Answer:
Polycythemia
Explanation:
Polycythemia is best defined as a substantial red blood cell increase in the blood. The bodies of individuals with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increase their oxygen levels through polycythemia.
Adaptive radiations on archipelagos (island chains) represent some of the best-understood speciation events. Why is an ancestral species more likely to give rise to multiple descendent species on an archipelago than on an equal-sized area of mainland?A) Favorable mutations are more likely to arise on an archipelago as populations try to adapt to conditions on their specific island.B) By chance, different species will colonize different islands in a chain.C) Populations on nearby islands are more likely to be genetically isolated than populations that are equally close to one another on the mainland.
Answer:
Populations on nearby islands are more likely to be genetically isolated than populations that are equally close to one another on the mainland.
Explanation:
Adaptive radiation may be defined as the process of evolution in which the single ancestral specifies diversify to form the new multiple species. This is a kind of divergent evolution.
The adaptive radiation results in the process of speciation. The archipelago species is genetically isolated from the mainland. These species has similar characteristics that might be due to their closeness of the island to the mainland.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
A scientist suspects that the food in an ecosystem may have been contaminated with radioactive nitrogen over a period of months. Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactivity to test the hypothesis?
a. the cell walls of plants growing in the ecosystem
b. the hair produced by humans living in the ecosystem
c. the sugars produced during photosynthesis by plants growing in the ecosystem
d. the cholesterol in the cell membranes of organisms living in the ecosystem
Answer: A and B
Explanation: The hair stores an amazing amount of nitrogen, so it makes sense that an increase above the normal concentrations contained in it would serve to detect abnormal levels of nitrogen in the environment, especially if it was radioactive, as it would also contain radioactive nitrogen. Contaminants have been
reported to affect cellular organelles and components such as cell membrane, which destabilizes the lipid bilayer conformation. Cells counteract this effect by reducing the nonbilayer phospholipid fraction to increase membrane stability this phenomenon can also be used in detecting contamination.
The following substances could be examined for radioactivity to test the hypothesis - B. the hair produced by humans living in the ecosystem.
The hair contains keratin which is a protein. Proteins are made up of amino acids that contain nitrogen in their structure that can be easily replaced by radioactive N.
the radioactive nitrogen will get incorporated into the newly forming proteins in the hair of humans. So, they can be tested for radioactivity. The cell wall is made up of cellulose which is a polymer of glucose and has no nitrogen in its structure Cholesterol is a type of lipid with a sterol nucleus. It has no nitrogen in its chemical structure The sugars produced during photosynthesis do not have any nitrogen in their structure. The structure of glucose can confirm this, therefore, they will not incorporate the radioactive nitrogen in themThus, The following substances could be examined for radioactivity to test the hypothesis - B. the hair produced by humans living in the ecosystem.
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A trait that confers a greater level of fitness, relative to those who lack it, is called a(n) ________.
Answer: Adaptation
Explanation:
The adaptation is the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment which is a direct result of natural selection.
The traits that best suits the organism in an extreme conditions and helps in better survival is known as adaptation.
The variation in the species can be favored or rejected based on the condition. If the variation helps in survival of the organism in a better way then it is favored and if it is does not favors its survival then it is not carried further.
The best suited character is adapted and carried forward.
What is the nutritive fluid flowing through the circulatory system? A. Lymph B. Blood C. Pus D. Water
Answer: The answer is blood
Explanation:
The blood is the 'fuel' of the circulatory system in that it carries nutrients ranging from
- gases like oxygen by the help of its respiratory pigment, hemoglobin
- rich food substances like glucose, amino acids to various cells of the body
- antibodies and hormones that provide defence against invaders
Thus, the blood is the nutritive fluid of the circulatory system
The nutritive fluid flowing through the circulatory system is Blood, transporting nutrients and waste materials. Lymph, another body fluid, functions primarily in the lymphatic system.
The nutritive fluid that flows through the circulatory system is B. Blood. Blood, a type of fluid connective tissue, circulates within the body, transporting nutrients, salts, and waste materials. It consists of cells, like red and white blood cells, suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.
Lymph is another important fluid in the body that functions mainly in the lymphatic system. It is a watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood cells. It does not circulate throughout the body in the same way as blood and is not pressurized by the heart. Lymph moves in one direction from extremities towards two drainage points into veins just above the heart.
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Which types of claims on food labels are strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? A. Nutrient claims and structure/function claims. B. Nutrient claims and health claims. C. Nutrient claims, health claims, and structure/function claims. D. Structure/function claims and health claims.
Answer:
Option-C
Explanation:
FDA or U.S Food and Drug Administration is a government agency which aims at protecting the public health by ensuring the efficacy, safety and security of food products, drugs and other medical devices, cosmetics.
The FDA regulations suggest that a food product must have three types of claims on it which are:
1. The health claim in which the relation between the food ingredient and health-related issues are mentioned.
2. The Nutrient claim which mentions the level of a nutrient in a food.
3. Structure/Function Claims which describe the role of nutrients on the human body.
Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.
The FDA is the government agency and the main role of these agency to protecting the health of the people by ensuring and check there will be no adulteration in the food .
As per the information given , the suitable answer will be claim of health , nutrient and structure claims.
Nutrient play very important part in our health as if our intake of nutrient is correct and healthy then our body will function correctly and it is the main duty of FDA to check and take all the precaution fo maintain the high standard of foods.
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Most eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, but a few single-celled eukaryotic organisms found in oxygen-free environments do not. Which of the observations led biologists to reject the hypothesis that these mitochondria-free eukaryotes evolved before the endosymbiotic event that established mitochondria in other eukaryotes?
Answer:
Their nuclear genome contained relics of mitochondrial genes
Explanation:
Mitochondrion is a double membrane bound organelle that is found in most eukaryotic organism whose main function is to produce or generate energy. The mitochondria has DNA thus it is passed exclusively from mother to offspring.
It is hypothesized that it exists inside the cell after an endosymbiotic event
Since their nuclear genome contains relics of mitochondrial genes, biologists rejected the hypothesis that they evolved before the endosymbiotic event.
Using careful experimental design, Blehert and colleagues proved definitively that the fungus Geomyces destructans is the cause of white nose syndrome.
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
The scientific hypothesis may be defined as the complete explanation of any particular natural phenomena. The scientific hypothesis and theory cannot be used synonymous with each other.
The hypothesis are generally based on the observation of the particular phenomena. The Blehert and colleagues set up the experimental design for the hypothesis. This is incorrect because the hypothesis can be accepted or rejected but cannot be proven.
Thus, the answer is false.
A bunionectomy is a hallux ____ correction.A needle biopsy is a way of obtaining a piece of tissue out of the body by excision of the tissue. It can be examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Because this biopsy is performed through the skin, it is called a percutaneous biopsy.
Answer:
Valgus.
Explanation:
Bunion may be defined as the joint enlargement at the big toe. The bunionectomy may be defined as the surgical procedure to remove the bunion.
The hallux valgus is corrected in the bunionectomy. This is a type of deformity involve in the functional disability of the foot and pain in the lower part of the body. This correction is important as it might cause problem in the individual and excess pain in the foot.
Thus, the answer is valgus.
Sexual selection favors individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates, such as mating calls in crickets. Using this example, propose a scenario where sexual selection could contribute to divergence in sympatric speciation.Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.male(s)female(s)cool forest floorwarm forest canopyVariation in ________ calls could occur, such as a lower-pitched call at the _______ and a higher-pitched call in the _______. _______ in the _______ could start to prefer _______ with lower-pitched calls, and ________ in the _________ could start to prefer _________ with higher-pitched calls, creating genetic isolation. Over time, genetic divergence could occur between the two populations.
Answer:
variation in male calls could occur, such as a lower-pitched call at the cool forest floor and a higher-pitched call in the warm forest canopy. Females in the forest floor could start to prefer males with lower-pitched calls, and females in the canopy could start to prefer males with higher-pitched calls, creating genetic isolation. Over time, genetic divergence could occur between the two populations.
Arrange the events in the stimulation of heart muscle in order from earliest (1) to latest (5). Note that this question does not list every step in the pathway, but the steps presented should be arranged in order.
Answer:
1) Pacemaker impulse generation.
2)AV node impulse conduction
3) AV bundle impulse conduction.
4) Bundle branches conduction.
5) Purkinjie fibres impulse conduction.
Explanation:
The cardiac conduction has following components.
1)SA node is the heart pacemaker in the right upper quadrant of heart. It generates electrical impulses and these impulses then move through atria and AV node to the Purkinjie fibres.
2) The impulses reach AV node. It controls heart rate. It serves as electrical relay station which slows the electrical current sent by SA node before the signals has passed to ventricles.
3) AV bundle is continuation is AV node and it transmits impulse from AV node to the Purkinjie fibres.
4) Electricle impulses from bundle of his passes through bundle branches (right and left ) to Purkinjie fibres.
5)Purkinjie fibres take the impulses from the bundle branches to the myocardium of ventricles.
This popular drug alters consciousness by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and increases its release, and in the long term, it can cause considerable damage throughout the brain and body.
A. marijuana
B. MDMA
C. meth
D. heroin
Answer: Meth
Explanation:
Meth is a stimulant that affects the "Pleasure Reward Pathway" by altering the reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine, consequently leaving an excess dopamine in the synapse. It also increases the activity of the dopamine synthesizing enzyme Tyrosine Hydrolase, thus ensuring continuous release.
Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?
A) a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism
B) a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism
C) a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism
D) a postzygotic isolating mechanism
Answer:
Answer is A. a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism.
Explanation:
A behavioral isolation mechanism can be described or explained as a mechanism whereby , mating rituals or signals of species of an organism are different from one another , in order to prevent interbreeding or interest in courtship among them.
In this case , the organisms in the population may be similar, and have the tendency of interbreeding, but , because of their different mating or courtship signals, the interbreeding won't be possible.
This difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact due to function - A) a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism
Behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism
Species are reproductively isolated by various mechanisms, one of which is due to the behavior. Singing is a mating call if the song is different mating will not happen and it is termed as a behavioral isolating mechanism for reproduction.
Temporal isolation is with respect to the time when different species mate during a different time. Postzygotic, zygotes become infertile after fusion. Gamete isolation two different gametes don't fuse and hence no formation of zygote.
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Demetri is a participant in an auditory detection study using the method of constant stimuli. He never detects the 10 unit tone. He detects the 20 unit tone 25% of the trials. He detects the 30 unit tone 50% of the trials. He detects the 40 unit tone 80% of the trials. He detects the 50 unit tone 95% of the trials. His threshold for hearing tones would be taken as the _________.
Answer:
30 unit tone
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it can be said that his threshold for hearing tones would be taken as the 30 unit tone. This is because "threshold" refers to the amount that must be exceeded for a certain result to occur or manifest. Which in this case is indicated by the 50% mark that the 30 unit tone indicates. Making it the minimum for consistency.
Frequently, important DNA regions with specific functions tend to contain short stretches of nucleotides that are conserved across different organisms (e.g., promoter sequence) and are recognized by specific proteins. What are these conserved sequences called?A. InitiatorsB. Critical elementsC. CodonsD. Repetitive sequencesE. Consensus sequences
Answer:
The correct answer is E. Consensus sequences
Explanation:
A consensus sequence are considered in nucleic acid and protein which is recognized by specific protein like RNA polymerase. In nucleic acid, these sequences are short nucleotide stretch which are conserved across different organism and reflects most common bases at each position in a segment alignment.
Example of a consensus sequence is promoter sequence. In bacteria, the promoter region contains two regions of consensus sequence characterized by -10 and -35 sequence. RNA polymerase recognizes this consensus sequence and binds to the promoter region. Therefore the correct answer is E.
In non-regenerating tissues or in extremely severe wounds, what is the main disadvantage of the scar tissue that replaces the lost tissue?
Answer:
It is unable to perform the functions of the lost tissue.
The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called
Complete question:
The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called
A) autoregulation.
B) hormonal regulation.
C) hemoregulation.
D) vasoregulation.
E) neuroregulation.
Answer:
A) autoregulation.
Explanation:
Local changes regulate the flow of blood in each capillary bed. This occurs when the vasodilators trigger the local widening of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters to increase the blood flow into capillary networks. On the other hand, vasoconstrictors reduce blood flow. This ability of a tissue to control blood flow to meet its metabolic demands is called autoregulation.
For example, autoregulation increases the blood flow in the heart and skeletal muscle during physical activities to meet the increased demand for O2 and nutrients.
Autoregulation is the local regulation of blood flow in a capillary bed. This process lets tissues adjust their blood flow based on the body's needs, and involves mechanisms like the opening and closing of precapillary sphincters. Other systems like neural and endocrine mechanisms also help ensure adequate blood flow and perfusion.
Explanation:The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called autoregulation. This local, self-regulatory mechanism allows each region of tissue to adjust its blood flow, and thus its perfusion, based on the body's needs. These mechanisms are neither stimulated by the nervous system nor controlled by endocrine signals.
For instance, during strenuous exercise when oxygen levels decrease and carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, and lactic acid levels increase, the capillary beds in skeletal muscle open, allowing more blood flow. This process is controlled by small muscles called precapillary sphincters. If these sphincters are open, the blood will flow into the associated branches of the capillary blood.
There are other homeostatic mechanisms in place to ensure adequate blood flow, blood pressure, and ultimately perfusion. These include neural, endocrine, and autoregulatory mechanisms.
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Select the reasons why viruses, prions, and viroids are not classified as living organisms. a. They are not able to reproduce independently. b. They are only motile in the early stages of growth. c. They do not use energy for metabolism of any kind. d. Their virulence is maintained by non-living cultures.
Answer: Viruses, prions, and viroids are not classified as living organisms because they are not able to reproduce independently, and they do not use energy for metabolism of any kind. Option A and C
Explanation:
Viruses, prions and viroids are not classified as living organisms because they are not made out of cells, they are not able to reproduce independently, and they do not use energy for metabolism of any kind.
Afterbirth includes all of the following EXCEPT: Question 3 choices Choice A.,fluid from the amniotic sac. Choice B.,the placenta. Choice C.,the umbilical cord. Choice D.,other membranes.
Answer:
A) fluid from the amniotic sac
Explanation:
Afterbirth involves the expulsion of placenta, umbilical cord and fetal membranes from the uterus followed by the birth of child. While the fluid from the amniotic sac is released before or during the labor which is also called water breaking.
The term afterbirth refers to the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes that are expelled from the mother's body after the birth of a child. Option A is likely the correct answer
Explanation:The term afterbirth refers to what is expelled from the mother's body after the birth of a child, which is the third stage of childbirth. It typically includes the placenta, the umbilical cord, and other membranes that surrounded the baby in the womb, such as the amnion and chorion.
Regarding the options given in your question, all of them are generally included in the afterbirth EXCEPT for Choice A: Fluid from the amniotic sac. The amniotic fluid, which surrounds and cushions the baby during gestation, is generally expelled during the process of labor and delivery (often referred to as when a mother's 'water breaks') rather than after the birth itself. Hence, option A is likely the correct answer to your question.
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What are the roles of the parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system in maintaining everyday homeostasis?
Answer: The parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system play opposite roles
Explanation:
To ensure a stable internal environment (homeostasis) is achieved, the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) play OPPOSITE roles.
The PNS dominate during relaxed periods and stimulates the
- liver to break down glycogen
- constriction of bladder to pass out urine
- increases heartbeat
- dilate pupils etc
The SNS, in contrast dominate in times of emergency or stressful periods and do the EXACT opposite of the processes mentioned above.
Thus homeostasis is maintained
A 1 ml sample of culture liquid contained 1000 viable bacterial cells. You serially diluted it twice, performing 10-fold or 1/10 dilutions into a final volume of 1 ml each time. As a result you have three tubes with 100, 10-1, or 10-2 of diluted culture. How many total cells are in the 1 ml of your 10-2 dilution tube?
Answer:
there are 10 viable bacterial cells in 1 ml in the 1/100 dilution tube
Explanation:
in 1ml there is 1000 viable bacterial cells → diluted with 9 ml of solvent (10 ml in total)→ 1000 viable bacterial cells in 10 ml (fist tube)
now we take 1 ml of the first tube into the second empty tube → has 1000/10 = 100 viable bacterial cells on 1 ml → diluted with 9 ml of solvent (10 ml in total)→ 100 viable bacterial cells in 10 ml (second tube)
then we take 1 ml of the second tube into the third empty tube → has 100/10 = 10 viable bacterial cells in 1 ml → diluted with 9 ml of solvent (10 ml in total)→ 10 viable bacterial cells in 10 ml (third tube)
therefore there are 10 viable bacterial cells in 1 ml in the 1/100 dilution tube
The explanation for the fact that radioactive isotopes of an element exhibit the same chemical behavior as the stable isotopes of the element is that each has the same:
a. atomic number.
b. number of neutrons.
c. mass number.
d. atomic weight.
Answer:
a. atomic number
Explanation:
Radioactive isotopes of an element have the same chemical behavior as the stable isotopes of the element due to the fact that they have the same atomic number with that of the stable isotopes of the element. The atomic number determines the electron number and configuration of an element.
Electron number and their arrangement determine the chemical behavior of an element, as they determine how the element interacts and form bonds.
The correct functions of your lungs contribute to the normal pH level of between 7.35 and 7.45 in your blood. If your lungs do not exchange and remove carbon dioxide from your blood, the blood pH will change. A reading of pH 6.4 of your blood indicates:A. no health risk, as part of normal pH changes in your body that in this case bring it closer to neutral pH.B. a health problem due to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) being 10X higher than normal in your body.C. a health problem due to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) being 2X higher than normal.D. a health problem due to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) being 2X higher than normal in your body.E. a health problem due to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) being 10X higher than normal in your body.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The lung not being not been able to exchange and remove the carbon dioxide created a health problem due to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) being 10X being higher than in normal body. Although the difference is just about 1, it will result increase hydrogen ion concentration 10 times, similarly an increase or decrease in pH from 4 to 2 will give rise to 100 times increase in hydrogen ion concentration. It can equally be applied to hydroxyl in concentration.
If protease treatment in Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment prevented the transformation of bacteria, what would have been the conclusion of these researchers?
Answer:
Protein is the genetic material; not DNA.
Explanation:
In Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment, digestion of proteins with the enzyme protease and use of this extract from the heat-killed S cell did not affect its ability to transform the R cell into the S cells. However, there was no transformation when the cellular extract of heat-killed S cells was treated with DNAse enzyme. They concluded that DNA was the genetic material responsible for transformation.
If protease treatment of cellular extracts of heat-killed S cell would have prevented the process of transformation, protein would have been concluded to be the genetic material.
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her:
Answer: Kira has difficulty in walking in smooth coordinated manner because she has suffered injury to the cerebellum.
Explanation:
Cerebellum is a part of the brain situated inferior to cerbrum and posterior to pons. It receives sensory information and converts it into motor responses. Motor coordination is when subsequent parts of the same movement, or the movements of several limbs or body parts are combined in a manner that is well timed, smooth, and efficient. Cerebellum coordinates voluntary motor movements resulting in smooth coordinated muscular activities. Injury to cerebellum causes its loss of function which in return causes
1) loss of coordinated movements
2) inability to perform alternate rapid movements
3) movement tremors
4) staggering wide based gait
Kira likely damaged her cerebellum, as this part of the brain regulates fine motor control and coordination. Damage can lead to ataxia, characterized by unsteady, uncoordinated movements.
Explanation:After suffering a brain injury and having difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner, it's likely Kira has suffered damage to her cerebellum.
The cerebellum is part of the brain responsible for fine motor control, balance, and coordination. Damage to this area can result in ataxia, a type of movement disorder characterized by a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements, leading to unsteady and uncoordinated walking.
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The mathematical symbol for period is
ОА. Т
ОВ. А
O co v
OD. f
Answer: The mathematical symbol for period is T
Explanation:
Period is the time taken for an object to complete a full cycle or revolution. Period is mathematically represented by the letter T, and is measured in seconds.
You are given a prepared slide and are told that it is a streptobacillus. Without even looking at the slide under the microscope, you know which of the following? 1. The bacteria are linked together in chains. 2. The bacteria are spherical in shape. 3. The bacteria are in grape-like clusters. 4. The bacteria are rod-shaped. 5. The bacteria are Gram-negative.
A) 1,2.
B) 1,4.
C) 2,3.
D) 2,4.
E) 1,4,5.
Answer:
1 and 4
Explanation:
Streptobacilli are linked together in chains, the bacterium is gram positive and the generally rod-shape. The genus could be aerobic ( required oxygen for their growth), falcultative anaerobe (in the absence of oxygen, they can switch to fermentation).
Robert and Stephanie are married; both have achondroplasia. Each always knew that they would only marry someone with achondroplasia. This type of choice can disturb Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and is an example of what?
Answer:The gene Y 11 is only partially dominant over y 11 ; thus heterozygote Y 11 y 11 plant has ...
Explanation:they have it i their genes
Hox genes are thought to play an important role in the development of different morphologies because _____.
Answer: They provide positional information in the
An interneuron may receive multiple stimuli from the same sensory neuron over a very short period of time. The firing rate of the receiving neuron is proportional to the number of signals received from the sensory neuron over time.
Answer:
This is Temporal summation
Explanation:
The basic objective of temporal summation is to merge the amplitudes of individual pre- synaptic potential with the post synaptic potential. so that the sum amplitude of the potential produced can be greater than individual amplitudes. The merged amplitudes will enable the membrane potential to reach the threshold level for generation of post synaptic action potential.
Generally, the post synaptic membrane stores charges.Thus it stores in quick succession the amplitude of the first action potential, and as this is falling, it stores that of the second , third and fourth and merged this together to reach the threshold.
Temporal summation depends on the ''time frame' between the first and second pre-synaptic potential. Because the closer they are(pre-synsptic potential) the higher the chances of storing charges in the post-synaptic membrane for Post-synaptic potential. Thus if the duration is long, membrane potential of the post -synaptic neuron will be reduce, threshold will be be reached and PSP will not be achieved
In summary temporal summation depends on the time frame of the occurrence of post-synaptic potential.
Yaws is a serious skin disease of children in tropical countries, caused by Treponema pertenue, a species closely related to the bacteria that cause syphilis. Individual cells of T. pertenue are helical, relatively long, and flexible like the one pictured below. These cells are known as _____.
Answer:
The correct answer is- spirochetes
Explanation:
Spirochetes are a group of bacteria which are long, flexible and helical shaped. Some of them are associated with some disease in humans like yawns, lime disease, syphilis, etc.
Yawn is childhood infectious disease caused by a spirochete bacteria called Treponema pallidum pertenue. These bacterial usually affect the children who live in tropical regions like Africa, Southeast Asia. They can affect skin, bones, and joints. They can spread through direct contact with skin sores.
So the cells of T. pertenue which are helical, relatively long, and flexible known as spirochetes.