name the metal with valency 3​

the final temperature after 840 Joules is absorbed by 10.0g of water at 25.0oC at 45°C.

Explanation:

Data given:

initial temperature (T)= 25 degrees Celsius

mass of water = 10 gram

cp of water = 4.2J/gram Celsius

energy absorbed (q) = 840 joules

change in temperature = final temperature(t2) - initial temperature (t1)

so ΔT ( t-25)

Using the equation.

q= mcΔT

putting the values in the equation:

840 = 10 x 4.2 x (t-25)

t -25 = [tex]\frac{840}{10 x 4.2}[/tex]

t = [tex]\frac{840}{10 x 4.2}[/tex] +25

  = 45 °C

The final temperature of 10 gram of water which absorbed 840 joules of energy at an initial temperature of 25 degrees and final temperature of 45 degrees.

According to specific heat capacity, the final temperature of water is 45°C.

Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius. It has units of calories or joules per gram per degree Celsius.

It varies with temperature and is different for each state of matter. Water in the liquid form has the highest specific heat capacity among all common substances .Specific heat capacity of a substance is infinite as it undergoes phase transition ,it is highest for gases and can rise if the gas is allowed to expand.

It is given by the formula ,

Q=mcΔT

The given values are ,

Q=840 J

m=10 g

c=4.2 J/g°C

T₁=25°C

Substitution of values in the formula gives,

[tex]840=10\times4.2\times(T_2-25)\\84=4.2 T_2-105\\T_2=\dfrac{84+105}{4.2}\\=45^\circ C[/tex]

Thus,  final temperature of water is 45°C.

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Explanation:

nounZOOLOGY

(in an insect or amphibian) the process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages

Answer: Metamorphosis is a process of the life cycle where an organism develops certain changes in its physical body.

Explanation: An example is the development of a cocoon to a larva changed into a pupa and finally into a butterfly.

Answer:

Cell membrane

Cellulose cell wall

Explanation:

The cell membrane is the structure that contains what goes in out of a cell. It is made up of double phospholipid layers.

This cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane. It is found in both plants and animal cells.

They regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell. They also provide structural support.

The cellulose cell well is a strong layer found in most plant cells. They are not found in animal cells. These structures are found just outside of the cell membrane in plants. They provide additional support for the cell They are rigid and not flexible.

Answer: 1: membrane 2: wall

Explanation: I got it wrong but it show me the answer

Answer:

The new pressure will increase.

Explanation:

If the temperature in a tank increases, the pressure inside the tank will also increase. This is one of the postulates of the general gas law.

Pressure exerted by a gas is it's force per unit area.

  "at constant volume, the pressure of a given mass or mole of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature" .

    The higher the pressure, the higher the temperature will be.

Since the complete parameters are not given, use this expression below:

         [tex]\frac{P_{1} }{T_{1} } = \frac{P_{2} }{T_{2} }[/tex]

where P and T are pressure and temperature

           1 and 2 represents initial and final states.

The new pressure in the tank when the temperature is increased to 85°C can be calculated using Charles's Law, which requires converting temperatures to Kelvin and then applying the formula P1/T1 = P2/T2.

To calculate the new pressure in the tank when the temperature is increased to 85°C, we can apply Charles's Law, which states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvin. This implies that if the temperature increases, the pressure will also increase proportionally. To find the new pressure P₂, we use the equation P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂, where P₁ is the initial pressure, T₁ is the initial temperature, P₂ is the final pressure, and T₂ is the final temperature.

For example, if a gas tank has an initial pressure P₁ of 1.0 atm at a temperature of 20°C (which is 293.15 K when converted to Kelvin), and the temperature is increased to 85°C (358.15 K in Kelvin), the new pressure P₂ can be calculated as follows:

P₂ = P₁ × (T₂ / T₁)

P₂ = 1.0 atm × (358.15 K / 293.15 K)

P₂ would then be calculated to find the pressure at the higher temperature.

Answer:

1. Nitric Acid

2. Hydrochloric Acid

3. Acetic Acid

4. Hydrogen bromide

5. Nitrous Acid

Explanation:

1. H2SO4

2. HF

3. H3PO4

4. H2CO3

5. H2S

P.S. make the numbers smaller ok?

Answer:

c both

Explanation:

the table is pushing up so the pushing force and gravity is the pulling force as its pulling it towards the ground

Answer:

mg3n2

Explanation:

Answer:

3Mg + N2 —> Mg3N2

Explanation:

The reaction between Mg and N2 is given below:

Mg + N2 —> Mg3N2

Now let us balance the equation:

There are 3 atoms of Mg on the right side and 1atom on the left side. It can be balance by putting 3 in front of Mg as shown below:

3Mg + N2 —> Mg3N2

Now the equation is balanced

Answer:

Change in volume on changing temperature from 33[tex]^{\circ}C[/tex] to 5[tex]^{\circ}C[/tex] is 5.49 mL

Explanation:

Initial volume of gas = V = 60 mL

Assuming final volume of gas to be V' mL

Initial temperature = T = 33[tex]^{\circ}C[/tex] = 306 K

Final temperature = T' = 5[tex]^{\circ}C[/tex] = 278 K

The relationship between volume and temperature of gas at constant pressure is shown below

[tex]\displaystyle \frac{V}{V'}=\displaystyle \frac{T}{T'} \\\displaystyle \frac{60\textrm{ mL}}{V'} = \displaystyle \frac{306\textrm{ K}}{T} \\V' = 54.51 \textrm{ mL} \\\textrm{Change in volume} = \left ( V-V' \right ) \\\textrm{Change in volume} = \left ( 60-54.51 \right )\textrm{ mL} \\\textrm{Change in volume} = 5.49 \textrm{ mL}[/tex]

Change in volume on changing temperature = 5.49 mL

Answer:

The coefficient of [tex]KClO_{3}[/tex]  , KCl and [tex]O_{2}[/tex] are 2, 2 and 3 respectively.

Explanation:

The heating of [tex]KClO_{3}[/tex] to give KCl and oxygen gas is an example of decomposition reaction.

The balanced reaction for the decomposition of [tex]KClO_{3}[/tex] is shown below

[tex]2KClO_{3}\rightarrow 2KCl+3O_{2}[/tex]

The coefficient of [tex]KClO_{3}[/tex] is 2

The coefficient of KCl is 2

The coefficient of [tex]O_{2}[/tex] is 3

Final answer:

In Chemistry, the decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO₃) is balanced to show that 2 moles of KClO₃ produce 3 moles of O₂. Therefore, 1.65 moles of KClO₃ will produce 2.475 moles of O₂.

Explanation:

The question involves balancing a chemical equation, which is a fundamental concept in Chemistry. You are seeking to find the coefficients for the decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO₃) into potassium chloride (KCl) and oxygen (O₂). The balanced equation for this decomposition is:

2 KClO₃(s) 2 KCl(s) + 3 O₂(g)

According to the stoichiometry, 2 moles of KClO₃ produce 2 moles of KCl and 3 moles of O₂. Thus, 1.65 moles of KClO3 will produce:

1.65 moles KClO₃ x (3 moles O₂ / 2 moles KClO₃) = 2.475 moles O₂

Answer: 2.475 moles of O₂ will be formed from 1.65 moles of KClO₃.

Answer: Elements in the same column are similar in their properties

Explanation: The columns on the periodic table are also know as group of the periodic table elements in the same group of the periodic table tends to have similar chemical properties because they all have the same number of valence electrons in their outermost shell. This plays an important roles in their reactivity and properties

Answer:

1. elements in the same column are similar in their properties

Explanation:

I got it right :)

During endothermic phase change, the potential energy of the system always increases while the kinetic energy of the system remains constant. The potential energy of the reaction increases because energy is been added to the system from the external environment.

Explanation:

Answer:

d. Potential energy increases, and kinetic energy stays the same.

Explanation:

This is correct on edge.

The answers to the Enthalpy and Phase Changes quiz are:

1. D 25.0 kJ

2. A Delta Hfus

3. C heat of fusion

4. D Potential energy increases, and kinetic energy stays the same.

5. B This is an exothermic reaction that involves freezing.

6. B a thermometer

7. C 549 g

8. B Energy is absorbed, and potential energy increases.

9. D a solid to a liquid

10. C the periodic table

Answer:

The pH value comes out to be 9.03. We will get an alkaline solution by the hydrolysis of the salt of a weak acid and a strong base.

Explanation:

[tex]KC_{2}H_{3}O_{2}[/tex]  is a salt of a weak acid acetic acid and a strong base KOH. This salt will hydrolyze in water to give an alkaline solution.

Assuming concentration (C) of the salt to be 0.2 M as it is not given.

[tex]K_{a}[/tex] of acetic acid = [tex]1.8\times 10^{-5}[/tex]

[tex]\textrm{pK}_{a} = -\textrm{ log}\left ( K_{a} \right ) \\\textrm{pK}_{a} = -\textrm{ log}\left ( 1.8\times 10^{-5} \right ) \\\textrm{pK}_{a} = 4.75[/tex]

The formula of pH on hydrolysis of salt of weak acid and strong base is given below

[tex]pH = \displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left ( pK_{w}+pK_{a}+\textrm{log}C \right ) \\pH = \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \left ( 14+4.75+\textrm{log}0.2 \right ) \\pH = 9.03[/tex]

The pH of solution comes out to be 9.03

To calculate the pH of a KC2H3O2 solution, determine the Kb of the acetate ion using the provided Ka for acetic acid and then calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions to finally find the pH of the solution through the formula pH = -log[H+].

To calculate the pH of a potassium acetate (KC2H3O2) solution, we must first understand the relationship between the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and the base dissociation constant (Kb) of its conjugate base, the acetate ion (C2H3O2-). Using the formula Kw = Ka × Kb, where Kw is the ion-product constant for water (1.0 × 10^-14 at 25°C), we can calculate Kb with the given Ka for acetic acid (1.8 × 10^-5).

First, solve for Kb:

Kb = Kw / Ka

Kb = (1.0 × 10^-14) / (1.8 × 10^-5)

Kb = 5.56 × 10^-10

Knowing the Kb value, we can then use the given concentration of the KC2H3O2 solution to find the hydroxide ion concentration [OH-] and subsequently the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]. The pH is then calculated using the formula pH = -log[H+]. The complete solution would include detailed calculations of [OH-], [H+], and pH, factoring in the initial concentration of the KC2H3O2 solution.

Cl2(s); oxidation number 1 is the incorrect choices in oxidation number.

Explanation:

In the elemental form oxidation state is zero. Here chlorine is present in elemental form so oxidation state is zero.

Oxidation number depends on the number of electrons gained or lost by an atom of the element say in compound formation.

If electron is gained oxidation number becomes negative.

If electron is lost then oxidation number is positive.

If the octet rule is fulfilled that valence shell is filled them atomic number gets zero. Since Cl2 is in neutral state the oxidation number is 0.

Oxidation number in general can be made out by checking the valency of the element as oxidation number is also equal to the valency.

Answer:

the answer would be "B"

Explanation:

Elements with the same number of valence electrons are found in the same column of the Periodic Table. All elements in the first column of the Periodic Table have 1 valence electron in an s orbital. These elements are known as Group 1A metals or alkali metals.

All elements within the same group  tend to possess the same number of outer electrons and the correct option is option B.

The periodic table is organized into groups (vertical columns), periods (horizontal rows), and families (groups of elements that are similar). Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.

Meanwhile, elements in the same period have the same number of occupied electron shells.

Elements are typically classified as either a metal or nonmetal.

Metal elements are usually good conductors of electricity and heat. The subgroups within the metals are based on the similar characteristics and  chemical properties of these collections

Therefore, All elements within the same group  tend to possess the same number of outer electrons and the correct option is option B.

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Answer: It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains

Explanation:

The statement best describes the Italian peninsula, it is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains.

It is also known as the Apennines peninsula, and it is extended from the southern Alps to the northern Mediterranean Sea.

It is one of the three greatest peninsulas.

This peninsula was started to be formed in 1861.

Thus, the correct option is C, It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains.

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Answer:

precipitation and evaporation

Explanation:

salinity :salt concentration

Precipitation: this brings freshwater into the ocean which are not salty, so it is diluting its salt concentration.

evaporation: takes all the water and leaves the salt behind

Role of early genetic engineering for animal

Explanation:

Genetic engineering is the process of artificial alteration or manipulation of the original genetic makeup of an organism and then modification and recombination using technologies like the DNA recombinant technology.  

Early genetic engineering began with expressing specific bacterial genes by Cohen in 1973. Later due to various anxieties arising about hazardous reshaping of genetic systems, it came to a slowdown.

Then all these anxieties were subdued with the advent of DNA recombinant plasmid-based technology which was very helpful to understand the molecular genetic mechanisms in animals.

In animals genetic engineering is mainly used to find genes responsible for beneficial traits or characters introduce them into another animal’s genome and create a new offspring with the beneficial character.

The first animal which was created by genetic engineering was a mouse by Rudolf Jaenisch in 1974. Later many transgenic animals were developed like chicken, mice, cattle, sheep, pig etc.  

Answer:

I'm pretty sure it's B

Explanation:

Blood flung off swinging objects creates a type of spatter known as cast-off, different from arterial spray, expirated blood patterns, or void patterns. Option C is correct.

Blood that is flung off of swinging objects creates a type of spatter known as cast-off. This typically occurs when blood on an object, such as a weapon, is flung into the surrounding area when the object is quickly swung or moved.

It can be distinguished from other types of spatter, such as arterial spray, which is characterized by the pulsating pattern of blood that spurts out with each heartbeat, or expirated blood patterns, which are caused by blood that is expelled from the mouth or nose from an internal injury. Void patterns occur when an object blocks the deposition of blood spatter onto a surface or object, creating a blank space within the bloodstained area.

Hence, C. is the correct option.

1. 0.240 liters of water would be needed to dissolve 21.6 g of lithium nitrate to make a 1.3 M (molar) solution.

2. 2.9 M is the molarity of a solution made of 215.1 g of HCl is dissolved to make 2.0 L of solution.

3.83.3 ml of concentrated 18 M H2SO4 is needed to prepare 250.0 mL of a 6.0 M solution.

4. 135 ml of stock HBr will be required to dilute the solution.

5. 150 ml of water should be added to 50.0 mL of 12 M hydrochloric acid to make a 4.0 M solution

6. The pH of the resulting solution is 13.89

Explanation:

The formula used in solving the problems is

number of moles= [tex]\frac{mass}{atomic mass of one mole}[/tex]      1st equation

molarity = [tex]\frac{number of moles}{volume}[/tex]            2nd equation

Dilution formula

M1V1 = M2V2          3rd equation

1. Data given

mass of Lithium nitrate = 21.6 grams

atomic mass of on emole lithium nitrate = 68.946 gram/mole

Molarity is given as 1.3 M

VOLUME=?

Calculate the number of moles using equation 1

n = [tex]\frac{21.6}{68.946}[/tex]

  = 0.313 moles of lithium nitrate.

volume is calculated by applying equation 2.

volume = [tex]\frac{0.313}{1.3}[/tex]

            = 0.240 litres of water will be used.

2. Data given:

mass of HCl = 215.1 gram

atomic mass of HCl = 36.46 gram/mole

volume = 2 litres

molarity = ?

using equation 1 number of moles calculated

number of moles = [tex]\frac{215.1}{36.46}[/tex]

number of moles of HCl = 5.899 moles

molarity is calculated by using equation 2

M = [tex]\frac{5.899}{2}[/tex]

   = 2.9 M is the molarity of the solution of 2 litre HCl.

3. data given:

molarity of H2SO4 = 18 M

Solution to be made 250 ml of 6 M

USING EQUATION 3

18 x V1= 250 x 6

V1 = 83.3 ml of concentrated 18 M H2SO4 will be required.

4. data given:

M1= 10M, V1 =?, M2= 3 ,V2= 450 ml

applying the equation 3

10 x VI = 3x 450

V1 = 135 ml of stock HBr will be required.

5. Data given:

V1 = 50 ml

  M1= 12 M

  V2=?

  M2= 4

applying the equation 3

50 x 12 = 4 x v2

V2 = 150 ml.

6. data given:

HCl + NaOH ⇒ NaCl + H20

molarity of NaOH = 0.525 M

volume of NaOH = 25 ml

molarity of acid HCl= 75 ml

volume of HCl = 0.335 ml

pH=?

Number of moles of NaOH and HCl is calculated by using equation 1 and converting volume in litres

moles of NaOH = 0.0131

moles of HCl= 0.025 moles

The ratio of moles is 1:1 . To find the unreacted moles of acid and base which does not participated in neutralization so the difference of number of moles of acid minus number of moles of base is taken.

difference of moles = 0.0119  moles ( NaOH moles is more)

Molarity can be calculated by using equation 1 in (25 +75 ml) litre of solution

molarity = [tex]\frac{0.0119}{0.1}[/tex]

             = 0.11 M (pOH Concentration)

14 = pH + pOH  

  pH  = 14 - 0.11

     pH    = 13.89

The first ingredient to run out would be the chocolate chips.

A limiting reactant is a reactant that determines the amount of product that would be formed in a reaction.

In this scenario, the ratio of flower to chocolate chips to sugar to milk for a 100 cookies is 1:100:1:0.5.

The ratio of the same ingredients bought in the store is  5:300:6:16

Note: 16 cups = a gallon

To the lowest ratio: 5:300:6:16 = 1:60:1.2:3.02

Since the ratio of flour to chocolate chips is 1:100, it means that the chocolate chips would be the first to run out first and thus, the limiting reactant.

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Answer:

The equilibrium constant for the reaction comes out to be 7.145

Explanation:

Given concentration of all the species at equilibrium are shown below

[tex]\left [ SO_{2} \right ] = 0.42 \textrm{ M}, \left [ O_{2} \right ] = 0.21 \textrm{ M}, \left [ SO_{3} \right ] = 0.072 \textrm{ M}[/tex] \\

Given reaction is shown below

[tex]2\textrm{SO}_{3}\left ( g \right )\rightleftharpoons 2\textrm{SO}_{2}\left ( g \right )+\textrm{O}_{2}\left ( g \right )[/tex]

[tex]K_{eq} = \displaystyle \frac{\left [ SO_{2} \right ]^{2}\times \left [ O_{2} \right ]}{\left [ SO_{3} \right ]^{2}} \\K_{eq} = \displaystyle \frac{\left ( 0.42 \right )^{2}\times 0.21}{\left ( 0.072 \right )^{2}} \\K_{eq} = 7.145[/tex]

[tex]K_{eq}[/tex] for the reaction is 7.145

The equilibrium constant (Keq) for the reaction 2SO3(g) -> 2SO2(g) + O2(g) is calculated using the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products and the formula Keq = ([SO2]^2 * [O2]) / ([SO3]^2), yielding an approximate value of 7.15.

The student is asking how to calculate the equilibrium constant (Keq), also referred to as the equilibrium constant Kc, for the reverse reaction 2SO3(g) -> 2SO2(g) + O2(g) given the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products. To calculate Keq, we use the following equilibrium expression:

Keq = ([SO2]^2 * [O2]) / ([SO3]^2)

Substituting the equilibrium concentrations into the expression gives:

Keq = (0.422 * 0.21) / (0.0722)

Keq = (0.1764 * 0.21) / (0.005184)

Keq = 0.037044 / 0.005184

Keq = 7.146 (rounded to three significant figures)

Therefore, the value of the equilibrium constant (Keq) for the reaction 2SO3(g) -> 2SO2(g) + O2(g) is approximately 7.15.

The decrease in the volume of gas at constant pressure results in the final temperature of the gas is 115.05 K.

The Charles law states that with the gas constant pressure there has been a proportional relationship between the volume and temperature.

At constant pressure, the relationship between the temperature and volume can be given by:

[tex]\rm \dfrac{Initial\;volume}{\Initial\;Temperature}\;=\;\dfrac{Final\;Volume}{Final\;Temperature}[/tex]

For the given gas, the final temperature can be calculated as:

[tex]\rm \dfrac{350\;ml}{298.15\;K}\;=\;\dfrac{135\;ml}{Final\;temperature}[/tex]

1.173 = [tex]\rm \dfrac{135\;ml}{Final\;temperature}[/tex]

Final temperature = [tex]\rm \dfrac{135\;ml}{1.173\;K}[/tex]

Final temperature = 115.05 K.

The reduction in the volume of gas at constant pressure results in the final temperature of the gas is 115.05 K.

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Using Charles's Law, we can calculate that the final temperature of the gas at constant pressure when its volume is decreased from 350 mL at 25°C to 135 mL is -157.95°C.

The student is asking about the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas held at constant pressure, which can be described using Charles's Law. According to this law, at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin). To find the final temperature when the volume of 350 mL of gas at 25°C is decreased to 135 mL, we can set up the proportion:

V1 / T1 = V2 / T2

where:

First, we need to convert the initial temperature from Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15 (T1 in Kelvin is 298.15 K). Then we can solve for T2:

(350 mL / 298 K) = (135 mL / T2)

Multiplying both sides by T2 and then by 298 K, we get:

T2 = (135 mL * 298 K) / 350 mL = 115.2 K

Converting back to Celsius, we subtract 273.15 from 115.2 K to get -157.95°C, which is the final temperature of the gas at constant pressure.

OH- is common to bases.

Explanation:

The base is a is an ionic compounds which when placed in aqueous solution dissociates in to a cation and an anion OH-.

The presence of OH- in the solution shows that the solution is basic or alkaline.

From Bronsted and Lowry concept base is a molecule that accepts a proton for example in NaOH, Na is a proton donor and OH is the proton acceptor.

A base accepts hydrogen ion and the concentration of OH is always higher in base.

There is a presence of conjugate acid and conjugate base in the Bronsted and Lowry acid and base.

Conjugate acid is one which is formed when a base gained a proton.

Conjugate base is one which is formed when an acid looses a proton.

And from the Arrhenius base Theory, the base is one that dissociates in to water as OH-.

Answer:

metal and OH-

Explanation:

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The barcode is being read by a laser that scans along the length of the sequence, reflecting more light from the white strips and less from the  black strips. Hope this helps!

Answer:

The Answer is A

Explanation:

Had it before

Answer:

it is important because in that way chemist can see lowest possible number of reactants in chemical reaction needed to form product of reaction. Coefficients with the lowest ratio indicate the relative amounts of substances in a reaction.

Explanation:

Answer:

Answer of question a is 345J.

Explanation:

In question a following is given in data:

-mass of iron (m) = 10.0 g

-temperature (ΔT) = final temperature- initial temperature= 100-25=  75 degree Celsius

-Specific Heat capacity of iron (c)= 0.46J/g°C.

Heat (Q)=?

Solution:

Formula for Heat is :

Q=m x c x ΔT

Q= 10 x 0.46 x 75

Q= 345 J.  

so, 345 joules of heat is needed to increase the temperature of 10 grams of iron.

To find the amount of heat required or released, use the formula q = m × c × ΔT, applying the given values for mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change.

To solve the heat calculation problems, we use the formula q = m × c × ΔT, where q is the heat absorbed or released, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity of the substance, and ΔT is the change in temperature (final temperature minus initial temperature).

For example, to calculate how much heat is required to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of iron from 25°C to 100.0°C, given that the specific heat capacity of iron is 0.46 J/g°C, we apply the formula: q = (10.0 g) × (0.46 J/g°C) × (100.0°C - 25°C). Calculating this gives q = 345 J, meaning 345 Joules of heat is required.

Answer:

It is termed a buffering agent

Explanation:

A buffering agent consist of a weak acid and a base that is used to maintain the acidity of a solution after the addition of

another acid or base

A buffer is used to prevent any rapid change in ph

Answer:

Bond length or bond distance is defined as the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule.

Explanation:

Answer:

In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is defined as the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule.

Explanation:

It is a transferable property of a bond between atoms of fixed types, relatively independent of the rest of the molecule.