginal benefit of pollution reduction are equal. is efficient because each firm is reducing pollution by the same amount. is not efficient because some firms may still be generating pollution. is not efficient because firms can have different costs of reducing pollution. is efficient because it does not require the government to know the firms' cost of reducing pollution.
Answer:
is not efficient because firms can have different costs of reducing pollution.
Explanation:
Economic efficiency is the way a business maximises the use of factors of production (land, labor, capital) to produce output at a reduced cost. Efficiency aims to improve output and reduce cost to the barest minimum.
In this instance to individual cost required to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions is not considered by the government.
Since reduction of sulfur dioxide is equal among firms, some smaller ones may incur cost that will financially impair them and put them out of business.
While bigger firms will easily bear the cost.