In humans alkaptonuria is a metabolic disorder in whichaffected persons produce black urine. Alkapotonuria results from anallele(a) that is recessive to the allele for normal metabolism(A). Sally has a normal metabolism, but her brother hasalcaptonuria. Sally's father has alcoptonuria, and her mother hasnormal metabolism.
a) Give the genotype of Sally,her mother,father and herbrother.
b) If Sally's parents have another child what is theprobabilty that this child will have alkaptonuria?
c) If Sally marries a man with alkaptonuria, what is theprobability that their child will have alkaptonuria?

Answer:

PCR is known as polymerase chain reaction used to amplify DNA sequence of our interest into multiple copies. This technique is been commonly used by researchers to study in depth about the gene of interest during their research work.

Explanation:

PCR:- It is known as polymerase chain reaction, used to amplify DNA sequence of our interest into multiple copies mainlty to millions or trillions

Components

Phusion HF buffer:- This buffer Create optimal reaction conditions for high fidelity amplification of DNA

dNTPs:- They are the building blocks in the synthesis of new copies of DNA.There are four dNTPs used in the amplification process that is dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP. these building blocks are added in equal proportion during the PCR reaction

Phusion DNA polymerase:- This is the enzyme used in DNA amplification, it is generally a fusion of  DNA binding domain to a portion of pyrococcus like proof reading polymerase. This enzyme is tolerant to various inhibitors, allowing strong amplification of DNA of interest with minimal optimization

pCD122:- Plasmid that serves as a template DNA for the amplification of desired DNA sequence of our interest.

sense primer CD474:- Sense primer is also known a reverse primer, it attaches to the stop codon of the complementary strand of DNA

antisense primer CD475:- This primer is also known as forward primer, it attaches to the start codon of the template DNA

All these components is added in such a way that the total mixture should have a reaction volume of 30.0μl

Final answer:

In the described PCR setup, specific roles include the buffer for maintaining an optimal enzyme environment, dNTPs as building blocks for new DNA, Phusion DNA polymerase for synthesizing DNA, plasmid template DNA for target amplification, and primers for initiating synthesis. The final concentration of each primer in the PCR reaction will be 0.5 µM.

Explanation:

In the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) described, each component serves a crucial role:

5x Phusion HF buffer provides the optimal pH and ionic environment for the activity of the DNA polymerase.

dNTPs (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates - dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP) are the building blocks needed for the synthesis of new DNA strands.

Phusion DNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA strands by adding dNTPs to the primed DNA template.

pCD122 (plasmid template DNA) contains the specific region of DNA that we aim to amplify.

Sense and antisense primers (CD474 and CD475) are short pieces of single-stranded DNA that mark the starting point of DNA synthesis on each strand of the DNA template.

Regarding your specific query, mixing 5.0 µL of each 2.0 µM primer into a 20 µL PCR reaction will result in 0.5 µM final concentration of each primer in the reaction. This is because the primers are diluted by a factor of four (10 µL combined primers in a total volume of 40 µL).

Answer:

a. 19% of adenine

b. 31% of cytosine

c. 31% of guanine

Explanation:

Chargaff's rule states that in a DNa molecule, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

For that reason, if 19% of the DNA is made up of T, then 19% as well will be made of A.

Then, 19% + 19% = 38% of the genome is comprised of A+T and the other 62% is comprised of G+C.

Since G and C pair with each other, 31% will correspond to G and 31% will correspond to C.

Final answer:

To determine the percentages of adenine, cytosine, and guanine in the DNA genome of a plant species when thymine makes up 19%, utilize Chargaff's rules. Adenine and guanine percentages can be calculated using the complementary base pairing concept.

Explanation:

a. Percentage of Adenine: Since in DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, if thymine makes up 19%, then adenine also makes up 19% to maintain Chargaff's rules.

b. Percentage of Cytosine: The percentages of adenine and thymine together add up to 38%. As adenine and thymine are complementary base pairs, cytosine pairs with guanine. Therefore, cytosine would make up the remaining 62%.

c. Percentage of Guanine: Following Chargaff's rules and considering the percentages of thymine and cytosine, guanine would also be 31%.

Answer: Option A is false.

Biological system is highly ordered, entropy changes is irrelevant.

Explanation:

Biological systems is the network of complex important biological individual like cells, organelles, ordans, macromolecules. Biological systems obey the second law of thermodynamics in that entropy changes with gain or loss of energy and for this to happen, it must increase the entropy of the universe. Living organisms taking in food to decrease their entropy yet the overall entropy is increased when entropy within the organism decreased.

The false statement is that entropy changes are not relevant in highly ordered biological systems. Entropy is certainly relevant as it can decrease with an input of energy to the system, and it is a measure of disorder, with the entropy of an isolated system tending to increase over time.

The statement that is FALSE among the provided options is: "Biological systems are highly ordered so entropy changes are not relevant." This statement contradicts the principles of thermodynamics which apply to all systems, including biological ones. Biological systems, while highly ordered, still adhere to the laws of thermodynamics, and thus changes in entropy are indeed relevant.

Entropy can decrease in a biological system but only if there is an input of energy. This is because biological systems are not closed systems; they exchange energy with their surroundings. The second statement that says the entropy of a biological system can decrease is true given that energy is constantly being input into these systems to maintain their order and function. Thus, entropy in a local system can decrease if work is done on it, although the overall entropy of the universe still increases.

Entropy is a measure of disorder; a higher level of entropy corresponds to a higher state of disorder in the system. Finally, the entropy of an isolated system will tend to increase to a maximum value, which aligns with the second law of thermodynamics.

Answer:

Bacterial endospores.  Some bacteria, specially from the phylum Firmicutes, produce endospores. An endospore is a resistance form of the bacteria, which is not reproductive. This form of the bacteria is resistant to heat, UV radiation, drought, cold, and might remain dormant for  long periods. The formation of the endospores is triggered by starvation. In the experiment mentioned, instead of nutrient broth, which production is controled, a hay infusion is used. Since this is a material picked up from the soil, there is a high possibility of the presence of the endospores, could be from Bacillus, since this genera of bacteria is widely present in the soil. Once the endospores are in a suitable envoronment (culture media) they will stop dormancy and became metabolically active. It is mentioned that the culture media was boiled for 30 minutes, and endospores are resistant at 100 °C for several hours.

Explanation:

Answer:

Frequency × wavelength

5 × 10 = 50m/s

Explanation:

Wave speed is the distance a wave travels in a given amount of time. Wave speed is related to wavelength and wave frequency by the equation:

Speed = Wavelength x Frequency.

Speed = 5 × 10

= 50m/s

Answer:

Wave speed= wavelength × frequency . it is measure in meters per seconds.

5 ×10=50 m/s

Explanation:

Wave speed is the distance travel by waves in a given time. It is measured in meter per second.

Wave speed= frequency (Hz) × wavelength.

Wavelength is the distance between two successive crest or trough ,it is measured in meter.

Frequency is the successive occurrence of waves within a fixed place at a fixed time. It is measured in Hertz.

Answer:

Sister chromatids are identical  forms of chromatids  of a chromosomes. They are mostly  formed by semi-conservative replication of DNA molecule of a single  chromosome.Thus they  are  like  'photocopies' of  original parent  chromosomes; joined together at the Centromere.

They are exactly similar in all ramification; with the same gene and allele compositions..

However; slight differences  arise between the two identical sisters due to  mutation from errors at replication;and also in  the  length of telomere repeats.

Non-sister chromatids are dissimilar forms of  chromatids of a chromosomes formed  when each half of  a chromosome  at fertilisation from separate   haploid sex-cells, of each parent. fused.They contain different genetic composition;because  they are not on the same homologous chromosomes.Therefore crossing -over ensure variation.

However, they are genetically  similar in composition; if they  are contained in homologous chromosomes. This is because Synapsis of bivalent of these chromosomes allow genetic material to be shared by  chromosomal crossing-over between the non-sister chromatids  on the chromosomes ; therefore identical genetic characteristics are shared .

Explanation:

Answer:b) Caenorhabditis

Explanation:

The C.elgans is a species of Caenorhabditis. It is a namatode which can be male or hermaphrodite. It lays 1000 of eggs which can be used for the purpose of research studies. These worms share common genes and molecular pathways like in humans.

Many of the genes present in C. elegans have functional counterparts as that of humans which makes them useful for determining the cause of human diseases. The mutant forms of genes of C.elegans can be used for screening the thousands of drugs. The genes have been used to determine the effects of ageing in humans, cancer, diabetes and other diseases.

Due to above reasons the C.elegans are considered as model organisms.

Answer:

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue refers to a bundle of lymphatic cells, known as lymphatic nodules, situated inside the mucous membranes, which envelopes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts. These nodules comprise macrophages and lymphocytes that fight against the entering bacteria and other pathogens, which moves into these pathways along with air, food, or urine. These nodules can be grouped together in clusters or can be present solitary.  

The major clusters of lymphatic nodules comprise adenoids, tonsils, and Peyer's patches.  

Answer:

Consumption of adequate calcium and vitamin D

Explanation:

Osteoporosis is a condition whereby there is significant amount of porous partition on the surface of the bone,this disease reduces the density and quality of bone. As bones become more porous and fragile, the risk of  getting fractured is greatly increased.

In a bid to overcome or to be resistant to Osteoporosis, Consumption of adequate calcium and vitamin D is required by the body. This because Calcium performs various function which include;building strong bones, regulating heart beat and fluid balance within cells.

Also Vitamin D works in conjunction with calcium to slow down or even reverse osteoporosis.  That is to say, the body cannot absorb calcium at all without some vitamin D. Hence, Vitamin D is vital in assisting the body absorb and use calcium.

The most important nutrients to preserve bone mass and prevent osteoporosis are calcium and vitamin D. Regular exercise, particularly resistance training, is also crucial for maintaining bone density. Other nutrients like vitamin K, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids can also support bone health.

The most important nutrients to consume in adequate amounts to preserve bone mass for someone at risk for osteoporosis are calcium and vitamin D. Calcium is a critical component of bone and must be obtained from the diet, while vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium. Both nutrients play crucial roles in bone health and can help prevent bone loss.

Regular exercise, especially resistance training, is also important for preserving bone mass and preventing osteoporosis. Exercise stimulates the deposition of bone tissue and helps improve bone density.

Additionally, other nutrients like vitamin K, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids also support bone health.

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Answer: Option B

Explanation:

The DNA technology can be defined as the process by which a small manipulation in the genetic material can lead to the production of the products that is very important for the welfare of the society, science and medicine.

The golden rice is an example of genetic engineering which produces the precursor for the synthesis of vitamin A in the body.

This crop is produced by genetic engineering and is very high economic and nutritive value.

Answer:

According to the statement of the question, this problem is solved by analyzing the sex chromosomes for the determination of sex, that is, as it does not present the problem (genotype and phenotype) of the parents, the indication that refers to the determination of sex, in women and his sex chromosomes are "XX" and the man who determines sex is "XY".

The result of sex in the offspring corresponding to the man, if the chromosome in the sperm fertilizes the ovule is "X", then the sex or phenotype of the individual will be "XX" (female) and if the fertilizing sperm is "Y" then the sex will be "XY" of male, the probability of being born female or male will be 50% and 50% and the ratio is 1: 1

Answer: 25% of the children will have both anirida and migraine headache

Explanation: The man has a dominant gene for anirida and normal headache with a mom with no blindness. Therefore, the man gene is (Nn) for heterozygous anirida and (mm) for normal headaches and his wife has heterozygous gene for migraine (Mm) 'cause her dad has normal headache and homozygous gene for normal vision(nn) .

Therefore

Nnmm × Mmnn= NnMm Nnmm Nnmm nnmm.

The crossing would give birth to Offspring with nirida and migraine (NnMm) =1/4 ×100= 25%

Answer:

Explanation:

Answer:

Excessive talking is not a sign that a survivor may need stabilization.

Explanation:

Answer: It is a Mutualistic partnership between fungi and roots of plant

Explanation:

Mutualism is a relationship between two organisms in which both of the benefits from the relationship. Fungi live in the roots of plant thereby getting carbohydrates from plants made by photosynthesis and the fungi in turn put mycelia that help plant to increase absorption of minerals and water.

Answer: Symbiosis

Explanation:

The root nodules of legumes contains organisms of the kingdom, fungi that helps the legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen thus meeting it's need for mineral Nitrogen. In turn, the legume plants provides shelter to the fungi.

This codependent partnership is known as Symbiosis

Explanation:

RSV is caused by a group of paramyxoviruses and belong to the group of pneumoviruses. It has two prevalent strains RSV-A and RSV-B.

To test RSV antigen in the sample we can use immunofluorescence test (IFT). IFT is a method used to identify pathogen specific antigen or antibody in sample collected from patient using fluorescence. A fluorochrome protein molecule is used to do this. Depending upon the material used and dye fluorochrome releases energy which results in fluorescence.

In this method sample collected from patient is applied on the plate and antibodies specific to the antigen are added into the plates with antigen. The antibodies used are labeled with fluorochrome to give fluorescence.

2. As viruses genetic material is prone to errors it is difficult to create a vaccine against viruses. RSV has RNA as genome and it has highly conserved lipoprotein which functions as antigen. This lipoprotein sequence is highly conserved in all the strains of the viruses. I would prefer to use this lipoprotein present in the membrane of virus for vaccine research

Answer:

gene flow between distinct gene pools

Explanation:

In ecological studies, a hybrid zone can be described as an area in which mating occurs between organisms of two closely related species. As a result, viable offspring are produced. When reinforcement occurs, we will see that a decline in gene flow between organisms of these species will be seen. The organisms which are only closely related will be able to reproduce to produce viable offsprings. In a stable hybrid zone, continued production of hybrids will take place.

Final answer:

Reinforcement in hybrid zones leads to a decline in hybridization due to continued speciation divergence. Less fit hybrids result in a reduced gene flow between species, enhancing reproductive isolation.

Explanation:

In hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring, you should see a decline in hybridization. Reinforcement is a process in evolutionary biology that leads to the continued speciation divergence between two related species due to the low fitness of hybrids between them. As the two species continue to diverge, hybrids become less common because they are less fit compared to the purebred species, ultimately leading to a reduction in gene flow between the species.

Answer:

c. A testcross

Explanation:

A dominant organism can be heterozygous or homozygous for the gene. To determine the genotype of a dominant organism, it is crossed with a homozygous recessive organism for the same gene. In the given cross, a tall pea plant with an unknown genotype is crossed with a pure breeding short pea plant. This is called a testcross.

If the obtained progeny express both tall and short phenotypes, the tall parent plant was heterozygous (Tt) for the trait. If the cross gives only tall progeny, the genotype of the tall plant is homozygous dominant (TT). Here, T represents the allele for tallness while the allele "t" gives short phenotype.

Some land plants and arthropods like trilobites existed before the dianosaurs existed on Earth.

Explanation:

The first reptiles are reported to have appeared during the Carboniferous period. The Dinosaurs were large reptiles that became dominant during the triassic and jurassic. By the end of cretaceous the dinosaurs became extinct.

In the given options we find that some land plants and trilobites are suitable choice because, firstly, the fossil plants are recorded during carboniferous period and some of those species became extinct before the appearance of dinosaurs. Secondly, trilobites became extinct by the end of permian period.

Rest of the options like birds, mammals, etc came into existence before dinosaurs but they continued to exist along with dinosaurs.

You are studying a new variant of a eukaryotic cell. The variant cell has mutated so that it no longer attaches well to surfaces or initiates the formation of a biofilm. The mutation in this cell has most likely affected the _____.

Mitochondria

Flagellum

Cell membrane

Glycocalyx

Answer:

Glycocalyx

Explanation:

Biofilms refer to the irregular layers of cells. These are formed when a group of cells arranges themselves at a solid or liquid surface.  The glycocalyx forms a layer around some animal cells. It has glycolipids and glycoproteins.   These substances allow the cells to recognize one another and to make contact with one another. The formation of adhesive communications that hold the cells in the biofilms is mediated by the components of the glycocalyx. Therefore, any mutation in the genes coding for components of glycocalyx would affect the ability of the cells to form biofilms.  

In a eukaryotic cell, mutations hindering attachment and biofilm formation likely affect the cell adhesion mechanisms, particularly the functioning of adhesion molecules such as cadherins, selectins, and integrins.

The mutation in the eukaryotic cell described has most likely affected the cell adhesion mechanisms, specifically the functioning of proteins known as adhesion molecules. These molecules help cells stick to each other and to their surroundings, a crucial process for the formation of biofilms.

Depending on the organism and environment, various types of adhesion molecules might be present. Nonetheless, some universally key ones would include cadherins, selectins, and integrins. If a mutation affects these proteins, the cell may lose its ability to properly adhere to its environment or form biofilms.

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Answer: Fungus like protists are heterotrophic and feed on organic matter.

Cellular slime mould is a species of fungus like protists that form slug.

Explanation:

Fungus like protists are heterotrophic and the feed on organic matter and mostly unicellular.

Cellular slime mould are protists belonging to class Dictyostelia. They are heterotrophic and decomposers that live on organic matter. When there is deterioration condition, the cells migrates together to form slugs and move to form new habitat. Some of the cells form stalk and others form spores.

Answer: It is an example of TRISOMY 21.

Explanation:

Trisomy 21 is a genetic condition in which 21 chromosome fail to separate during the growth of egg cell and sperm which make either of the two to an extra copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as down syndrome. This lead to slow and in appropriate mental development in affected individual.

Phosphoriboglycinamide transformylase(GART) is agene found on chromosome 21, which lead to down syndrome is an example of trisomy 21.

Answer:

The correct answer is - option B. The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

Explanation:

Endocytosis is the process that internalized the substances inside the cells by the area surrounded by the membrane. This is the process that helps in the internalize cholesterol-protein complexes.

If the cells are not able to perform this then cholesterol-protein would not be internalized by the cell and it will remain in the blood and buildup cholesterol molecule.

Thus, the correct answer is - option B.

The most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal is that 'the animal's body cells are DEFECTIVE in endocytosis'.

Endocytosis refers to the movement of molecules from the surrounding cellular environment to the interior of the cell by transport vesicles.

This process (endocytosis) is caused by the invagination of the cell membrane to form an intracellular vesicle that contains extracellular fluid.

Cells absorb cholesterol from their surrounding extracellular environment by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

In conclusion, the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal is that 'the animal's body cells are DEFECTIVE in endocytosis'.

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Answer:

Mr Mr. Gifford Pinchot supports wilderness protection of a forest area while Mr. John Muir  focused on forest and its wildlife conservation

Explanation:

During the nineteenth century, both the environmentalists Mr. John Muir and Mr. Gifford Pinchot headed the environmental movement. However, both the environmentalists have opposite beliefs - Mr. John Muir believed in preserving the entity of the forest by protecting its wilderness while Mr. Gifford Pinchot believed in conserving the environment.  Mr. John wrote several books on protecting wilderness area.  

Mr. Gifford Pinchot believed on conserving the forest and its wildlife.  

John Muir and Gifford Pinchot were key figures in the conservation movement. Muir advocated for the preservation of wilderness while Pinchot pushed for utilitarian conservation. Their contributions significantly influenced environmental policy and practice.

The environmental ethics landscape was significantly shaped by two pivotal figures in the conservation movement: John Muir and Gifford Pinchot. Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club, was a staunch advocate for the preservation of wilderness areas for their inherent, spiritual value. In contrast, Pinchot, as the first Chief of the US Forest Service under President Teddy Roosevelt, promoted utilitarian conservation, which held that natural resources should be managed sustainably to benefit the public good. Both contributed to a shift from the frontier ethic, which assumed limitless resources, to a modern understanding that emphasizes conservation and sustainable use of the environment. Muir is celebrated for his role in the creation of Yosemite National Park and his eloquent writings that inspired the preservationist movement. Pinchot's impact includes the increase in protected forests, mandatory reforestation policies for lumber companies, and the pioneering of sustainable resource management practices.

Answer: False

Explanation:

One of the striking characteristics of mammals that distinguishes them from other vertebrates is that they feed their young ones with breast milk. Therefore, mammals are animals that feed their young ones with breast milk.

Mammals, like bears, platypuses, and opossums, may supplement their diets with insects, plants, and roots, but they do not feed their young directly with such. Instead, they produce milk, which contains all the necessary nutrients for their young's growth and survival.

The statement that mammals feed their young with insects, plants, and roots is false. One distinctive attribute of mammals that separates them from other animals is their method of nourishment for the young. Mammals produce milk from their mammary glands to feed their offspring. Some mammals like bears, platypuses, or opossums may supplement their diet with insects, plants, and roots but they do not feed their young directly with such. Rather, the milk they produce is packed with all the necessary nutrients the young need for their growth and survival.

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Answer:

YES!

Explanation:

Yes, because the liver is responsible for regulating blood sugar.

Answer: A

Explanation:

The "-" end of F actin is stabilized. The myosin head bind to actin and makes the actin filament to slide

Cilia have been damaged

Explanation:

If the cilia are damaged the mucous and dirt do not come out of the lungs leading to clogging of the bronchia. Lauren smoking habit has damaged her cilia  and thus had troubled breathing. The bronchi of the lung are lined with cilia.

Cilia are tiny hair-like projections that keep the airways clean by sweeping away mucus and dust particles and keeping the lungs clear. When cilia do not work the air passage gets clogged with dust and dirt causing trouble breathing.

Lauren's smoking has damaged the cilia in her bronchial cells.

The cell organelles that have been damaged in Lauren's bronchial cells are the cilia. Cilia are hair-like structures on the surface of cells that help in moving mucus and dirt out of the respiratory system. Smoking cigarettes has a detrimental effect on cilia, causing them to become damaged and less effective in their function.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The biological perspective or roots, a way of looking at neuroscience is by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. It involves such things as studying the brain, immune system, nervous system, and genetics.

The biological perspective tends to stress the importance of nature.

The study of physiology and biological processes has played a significant role in neuroscience since its earliest beginnings. Charles Darwin first introduced the idea that evolution and genetics has roles to play in human behavior. Natural selection influences if certain behavior patterns will be passed down to future generations. Behaviors that help survival skills most likely are passed down than those that prove dangerous.

The biological perspective is a way of looking at human problems and actions. For instance in aggression, someone using the psychoanalytic perspective might view aggression as the result of childhood experiences, another might take a behavioral perspective to show how the behavior was shaped by association and punishment. A neuroscientist with a social perspective might look at the group dynamics and pressures that contribute to such behavior. The biological viewpoint, on the other hand would look at the biological roots that lie behind aggressive behaviors by considering how certain types of brain injury might lead to aggressive actions. Or might consider genetic factors that can contribute to such displays of behavior.

Answer:(a)elastase

Explanation:

Elastase is a protease enzyme the function involves the cleavage of peptide bonds after amino acids with small side chains. This is responsible for cleaving the peptide bonds between the elastin fibers and aids in digestion of the elastic protein.

Thus the elastase cleaves the protein fibers this can be said that the elastase is a non-fibrous protein.

Answer:

The answer is A: elastase

Explanation:

Fibrous proteins are insoluble, long, rod-like structured proteins that have high α-helix or β-sheet content, and are made up of a repeating motif. They are mechanically strong, cross-linked and play structural roles in the extracellular matrix. Examples are: collagen, keratin and elastin.