In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: independent                Explanation:

Answer 2

The manipulated factor in a psychological experiment is the independent variable, which is changed by the researcher to measure its effect on the dependent variable.

In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the independent variable. The independent variable is the situation created by the experimenter through experimental manipulations.

It is the factor, property, or condition that is purposely changed in the experiment to determine its impact on the dependent variable, which is the outcome that is measured. For a clear experiment, other variables (control variables) are held constant to isolate the effects of the independent variable alone.


Related Questions

The health care team determines that the family of an infant with failure to thrive who is to be discharged will need follow-up care. Which approach would be the most effective method of follow-up?

Answers

Answer:

a weekly visit schedule by a community health Nurse

Explanation:

The infant-mother interaction monitoring is very paramount after discharge,

The  need to monitor and evaluate progression in the infant weight gain is another  important   target of the follow up.

Therefore the   community health nurse needs scheduled weekly visit to  the child;s  home environment to meet up with the two above  essential duties, to provide support, care,  education and proffer solutions to  some healthcare challenges that may arise  with  mother and the child in their permanent natural environment.

Malnutrition includes deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses of nutrients, alone or in combination, any of which can take a toll on health over time.A. TrueB. False

Answers

Answer: True

Explanation: malnutrition is essentially the lack of nourishment. An imbalance (less or more) of one or more nutrients certainly has the capacity of causing health issues. And as such it includes deficiencies, overabundance and imbalances.

On the bus on the way to school, Angelique’s friend Jack shows her his new ear piercing. When she asks him where he had it done, he says his friend Georgia did it for him at her house. Jack says she did piercings on a few of their friends over the weekend using a safety pin. What are the possible negative outcomes from Jack’s decisions? Check all that apply. tetanus nerve damage hearing loss allergic reaction hepatitis

ANSWER:
- tetanus
- nerve damage
- allergic reaction
- hepatitis

Answers

Answer:

All the answers except hearing loss.

Explanation:

your welcome

Ear and nose piercing is done on the body parts using a pointed needle-like object and jewellery is inserted in the place.

The possible negative outcomes from Jack’s decisions are:

Option 1: Tetanus

Option 2: Nerve damage

Option 4: Allergic reaction

Option 5: Hepatitis

This can be explained as:

Tetanus is a bacterial illness that concerns the jaw muscles and seals them. It can be caused by punctured areas.

Nerves lying below skin surfaces can get injured due to sharp objects.

An allergic reaction can occur due to unsafe needle piercing as they can have bacteria and other microbes on them.

Hepatitis or liver damage can happen due to the use of the same unhygienic needle.

Therefore, except hearing loss all are possible outcomes.

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"The epiphyseal line is the bone marking that results when the growth plate becomes calcified or 'closed.' The line is slightly raised and rougher than the surrounding bone." Based on this passage and your knowledge of bone growth, which of the following describes how the epiphyseal plate is replaced by the epiphyseal line?

a. Osteoclasts break down the cartilage within the epiphyseal line.
b. Osteocytes communicate to the body replace the bone with cartilage.
c. Osteoblasts build the bone needed within the epiphyseal line.
d. Osteocytes maintain the osteoclasts needed to build the bone.

Answers

Answer:

c. Osteoblasts build the bone needed within the epiphyseal line

Explanation:

At epiphyseal plate , bone grows in length . Cartilage present in epiphyseal plate continues to grow by the process of mitosis.Osteoblasts are the bone forming cells which move in and ossify the matrix to form the bone. The chondrocytes begin to degenerate then and the large epiphyseal plate is replaced by a thin epiphyseal line.

Final answer:

The epiphyseal plate is replaced by the epiphyseal line due to the action of the osteoblasts that build new bone tissue, thereby calcifying the growth plate and forming the epiphyseal line.

Explanation:

The epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous layer within the long bone where growth occurs. It is gradually replaced by the epiphyseal line as a person reaches adolescence or adult maturity. This happens due to the process of bone growth and remodeling, where osteoblasts build new bone tissue that replaces the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate.

This growth plate calcifies, or hardens, thereby halting bone growth and forming the slightly raised, rough line known as the epiphyseal line. Therefore, the best description would be option 'c': Osteoblasts build the bone needed within the epiphyseal line.

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Miralee needs a new toothbrush. She wants a toothbrush that gently massages her gums. There is a new electric toothbrush on the market that is all the rage right now. A famous actor endorses it, and everyone has been talking about it. There is also another regular toothbrush that has extremely soft bristles. While both are in the same price range, the regular toothbrush has softer bristles that will take care of her sensitive gums. In addition, the handle is sturdy and has a solid rubber grip. There is no celebrity endorsing this toothbrush, though.

Which criteria should Miralee use for her selection? Check all that apply.

that the toothbrush is safe to use
that the toothbrush is of superior quality
that the toothbrush massages gums
that the toothbrush is endorsed by a celebrity
that the toothbrush is recommended by a medical association

ANSWER:
- that the toothbrush is safe to use.
- that the toothbrush is of superior quality.
- that the toothbrush massages gums.
- that the toothbrush is recommended by a medical association.

Answers

The answer to the given question about the use of toothbrush by Miralee is explained below.

Explanation:

As Miralee has some gum problem and she wants a new toothbrush that can help her massage her gums and sooth them, so she should select the toothbrush on the basis of what comfort or advantage she is seeking in it.

So Miralee should go for the following selection:

the toothbrush is safe to use. the toothbrush is of superior quality. the toothbrush massages gums. the toothbrush is recommended by a medical association.

She should not go for a toothbrush just because it is endorsed by a famous celebrity, rather she should choose the brush according to her needs.

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Answer:

the toothbrush is safe to use.

the toothbrush is of superior quality.

the toothbrush massages gums.

the toothbrush is recommended by a medical association

Explanation:

A study by Walline et al., (2009) randomly assigned one group of children to wear contact lenses and another group to wear glasses to correct myopia. Did the results of the study indicate any differences between the two groups?

Answers

Final answer:

The study by Walline et al. (2009) did not indicate any significant differences between the group of children wearing contact lenses and the group wearing glasses to correct myopia. Both methods showed similar outcomes in terms of visual acuity, comfort, and satisfaction.

Explanation:

The study by Walline et al. (2009) aimed to compare the outcomes of wearing contact lenses versus glasses to correct myopia in children. The researchers randomly assigned one group of children to wear contact lenses and another group to wear glasses. The results of the study showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of visual acuity, comfort, or overall satisfaction with the vision correction methods.

While the government cannot guarantee health and safety for each individual, its role is to provide for maximum health and safety for the community as a whole.A) True B) False

Answers

Answer:

(A). True.

Explanation:

'The government cannot guarantee health and safety for each individual, its role is to provide for maximum health and safety for the community as a whole'.

The above statement is true, the government by protecting public health, financing public health sector, improving health policies.

The government through the executive arm of the government appoint people, for example, ministerial appointment to the health ministry, the people appointed will have to work in order to improve the health sector.

The Government also,during planning of national budget, the government release money into the health sector for its improvement.

This improvements in health sector is for the provision for maximum health and safety for the community as a whole.

A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing alcohol withdrawal. Which statement best indicates that the client understands the need for long-term treatment?

Answers

Answer:

The client agrees to detoxification, rehabilitation, and participation in an aftercare program.

Explanation:

The alcohol addiction may be defined as the dependency of the individual on the alcohol. If the individual is not given alcohol he might develop the anxiety or stress.

The alcohol addiction requires proper medical and other rehabilitation treatment. Detoxification removes the harmful substances of the body that might develop due to the alcohol. The proper family support and rehabilitation of the individual is important to remove the alcohol addiction.

During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo that they each restate their spouses comments before making their own. The therapist was applying a technique most closely associated with _________.A. EMDRB. psychoanalysisC. cognitive-behavioral therapyD. systematic desensitizationE. client-centered therapy

Answers

Final answer:

The technique of having Mr. and Mrs. Gallo each restate their spouse's comments is closely associated with client-centered therapy. This approach encourages active listening, reduces misunderstandings and promotes understanding between the partners.

Explanation:

During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggested that Mr. and Mrs. Gallo each restate their spouse's comments before making their own. This strategy of active listening is most closely associated with client-centered therapy.

Client-centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers, and is based on the belief that clients have an innate capacity for personal growth and healing. In this framework, the therapist acts as a supportive facilitator, rather than an authority figure, aiding the client's exploration of their feelings, thoughts and behaviors.

In the context of marriage counseling, having each spouse restate the other's comments encourages empathetic listening, reduces misunderstandings, and validates each person's perspective.

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Final answer:

The technique of restating comments before making one's own, as suggested by a therapist to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo, is most closely associated with client-centered therapy, specifically active listening developed by Carl Rogers. This approach maintains emphasis on acknowledging, restating, and clarifying what clients express.

Explanation:

During a marriage counseling session, the therapist asked Mr. and Mrs. Gallo to each restate their spouses comments before making their own. This technique is most closely associated with client-centered therapy, specifically active listening. This therapeutic approach, developed by Carl Rogers, involves the therapist acknowledging, restating, and clarifying what the client expresses, and emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is also often used in couples therapy, focusing on current conflicts and issues rather than past experiences or childhood traumas. The goal is to understand how individual behaviors, beliefs, and backgrounds are impacting the relationship. However, in this case, the technique of restating the partner's comments is clearly related to client-centered therapy.

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The _____ route of contamination states that once food is eaten that a food handler touched with feces on their fingers, a foodborne illness may result.

Answers

Answer: Fecal-oral

as gross as it sounds lol

Answer:

The fecal oral route of contamination

Explanation:

For instance, if a food handlers doesn't wash and tidy his/her hands after using the convenience and get contaminants in food and substances from feces from their fingers, and these foods get ingested, it may cause a food borne illness leading to fecal oral contamination.

By providing benefits that are appealing to​ employees, Patagonia demonstrates that they view employees as​ ________ that creates value for the organization.

Answers

Answer:

E. Human Capital

Explanation:

Human capital is a unique capital, which is the sum of knowledge, intangible assets, health, personality qualities, skills and experience of an employee that can be of economic value both to an individual and their employer.  

Providing benefits that are appealing to employees is a form of investment on employees as human capital, which can increase productivity of employees, thereby creating value for the organization.

Which drug can be used to treat three types of seizures (tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial seizures) and status epilepticus?

Answers

Answer:

Lamotrigine

Explanation:

Lamotrigine is an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial seizures, primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and generalized seizures of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome in patients two years of age and above.

According to the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI), in 2013 ________ percent of employers with 50 or more employees offered at least one health promotion activity.

Answers

Answer:

80 percent of employees with 50 or more employees offered at least one health promotion activity.

Explanation:

EBRI is a non-partisan and non-profit research institute in Washington D.C. It produces research data on different public economics and health issues such as savings, retirement, economic security, health insurance coverage etc. It provides authentic research-based data to address the physical health and financial well-being graphs of the United States population specially the retired citizens.

Answer: 80 percent of employees with 50 or more employees offered at least one health promotion activity.

Explanation:

Column A Column B Column C Column D textbooks gas money doctor's office co-pay movie tickets tuition parking pass medicine prescription television on-campus food plan car repair insurance payment online game subscription Which column of expenses can be most easily eliminated if income decreases? Column A Column B Column C Column D

Answers

Answer:

Column D

movie tickets

television

online game subscription

Answer: The best answer for this is D. I just took the test

Explanation:

True or False? Advertising over-the-counter drugs relays the message that if you are experiencing some symptoms, taking drugs is an acceptable option.

Answers

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

This is because taking the drug that they are advertising implies that you can solve whatever problems or complications you are having and you wont need to see a specialist who basically robs you of your money and livelihood due to your income.

An optimum number of overlearning opportunities is approximately _____% of the number of trials required for acquisition of the behavior. a. 50% b. 25% c. 33% d. 75%

Answers

Answer:

a. 50%

Explanation:

Overlearning is a condition in which an individual undergoes repeated practice after which the main objective of the practice has already be achieved. The probability of  acquistion of the behavior in the practice is either the individual was successful after  learning it once again or not successful . In both cases, the number of the required outcome is 1 and the number of all possible outcome is 2.

∴ The sample space can  be given as:

Sample Space (S) = [tex]\frac{number of required outcome}{total number of possible outcome}[/tex]

Sample Space (S)  = [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex]

                               = 0.5;  (in percentage, we have)

                              = 50%

Final answer:

In educational psychology, the recommended optimum number of overlearning opportunities is around 50% of the required trials for initial behavior acquisition. Thus,option A is correct.

Explanation:

An optimum number of overlearning opportunities is a concept in educational psychology that refers to the amount of additional practice beyond initial mastery needed to consolidate learning. The commonly recommended amount is approximately 50% of the number of trials required for acquisition of the behavior. This practice ensures that the learned behavior is solidified and can be recalled more easily in the future.

Nancy consumes fewer kcalories per kg body weight at 14 months than she did at 11 months. This change in appetite probably indicates that she is:

Answers

Here is the complete question

Nancy consumes fewer kcalories per kg body weight at 14 months than she did at 11 months. This change in appetite probably indicates that she is:

a.ill and needs medical attention.

b.not as physically active now as when she was 11 months old.

c.in a less rapid stage of growth now.

d.becoming malnourished.

Answer:

in a less rapid stage of growth now

Explanation:

The calorie is a unit of energy that is ubiquitously used in nutrition. A measure of how much energy a food contains is dependent on the number of calories in the food. Estimation by researchers have proven and shown that a gram of carbohydrates has 4 calories, a gram of protein has 4 calories and a gram of fat has 9 calories and Compilation of these three are essential for body body build up.

If Nancy consumes fewer kcalories per kg, the body weight at 14 months will be less rapid than she did at 11 months, it is likely acceptable to justify there is a  less rapid stage of growth now in Nancy after consuming fewer amount of calories in subsequent months than earlier.

Reggie takes a look at the time between antibiotic order and administration in the other ICUs in his hospital. He discovers that most of the ICUs have the same problem. This is an example of which of the following actions of leaders discussed in this lesson?

Answers

Answer:

Forming a clearer picture of the problem .

Explanation:

The intensive care unit (ICU) is the special health care department that provide special care to the patient. The ICU involves the proper sterile condition to the patient.

The ICU have some problem that are common to almost all the ICU. The Reggie example illustrates that clear picture of the problem faced by the ICU. The Reggie has the leadership quality and in the high position to take legal action against the hospital leadership.  

Thus, the correct answer is forming a clearer picture of the problem .

The philosophy that health has physical, emotional, spiritual, and social components, and that each is just as important as the others is termed___________.

Answers

Answer:

Philosophy of Symmetry

Explanation:

In the philosophy of health, we have the philosophy of symmetry, wellness philosophy, and the holistic philosophy. From the philosophy of symmetry point of view, health has "physical, emotional, spiritual, and social component". with all of them being equally important and should always be kept in a balance. The wellness philosophy has 6 dimensions and the holistic philosophy, with environmental and intellectual joining the list of philosophy of symmetry.

Answer:

Wellness

Explanation:

This is a state of complete physical, mental and social-welbeing but not necessarily absence of disease.

Who is the leading health education specialist? Who believes that the most fundamental outcome of health education is the enabling of individuals to achieve a level of freedom, avoiding unnecessary encumbrances to make enlightened choices?

Answers

Answer:

John Seffrin

Explanation:

John Seffrin wrote about health education as the primary tool needed in the pursuit of personal freedom. He believes what is most important when trying to achieve a level of freedom is health education. This is because he claims that it helps an individual avoid encumbrances that are irrelevant and unnecessary to help them make enlightened choices.

Indirect standardization should be used if age-specific death rates of the population for standardization are unknown or unstable. True or false?

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

In a given population system whereby the age-specific mortality rates can be estimated or determined, the best standardization method is the direct method. However, if the age-specific mortality rates of the given population system cannot be determined or estimated, the indirect standardization method should be applied.

A nurse is discussing the role of vitamin D in calcium regulation with a nursing student. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further teaching?A. "Adequate amounts of vitamin D occur naturally in the diet." B. "Vitamin D3 is preferred over vitamin D2."C. "Vitamin D can promote bone decalcification."D. "Vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine."

Answers

Answer:

Adequate amounts of vitamin D occur naturally in the diet.

Explanation:

The vitamins are the chemicals that are required in the diet in the small amounts. The deficiency and its excessive presence in the body can cause the disease in the individual.

Two main types of vitamin are fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins. The vitamin D is the fat soluble vitamin and its deficiency can cause rickets. These vitamins must be obtained from the external source and not present naturally in the diet.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Litigation resulting from improper restraint use is a common nursing legal issue. A nursing student is listing points related to the use of restraints. Which factor needs correction?1. Restraints can be used when less restrictive interventions are not successful.2. Restraints can be used when all other alternatives have been tried and exhausted.3. Restraints can be used only to ensure the physical safety of the resident or other residents.4. Restraints can be used anytime without a written order from the healthcare provider.

Answers

Answer:

Litigation may be defined as the process of setting any problem or dispute in the court. The litigation must be follow in the health and medicine as well for the proper justice with people.

The restraints is used in the case when no positive response is obtained even after complaining. If the other alternatives are not in use then the restraint is important. The restraints always require the written order that can be given to the health care provider.

Thus, the correct answer is option (4).

Which statement is TRUE regarding Healthy People 2020?
a) It is revised frequently by the USDA.
b) It explains the 5 food groups.
c) It is revised every 20 years by the DHHS.
d) It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education.

Answers

Final answer:

The true statement about Healthy People 2020 is that it aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education. It is developed by the DHHS, not the USDA, and targets all aspects of health.

Explanation:

The statement that is TRUE regarding Healthy People 2020 is: d) It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education. Healthy People 2020 is a program developed by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) in the United States with the goal of improving the nation's health.

This initiative sets out a comprehensive set of 10-year national goals and objectives for improving the health of all Americans. While it is reviewed and evaluated every decade by the DHHS, it does not fall within the purview of the USDA, and it goes beyond dietary guidelines like the 5 food groups to encompass all aspects of health, with a particular focus on eliminating disparities and enhancing access to health education.

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Final answer:

The true statement about Healthy People 2020 is that it aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education. It's an initiative revised every ten years by the DHHS that focuses on promoting health equality and enhancing health knowledge access, instead on explaining the five food groups.

Explanation:

The correct statement regarding Healthy People 2020 is: It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education.

Healthy People 2020 is an initiative by the U.S Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS). This organization revisits and updates its objectives every ten years, not every 20 years as stated in the question. Healthy People 2020 does not directly deal with providing explanations of the five food groups; such guidelines' framing lies more with the USDA. Its primary focus is on promoting health equity and enhancing the health knowledge and education access across the American population to improve nationwide health outcomes.

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Choosing healthy portion sizes is easier if you equate the portion to an easily recognizable, everyday item. Complete the following sentences.1. A fruit serving is 1 cup of fresh fruit, 1 cup of 100% fruit juice, or one-half cup of dried fruit. A small or medium fruit is about the size of a _____2. Three ounces of meat is equivalent to the size of a _____3. One cup of ready-to-eat breakfast cereal is roughly the size of a _____.4. Two tablespoons of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is the same size as a _____.

Answers

Final answer:

A fruit serving is about the size of a tennis ball, three ounces of meat is equivalent to the size of a deck of cards, one cup of ready-to-eat breakfast cereal is roughly the size of a baseball, and two tablespoons of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is the same size as a ping-pong ball.

Explanation:

1. A small or medium fruit is about the size of a tennis ball.

2. Three ounces of meat is equivalent to the size of a deck of cards.

3. One cup of ready-to-eat breakfast cereal is roughly the size of a baseball.

4. Two tablespoons of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is the same size as a ping-pong ball.

A woman has been treated for a tumor of the left breast that has not responded to chemotherapy. The woman has just found out that she has the BRCA mutations and discusses her options with her primary care provider. Which treatment would be most difficult for this woman?

Answers

Answer:

Chemotherapy

Explanation:

Mr. Garcia has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. As it progresses, the ____ cell(s) lining his brain's blood vessels will shrink, and harmful chemicals will enter the brain.

Answers

Answer: Endothelial

Hope this helps! :)

Final answer:

In Alzheimer's disease, shrinking endothelial cells in the brain's blood vessels lead to harmful chemicals entering the brain, with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles causing neuronal death and shrinkage of brain regions like the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

Explanation:

Mr. Garcia has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline and personality changes. As the disease progresses, the endothelial cells lining his brain's blood vessels will shrink, facilitating the entry of harmful chemicals into the brain. This condition is characterized by the buildup of amyloid plaques between brain cells and neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons, leading to synaptic loss and neuronal death. The loss of neurons causes significant cell loss and shrinkage in brain regions like the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, while the ventricles within the brain enlarge due to this cell loss.

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is also affected in Alzheimer's disease, which impairs neuron communication, further reducing brain functionality. The comparison of brain cross-sections from patients with Alzheimer's disease to healthy individuals illustrates the severity of neurodegeneration, with marked differences in brain volume and structure.

Although the phospholipid molecules can be in constant lateral movement, they very rarely flip from one side of the bilayer to the other. Which of the following could explain this?

A., The molecular attraction between the fatty acid tails is too strong.
B., The head groups are too large to fit between the interior fatty acid tails.
C., The head groups are repelled by the hydrophobic membrane interior.
D., The cholesterol keeps the phospholipids on the correct side.

Answers

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

The cell membrane of the organism are semipermeable which means it allows  only some of the molecules to pass through the cell membrane. It structure of the cell membrane is made of phosphorous and lipids.

The two main regions of cell membrane is polar head region which is hydrophillic in nature and other region is the tail region which is non polar hydrophobic region.

The tail regions repeals the head region of the cell membrane.

A nurse is teaching a client who is awaiting a heart transplant. Which statement indicates the client understands what is required to help minimize rejection?a) "There is no risk of rejection if the donor heart is an exact match."
b) "I will receive medication before and during surgery which will eliminate the risk of rejection."
c) "I will need medication following surgery to prevent rejection and if my body does not reject the new heart I will not have to take any medication at home."
d) "I will need to take three different types of medications for the rest of my life to help prevent rejection."

Answers

Answer:

d) "I will need to take three different types of medications for the rest of my life to help prevent rejection."

Explanation:

Clients who have had heart transplants depends on many factors, including age, health, and response to the transplant and they are constantly balancing and trying to cope with the risk of rejection and  with the risk of infection.

They are needed to take follow up measure which involves usage of varieties of complex medications,  biopsies of the transplanted heart (to diagnose rejection), and clinical visitations.

They need to understand that there are 'three classes of medications prescribed for a transplant client to help minimize rejection': these are corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and antiproliferative agents.

Willianne is training to run in a half-marathon (13.1 miles). She has run in 5K and 10K races before, but never in a half-marathon. To prepare, Willianne has been following a training plan for the past several months. What are some of the specific effects of endurance training on carbohydrate metabolism?

Answers

Answer:

Endurance training promotes adaptations and shifts in substrate utilization and increases the maximal capacity for carbohydrate oxidation (as well as fat oxidation).

Explanation:

Endurance training reduces the reliance on carbohydrate as a source of energy during submaximal excercise. There is an increased effectiveness of insulin to stimulate glucose transport, there’s also an enhanced glucose uptake. Trained muscles are also characterized by increased concentration of glycogen, which is an important factor in the decreased rates of fatigue with prolonged exercise. As it was said, exercise training can increase insulin sensitivity and improve overall glucose homeostasis, which are important in cases of metabolic deseases.

Final answer:

Endurance training enhances glycogen storage and efficiency of use in the muscles, increasing available energy through improved carbohydrate metabolism and delaying fatigue during extended exercise such as a half-marathon.

Explanation:

Endurance training has a significant impact on carbohydrate metabolism, particularly in how the body stores and uses glycogen. During intensive training, such as preparing for a half-marathon, the muscles adapt by increasing their capacity to store glycogen. Glycogen is a form of stored glucose, derived from carbohydrates, which serves as a readily available source of energy for muscle contraction during prolonged exercise.

As the endurance athlete trains, their muscles become more efficient at utilizing glycogen, ensuring that there is a sustained release of glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the biochemical way to store and use energy. This process happens through cellular respiration, a metabolic pathway that converts glucose to ATP in the presence of oxygen, which endurance athletes heavily rely on during a race. The practice of carbohydrate loading before an event further maximizes glycogen stores, making more energy available and potentially enhancing performance and delaying fatigue.

Moreover, consistent endurance training can alter fuel utilization, increasing the muscle's ability to oxidize fatty acids. This shift could spare glycogen during exercise, preventing the runner from “hitting the wall,” a state where glycogen stores are depleted, and the body has to rely on less efficient energy sources like fats. Therefore, combined with a strategic diet, endurance training profoundly affects carbohydrate metabolism.

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