In watermelons, bitter fruit (B) is dominant over sweet fruit (b), and yellow spots (S) are dominant over no spots (s). The genes for the two characteristics assort independently. A homozygous plant that has bitter fruit and yellow spots is crossed with a homozygous plant that has sweet fruit and no spots. The F1are intercrossed to produce the F2.
a) What will the phenotypic ratio be in the F2 generation?
b) If an F1 plant is backcrossed with the bitter, yellow spotted parent what phenotypes and proportions are expected in the offspring?
c) If an F1 plant is backcrossed with the sweet, nonspotted parent what phenotypes and proportions are expected in the offspring?

Hypotension will  cause the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure to increase and capillary hydrostatic pressure to decrease. The net filtration pressure will be reduced favoring the absorption .

Explanation:

Hypotension refers to reduced blood pressure. Decrease in blood pressure results in reduced filtration pressure on capillary walls. This reduces the filtration of water and solutes into the tissue fluid but will favor the movement of water from tissue to blood. So we can say that net filtration pressure will be reduced.

Hypotension leads to a reduction in capillary hydrostatic pressure and net filtration pressure due to a decrease in the pushing force that drives fluid out of capillaries and into tissues or the Bowman's capsule in kidneys.

Hypotension would have a significant effect on the capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient and net filtration pressure. In a patient with a normal blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) but dangerously low blood pressure, the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) would be lower than normal. Recalling that net filtration pressure (NFP) is the difference between the blood hydrostatic pressure and the sum of the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure, it follows that with lower CHP (due to hypotension), there would be a decrease in the CHP compared to the constant BCOP.

Consequently, this would lead to a reduced NFP, thus affecting the filtration and movement of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial tissue spaces or Bowman's capsule in the kidneys. The lower the blood pressure, the more it can impair renal function and increase the risk of conditions such as shock.

Answer:

The correct answer is d. temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell.

Explanation:

Answer:

Blood flow is directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is inversely proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

Explanation:

Blood flow is determined by the pressure difference and the resistance of the vessel. Pressure difference drives the flow of blood while resistance impedes the flow. Ohm’s law shows the relationship between blood flow, peripheral resistance and pressure difference.

(Q=∆P/R)

Flow= Q

Pressure difference = ∆P

Resistance = R

This equation shows  a direct proportion between the flow of blood and pressure difference. The relationship between blood flow and resistance is shown as an inverse proportion by the equation. A change in resistance is the the mechanism that changes direction of blood flow in vessels.

The flow of the blood should be directly proportional to the blood pressure difference. The flow of blood should be inversely proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

Blood flow is measured by taking the difference of the pressure and the vessel resistance. The difference of the pressure-driven the blood flow while on the other hand, the resistance impedes the flow. Ohm law represent the relationship between the flow of the blood resistance and the pressure difference.

(Q=∆P/R)

Here Flow= Q

Pressure difference = ∆P

Resistance = R

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Answer:

1 - A , 2 - E , 3 - D

Explanation:

The correct pairing between the example situations and the types of data given in the question are;

Deaths certificated are statistical data for measuring and keeping track of different aspects of the population so 1 can be paired with the option A.

One cow being diagnosed with mad cow disease and the slaughter of the entire herd as a precaution can be an example of syndromic surveillance and paired with the option E.

Questioning a certain number of adolescents about their smoking behavior is an example of survey data which is given in option D.

I hope this answer helps.

The examples represent statistics, single case or small number of cases, and survey data.

The type of data illustrated by each example is as follows:

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Answer:

Behavioral Genetics

Explanation:

Behavioral genetics or behavior genetics is a field of scientific study that make use of genetic methods to study an individual's behavior. In general, it is the study of the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior.

Studies have shown that one's behavior is greatly linked to one's genetics and environmental exposure.

Answer:

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the human body undergoes a process of adaptation or tolerance to stress, which requires an increase in levels of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol, so it is observed rise the levels of GHRH and CRH.

Explanation:

General adaptive syndrome is a product of the stress to which an individual is subjected, causing a number of symptoms reflecting the loss of normal body balance, symptoms that can be both physical and psychological. This syndrome has three phases:

The second phase, resistance, is due to an adaptation or tolerance when the stressful stimulus is maintained. At this stage, an increase in blood levels of growth hormone and cortisol -which contribute to the stress tolerance process- is usually observed, increasing the bioavailability of blood glucose and endogenous steroids.

Both GHRH (somatocrin) and CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) are produced by the hypothalamus and activate the release of GH and adrenocorticopotrotrope hormone (CRH) by the pituitary gland, producing:

In the resistance phase of general adaptative syndrome, GHRH and CRH levels increase to regulate adaptive changes that occur in the body of the individual who has it.

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Answer:statistics is a science that teaches how to effectively generate data ,input our data collected and analyze it. Almost every human collect data at every point in time depending on your field. For an exercise practioner he could collect data on the number of people his practicing with,analyze and make meaningful interpretation of the result,data can be collected on plants etc.

Explanation:The knowledge of statistics is for everyone and not limited for certain discipline the rate of use is what differs.

Answer:

Humanism

Explanation:

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs has a crucial step which is Self-actualization. He and his theory fall under humanistic approach which is why answer should be humanism.

Euglena is green in color because of the chlorophyll that is contained in the chloroplast of that organism and the body structure that is located at its base is known as flagellum .

Explanation:

Euglena are species that are found in the fresh and salt water. They are abundantly found in inland waters where they manage themselves to bloom in large amount and color the water surface of ditches and ponds green.

This green color which them form are mainly due to the chlorophyll that is contained in the chloroplast of the organism. chlorophyll is known to be the pigment that is responsible for the green color.It is the cause for the green color in this case too.

Euglena contains a specialized body structure which is located at the base of the tail by which it manages to move.

This specialized structure is known as Flagellum.

Answer:

Euglena is green because it contains chloroplasts. The structure located at the base of the tail (the flagellum) is called the photoreceptor. The photoreceptor detects light, while the chloroplasts produces sugars through photosynthesis.

Answer:

543

Explanation:

Given is the frequency of the dominant allele in the population (p)= 0.554

Since the locus has two alleles and the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive allele (q) of the same locus would be= 1-0.554= 0.446

Frequency of heterozygous genotype in the given population = 2pq= 2 x 0.554 x 0.446= 0.4941

Now, the number of heterozygous genotype in the given population= 0.4941 x 1099= 543.0159 = 543

To calculate the expected number of heterozygotes in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, apply the formula 2pq multiplied by the population size. The dominant allele frequency is given as 0.554 for the apple fly maggots, with the frequency of heterozygotes 2 × 0.554 × 0.446 × 1099, rounded to the nearest integer.

The student is asking about the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), which is a principle in population genetics that provides a mathematical model to study allele frequencies in a population under certain conditions. The given information includes the population size (1099 apple fly maggots) and the allele frequency of the dominant allele (0.554) at the ADH locus. To find the expected number of heterozygotes in a population at HWE, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is used, which states that the frequency of two alleles (p and q, where p + q = 1) within a population can be used to calculate the frequencies of genotypes. The frequency of heterozygotes is 2pq.

Using this information, the expected number of heterozygotes is calculated as follows:

After performing these calculations, remember to round off the final answer to the nearest whole number, as you cannot have a fraction of an organism.

Answer:

The correct answer is option C.

Explanation:

Phospholipase C comes in the category of membrane-associated enzymes, which plays an essential role in the cell physiology of eukaryotes, mainly in the process of signal transduction. One of the general features of the phospholipase C pathway is that it enhances the concentration of calcium within the cell's cytoplasm.  

With the stimulation of phospholipase C within a cell, calcium generally gets discharged from the intracellular compartments, which eventually results in the upsurge of calcium levels within the cell's cytoplasm.  

Answer:

dominant traits cancel out a recessive trait, two dominant traits, such as blue eyes from both parents would equal an 100% dominant trait for blue eyes in the offspring

Answer:

A dominant trait is an inherited trait or characteristic that appears in an offspring and covers the effects of another allele and/or prevails or exhibit its trait above another.

Answer:

Chlorhexidine

Explanation:

Chlorhexidine is a guanide compound containing the two chlorine molecules attached to the two phenolic rings (two 4-chlorophenyl rings) and two biguanide group.

The chlorhexidine is used as an antiseptic (antibacterial) as the positive charge of molecule interacts with the negatively charged batteries membrane and disrupts the structure of bacteria.

This molecule then enters the cell and cause intracellular leakage and leads to the death of the cell.

Thus, Chlorhexidine is the correct answer.

Chlorhexidine is the antiseptic compound containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, used often in medical settings for various sanitizing purposes due to its ability to disrupt cell membranes and gel cell contents.

The compound in question that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is used for hand scrubbing, neonatal washes, wound degerming, and prepping surgical skin sites, is chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine is a bisbiguanide, meaning it can disrupt cell membranes causing cell contents to gel. This compound is commonly used in healthcare settings due to its efficacy as a disinfectant and antiseptic.

As a bisbiguanide, chlorhexidine is not only effective against a broad range of microbes but also can maintain its effectiveness in the presence of organic matter, making it a reliable choice for situations where contamination risk is high. It is important to note that while other chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and iodine are also used for disinfection, chlorhexidine is specifically known for its use in the mentioned applications.

Answer:

c. Record their energy use, because all living organisms acquire and use energy.

Explanation:

The only way to demonstrate in a dehydrated state that the tardigrades are alive is to record their energy use, because all living organisms acquire and use energy.

There can only be movement among the tardigrades only when water is added.

Answer:

E. Nucleus

Explanation:

All living organisms were classified into three major domains viz: Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria. Eukarya are referred to as EUKARYOTES while the other two domains are collectively referred to as PROKARYOTES.

The major basis of this classification is the presence or absence of a membrane bound NUCLEUS. Eukaryotes are organisms characterized by the possession of a membrane-bound nucleus that houses their genetic material (DNA) while prokaryotes lack a nucleus and hence, their genetic material is found naked in the cytoplasm. Although, prokaryotic cells lack other membrane-bound organnelles like Chloroplast, mitochondria etc. but nucleus is the basis of this classification:

EU meaning TRUE, KARYA meaning NUCLEUS, hence Eukarya means organisms will true nucleus.

Answer:Information, in the form of nerve impulses, reaches the spinal cord through sensory neurons of the PNS. These impulses are transmitted to the brain through the interneurons of the spinal cord. ... The spinal cord is thus responsible for mediating all information flow between the body and the brain.

Explanation:

Answer:

Reticulation

Explanation:

Reticulation is a process which explains the origin of many organisms formed by the merging of the two lineages. The species are formed when the species in the evolutionary process got scattered, formed two lineages and then again reproduced and merged.

Studies suggest that the origin of many species in the angiosperm phylum is the result of the process of the reticulation.

Thus, Reticulation is the correct answer.

Answer: Rinsing with alcohol during the washing step stripped the bacteria off the glass slide.

Explanation:

The step that is being wrong in the whole experiment is that the student is washing the bacteria on the slide with alcohol.

Alcohol might have washed off all the bacteria as it is corrosive in nature. The bacteria that is going to be observed in the experiment is being killed when it is washed off.

This was the wrong step opted by the student if he finds any alternative solution to this then the bacteria can be observed in the microscope.

Answer:

The answer is A  (The new DNA molecule is identical to the original DNA.)

Explanation: Just did it on edge 2020

The best statement that describes the outcome of DNA replication is that the new DNA molecule is identical to the original DNA.

DNA replication is the process by which new sequence of nucleotides are synthesized from an original DNA template.

In DNA replication, the old strand of DNA is unwind into two single stranded DNA. The single stranded DNA serves as a template for the new DNA strand.

Since the new DNA is synthesized from the old strand of DNA, therefore, the new DNA molecule is identical to the original DNA.

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Answer:

Advantages :

Explanation:

Answer:

What are so called breast-cancer genes, are mutations in two genes: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene two), and are also associated with ovaric cancer. According to the question, these genes are present in the popolation despite surgeries and deaths, and asks why. Surgeries does not eliminate the genes, they eliminate the tumors, and people can still reproduce after that. And also, most people already had offspring before they know they have cancer, so they are inheriting the mutations on the genes anyway.

Explanation:

Answer:

Cancer related surgeries have absolutely no way to remove genes.

For example, BRC1 is a gene, inherited from a parent, which has been linked to breast cancer. You start out as one cell which divides again and again making copies of itself and eventually become a baby etc. Whatever genes were present at conception are in all of your cells. A surgery doesn't remove these genes, just the tumor.

As for death, in order for natural selection to take place and thus remove a deleterious gene from the population, those who have the gene have to be affected by it BEFORE they have kids.

Say for example a baby gets a mutation that causes a new disease no one has ever heard of. They die when they're 5 years old. After they die, there are no more copies of this bad gene in the population.

With breast cancer most women are in their 50's when diagnosed. This means they have already had kids and passed on their genes. To top it off all if their kids inherit a gene such as BRC1 from their mom, they they pass it on to their kids before they develop cancer and die (if they even get cancer).

Using the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the proportion of the population in equatorial Africa susceptible to sickle-cell anemia is calculated as q², where 'q' is the frequency of the recessive sickle-cell allele (20%). Thus, q² = 0.20²= 0.04 or 4% of the population is susceptible under typical conditions.

To determine what proportion of the population should be susceptible to sickle-cell anemia under typical conditions in equatorial Africa where the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the hemoglobin alleles, we use the Hardy-Weinberg principle. Assuming the population is in equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive allele 's' (sickle-cell allele) is 0.20 (or 20%). The frequency of the normal allele 'A' will be 1 - 0.20 = 0.80 (or 80%).

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the proportion of homozygous recessive individuals is calculated as p² for homozygous dominant, 2pq for heterozygous, and q² for homozygous recessive, where 'p' is the dominant allele frequency and 'q' is the recessive allele frequency. Therefore, the proportion of the population with sickle-cell anemia (homozygous recessive) is q² = 0.20²= 0.04 (or 4%). This means that 4% of the population should be susceptible to sickle-cell anemia if the sickle-cell allele is recessive.

Answer:

The correct answer is option D. "The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels".

Explanation:

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) is defined as the differential of charge (measured in voltage) that is present across the cell's membrane when the cell is at rest. The two factors that affect the RMP is the presence of concentration gradients and leak channels. The steeper the concentration gradients, the higher the voltage of the RMP will be. On the other hand the presence of leak channels reduces the RMP, as leak channels allow Na+ and K+ to cross down to its gradient.

Answer:

The given question is incomplete, as there is no options provided, and are not available anywhere. But in general, if a forest ecosystem has not experienced any kind of disturbances or natural disasters in the last 100 years then the various plants and animals species dwelling in that forest are reasonably stable.

Explanation:

A forest ecosystem is usually defined as a distinct ecosystem that is comprised of trees, plants and animals, and micro-organisms, in an area that interacts with the abiotic factors such as water, soil in order to survive.

If a forest ecosystem is not disturbed by any anthropogenic or natural disasters for the past 100 years, then the species living in this ecosystem becomes reasonably very stable. They will be adapting to the environment and habitat becomes permanent. There will not occur much physiological and morphological variation in these species.

1) What sequence of nucleotides does the guide RNA need to include, to kill the bacterium is the answer.

2). The action of the Cas-9 protein.

Explanation:

CRISPR is a genetic engineering technology used to detect and destroy DNA of the bacteriophage which have infected the bacterial cell previously.

The CRISPR are the sequences of bacteriophage DNA found in genome of the bacteria when bacteriophage has infected it before.

It alters the DNA sequences and modify the function of gene is bacteria.

Cas-9 is an endonuclease which cuts the DNA identified  by or complementary to CRISPR.

This system makes bacteria anti viral.

It is an example of acquired immunity.

Answer:

The correct answer is option A. "A six-point rating system that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation".

Explanation:

Alfred Charles Kinsey was a scientific who revolutionized the way sexology was seen and founded the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University. Kinsey developed what is known as the Kinsey Scale, a six-point rating system that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation. The first results of applying the Kinsey Scale were published by Kinsey in 1948 on the book "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male".

Final answer:

The Kinsey Scale is a six-point scale created by Alfred Kinsey to categorize human sexual orientation from exclusive homosexuality (0) to exclusive heterosexuality (6), representing sexuality as a continuum rather than a binary choice.

Explanation:

The Kinsey Scale is a six-point rating system developed by sex researcher Alfred Kinsey. It is used to describe a person's sexual orientation, with 0 indicating exclusive homosexuality and 6 indicating exclusive heterosexuality. According to Kinsey's research, most individuals fall somewhere in the middle, around a 3, suggesting a bisexual orientation. The scale represents the idea that human sexuality is a continuum and challenges the notion of a strict dichotomy between being exclusively homosexual or heterosexual.

Kinsey's findings, presented in his 1948 work Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, were groundbreaking because they documented the variability of human sexual behavior and challenged societal norms of his time. The Kinsey Scale remains an influential framework for understanding the complexity and fluidity of human sexual orientation.

Sexual orientation itself can encompass various dimensions of attraction, such as physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to others. It includes categories like heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality, among others. The concept behind the Kinsey Scale and the research of Kinsey acknowledge that sexuality is not binary but exists on a spectrum.

Answer:

B. the cracks between the bumps on the brain.

Explanation:

Sulci also referred to as fissures, are the grooves which appear like cracks that is found in between an elevated ridge-like structure that looks like bumps, which are found on the surface of the cerebral cortex. The sulci that separate the cerebral cortex forming bumps, and making the cerebral cortex to form folds that are seen on the surface of the brain. The sulci by forming these folds help in increasing the surface area of the cerebral cortex that is made up of nerve cells and dendrites.

Answer:

a. 29, 29, 27, 27.

Explanation:

Separation of homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles during anaphase-I would have produced the haploid chromosome number of the daughter cells. This means that the parent cell with 56 chromosomes would produce four daughter cells each of which would have 56/2= 28 chromosomes. If one of the chromosome pairs did not segregate during anaphase-I, one daughter cells formed by the end of meiosis-I would have "n+1" chromosomes while the other would have "n-1" chromosomes. This chromosome number is maintained by meiosis-II.

Therefore, nondisjunction at anaphase-I in the parent cell with 56 chromosomes would produce a total of four daughter cells. The two daughter cells would have "n+1= 29" chromosomes and rest two would have "n-1=27" chromosomes.

Final answer:

The correct answer is option a. 29, 29, 27, 27. Nondisjunction in meiosis I results in two gametes with an extra chromosome (29) and two gametes missing one chromosome (27).

Explanation:

A student has asked: "Diploid somatic cells of elephants have 56 chromosomes. If nondisjunction of one of an elephant's chromosomes occurs in meiosis I, the resulting sperm are expected to have the chromosome complement: a. 29, 29, 27, 27. b. 56, 56, 57, 55. c. 28, 28, 29, 27. d. 29, 29, 28, 28."

Diploid cells always contain an even number of chromosomes because there are two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. For elephants, these somatic cells are diploid (2n), meaning they have 56 chromosomes. When meiosis occurs, which produces haploid (n) gametes, each gamete should have 28 chromosomes under normal conditions.

Nondisjunction in meiosis I means that homologous chromosomes don't separate properly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. This leads to two cells with an extra chromosome (29 each) and two cells missing one chromosome (27 each).

Correct answer: a. 29, 29, 27, 27

Incorrect options:

b. 56, 56, 57, 55 - These numbers reflect diploid counts with errors, not gametes.

c. 28, 28, 29, 27 - This doesn't reflect meiosis I nondisjunction.

d. 29, 29, 28, 28 - This reflects a normal division outcome, not nondisjunction in meiosis I.

Therefore, if nondisjunction happens in meiosis I, the gametes will have the chromosome counts 29, 29, 27, 27.

Answer:

B) Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Explanation:

fMRI or Functional magnetic resonance imaging is the technique which is used to measure the neural activity in the brain of humans and other animals.

The technique is based on the concept that the activity in the neurons is coupled to the flow of the blood in the neurons. The change in the rate of blood flow to the region of neurons shows that that part of the neuron is activated at that time.

Therefore by measuring the changes in the blood flow, the technique scans the neural activities of the brain.

Thus, Optio-B is the correct answer.

Answer:

E

Explanation: