Imagine you created a toxin such that when a neuron fired an action potential, the toxin would bind immediately to the sodium-potassium pump at the top of the action potential, but the sodium and potassium channels would still function. What process(es) would be affected

Answer: The formula does not correlate with the general molecular formula of any known homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds

Explanation:

Hydrocarbons are arranged in families of compounds known as homologous series, each having its unique molecular formula.

Alkanes CnH2n+2

Alkenes CnH2n

Alkynes CnHn

C2H8 does not fit into any of these homologous series. The compound cannot be cyclic because it has only two carbon atoms. Considering all these, the existence of this hypothetical compound is simply an impossibility.

Chemists would be skeptical of a molecule with the formula C2H8 because it contradicts the octet rule. This rule outlines that carbon typically forms four bonds and hydrogen forms a single bond. A C2H8 molecule suggests more than four bonds per carbon, which does not usually occur in stable compounds.

The skepticism among chemists regarding a molecule with the formula C2H8 stems from the very basics of chemistry and molecular structures. According to the octet rule, carbon (C) forms four bonds, and hydrogen (H) forms a single bond. So a molecule with two carbon atoms would usually only have six hydrogen atoms attached (as in the case of ethane, C2H6), allowing each carbon atom to form the maximum four bonds (three with hydrogen, one with the other carbon). A molecule with two carbons and eight hydrogens would suggest more than four bonds per carbon atom, which is generally not observed in stable compounds.

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Answer:

You first  start by weighing a quatity of NaHCO3 which is by calculating the molecular mass of the salt and then multiply it with the molarity given which is 0.5 M, the gram/mol gotten is then dissolve in some water, add 0.1M NaOH dropwise until the pH is 9.8. Transfer quantitatively to a 100 mL volumetric flask and dilute to the mark. Mix thoroughtly.

Explanation:

molar mass of Na HCO3= 84.01

molarity given= 0.5 M

to get the g/mol to dissolve in 1000 mL , 0.5 x 84.01 =42.005 g/mol=1 L

to get 100 mL , 42.002 divide by 10

=4.2005g/mol

To make a carbonic acid buffer at 0.5 M and pH 6.0, mix equal molar amounts of NaHCO3 and H2CO3. For 100 mL at 0.5 M, mix 25 mL of 1.0 M HCl with 50 mL of 1.0 M NaHCO3 and dilute to 100 mL with water.

To make 100 mL of a carbonic acid buffer at 0.5 M and pH = 6.0 using 1.0 M NaHCO3 and either 1.0 M NaOH or 1.0 M HCl, you first need to understand the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

For carbonic acid (pKa ≈ 6.1), when pH is 6.0:

6.0 = 6.1 + log([NaHCO3]/[H2CO3])

This suggests the ratio of [NaHCO3] to [H2CO3] should be close to 1:1. Solving for the concentrations:

log([NaHCO3]/[H2CO3]) = -0.1

[NaHCO3]/[H2CO3] ≈ 0.79

If you want a 0.5 M buffer, you'll need close to 0.25 M NaHCO3 and 0.25 M H2CO3.

To get H2CO3, you can add HCl to NaHCO3 since H2CO3 is not stable:

NaHCO3 + HCl → H2CO3 + NaCl

For 100 mL at 0.25 M, you would need 25 mmol of HCl. You would take 25 mL of 1.0 M HCl (because 25 mL × 1.0 M = 25 mmol) and add it to 50 mL of 1.0 M NaHCO3 (which provides 50 mmol NaHCO3) to keep the ratio. Then dilute to 100 mL with water.

Answer:

When the temperature lowers to 264K the volume lowers to 50.95 L

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

The initial volume of a gas = 57.9 L

The initial temperature = 300 K

The temperature lowers to 264 K

Step 2: Charles's law

V1 / T1 = V2 / T2

⇒ with V1 = the initial volume of the gas = 57.9 L

⇒ with T1 = the initial temperature = 300K

⇒ with V2 the new volume = TO BE DETERMINED

⇒ with T2 = the final temperature = 264K

57.9L /300K = V2 / 264K

V2 = (57.9*264)/300

V2 = 50.95 L

When the temperature lowers to 264K the volume lowers to 50.95 L

Answer : The mass percentage of barium in the compound is, 53.8 %

Explanation : Given,

Mass of barium compound = 441 mg

Mass of barium sulfate = 403 mg = 0.403 g       (1 mg = 0.001 g)

The balanced chemical reaction will be:

[tex]Ba^{2+}(aq)+Na_2SO_4(aq)\rightarrow BaSO_4(s)+2Na^+(aq)[/tex]

First we have to calculate the moles of [tex]BaSO_4[/tex]

[tex]\text{Moles of }BaSO_4=\frac{\text{Mass of }BaSO_4}{\text{Molar mass of }BaSO_4}[/tex]

Molar mass of [tex]BaSO_4[/tex] = 233.38 g/mole

[tex]\text{Moles of }BaSO_4=\frac{0.403g}{233.38g/mole}=0.001727mole[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the moles of barium ion.

From the balanced chemical reaction, we conclude that

As, 1 mole of barium sulfate produced from 1 mole of barium ion

So, 0.001727 mole of barium sulfate produced from 0.001727 mole of barium ion

Now we have to calculate the mass of barium ion.

[tex]\text{ Mass of }Ba^{2+}=\text{ Moles of }Ba^{2+}\times \text{ Molar mass of }Ba^{2+}[/tex]

Molar mass of barium = 137.3 g/mol

[tex]\text{ Mass of }Ba^{2+}=(0.001727moles)\times (137.3g/mole)=0.2371g[/tex]

Now we convert the mass of barium ion from gram to mg.

Conversion used : (1 g = 1000 mg)

Mass of barium ion = 0.2371 g = 237.1 mg

Now we have to calculate the mass percentage of barium in the compound.

Mass percent of barium = [tex]\frac{237.1mg}{441mg}\times 100=53.8\%[/tex]

Thus, the mass percentage of barium in the compound is, 53.8 %

Answer:

The pH of the solution lies from 11 to 12.Hence, option e is correct.

Explanation:

The value of [tex]K_b[/tex] for caffine = [tex]4\times 10^{-4}[/tex]

[tex]CafOH(aq)\rightleftharpoons Caf(aq)+OH^-(aq)[/tex]

Initial

   0           0.01 M       0

AT equilibrium:

  x          (0.01 -x)M      x

[tex]K_b=\frac{x(0.01-x)}{(x)}[/tex]

[tex]4\times 10^{-4}=\frac{x(0.01-x)}{(x)}[/tex]

Solving for x:

x = 0.0096 M

The pOH of the solution is given by :

[tex]pOH=-\log[OH^-}[/tex]

[tex]pOH=-\log[x][/tex]

[tex]pOH=-\log[0.0096][/tex]

pOH = 2.02

pH= 14 - pOH = 14 - 2.02 = 11.98

The pH of the solution lies from 11 to 12.

pH is the measurement of the acidity and alkaline level of a solution. It indicates the levels of hydrogen ions present in the solution.

pH can be calculated as :

pH = - log [H₃O+]

The correct answer is :

Option D. 11-12

To calculate the pH of a solution we need to know the concentration of hydronium ion in moles per litre.

Given,

The value of Kb of caffeine= 4 × 10⁻⁴

[tex]\text {Caf OH}\; \text{(aq)} \rightleftharpoons \text{Caf (aq)} & \; + \text{OH}^{-} \text{(aq)}[/tex]

Initially:

        0             0.01 M            0

At the equilibrium:

       Y            (0.01- Y)M         Y

[tex]\text{K}_{\text{b}} & = \frac{\text{Y}(0.01 - \text{Y})}{\text{Y}}[/tex]

[tex]4 \times 10^{-4} = \frac{\text{Y}(0.01 - \text{Y})}{\text{Y}}[/tex]

Solving for Y:

Y = 0.0096 M

The pOH of the solution can be determined by:

[tex]\text{pOH} & = \text{- log}\; (\text{OH}^{-} )[/tex]

[tex]\text{pOH} & = \text{- log}\; (\text{Y} )[/tex]

[tex]\text{pOH} & = \text{- log}\; (0.0096)[/tex]

pOH = 2.02

pH = 14- pOH

= 14-2.02

= 11.98

Therefore, the pH of the solution ranges between 11 - 12.

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Answer:

(a)  0.72 lbm· ft/s²

(b)  20.3 kPa,  2.94 lbf / in²

(c)  98.6 ºF,  310 K

(d)  1.5 x 10⁻² J,  6.1 x 10⁻² cal

Explanation:

Our strategy here will be to find the conversion factors for the quantities we are asked in each part, and perform the calculations.

(a) 10,000 dynes to lbm ·ft/s²

here we are asked to convert  the  force of 10,000 dynes to lbm ·ft/s². Recall that F= ma ( m= mass, a = acceleration), thus

10,000 dynes = 10 g cm/s²

converting the force

10,000 g cm/s² x (1 lbm/454 g) x (1 ft / 30.48 cm ) /s² = 0.72 lbm· ft/s²

(b)

1 atm = 101.33 pa

0.2 atm x ( 101.33 kPa ) = 20.3 kPa

1 atm = 14.7 lbf / in²

0.2 atm x ( 14.7 lbf / in² /atm ) = 2.94 lbf / in²

(c) The formula for the conversion from ºC to ºF is:

ºF = 9/5 ºC +32

ºF = 9/5 ( 37ºC) + 32 = 98.6 ºF

K = ºC + 273

K = (37 + 273) K = 310 K

(d) 50 in²·lbm/s² to joules and calories

Since the unit in² ·lbm/s² is not that common, lets convert it using their definition.

These are energy units, and we know the energy is the force times distance. In turn force is mass times acceleration so that the units of energy are mass time distance per time squared.

Joules is the unit of energy  in the metric system.

50 in² lbm/s² = 50 in²x ( 2.54 cm/in x 1m /100cm)² x (1lbm x 0.454 Kg/lbm)/s²

= 1.5 x 10⁻² Kg m²/² =  1.5 x 10⁻² J

To convert to cal it wilñl be easier to use the value in joules just calculated:

1.5 x 10⁻² J x  (4.184 cal/J) = 6.1 x 10⁻² cal

Final answer:

This response provides detailed conversions for different units in physics including dynes, lbm, atm, and temperature measurements. It explains how to convert between various units and provides step-by-step examples for each conversion.

Explanation:

Unit conversions:

(a) To convert 10,000 dynes to lbm ∙ ft/s² and lbf:
1 dyne = 1 g cm/s² = 10⁻⁵ N, therefore, 10,000 dynes = 0.1 N. Using 1 lb = 453.59 g, 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 lb = 4.448 N, the conversion is: 10,000 dynes = 0.1 N = 0.0225 lb or 0.1 N = 0.0225 lbf.

(b) To convert 0.2 atm to Kpa and lbf:
1 atm = 101.3 Kpa, therefore, 0.2 atm = 20.26 Kpa. Also, 1 atm = 14.7 lb/in², so 0.2 atm = 2.94 lb/in².

(c) Converting 37 °C to °F and K:
To convert °C to °F: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32. So, 37 °C = 98.6 °F. To obtain K from °C, use K = °C + 273. Thus, 37 °C = 310 K.

Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is more effective at lowering the freezing point of ice than sodium chloride (NaCl) because it produces more ions when it dissociates, leading to greater freezing point depression.

To determine which salt would help you eat your homemade ice cream faster by lowering the freezing point of ice more effectively, we need to consider the colligative properties of each salt. The property of interest here is freezing point depression, which is a colligative property that states the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent due to the presence of solute particles.

Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is more effective at lowering the freezing point than sodium chloride (NaCl) because it dissociates into three ions (one Ca2+ and two Cl-), while NaCl dissociates into only two ions (one Na+ and one Cl-). Since the extent of freezing point depression is dependent on the number of solute particles in solution, CaCl2 will lower the freezing point more than NaCl for the same mass.

Given that the freezing points of saturated solutions are −22°C for NaCl and −30°C for CaCl2, using 200 g of CaCl2 would result in a lower freezing temperature compared to the same amount of NaCl, thus allowing your ice cream to freeze quicker.

Answer:

Please refer to the attachment below.

Explanation:

Please refer to the attachment below for explanation.

Final answer:

Based on the IR and NMR data, and the molecular formula C6H6NCl, the likely structure is para-chloroaniline, which includes a benzene ring substituted with an amine group (NH2) and a chlorine atom (Cl).

Explanation:

The question involves determining the structure of a compound with the molecular formula C6H6NCl using 1H NMR and IR data. The 1H NMR data features signals at δ 300 (s, 2H), 6.57 (d, 2H), and 7.05 (d, 2H). The IR data presents broad bands at 3400 cm⁻¹ and 3250 cm⁻¹, which suggest the presence of N-H bonds, indicating an amine or amide functional group. The bands at 1590 cm⁻¹ and 820 cm⁻¹ can be indicative of an aromatic ring and substituted benzene, respectively.

Considering the molecular formula and the spectroscopy data given, a probable structure is a chloroaniline, where a benzene ring is substituted with an amine (NH2) group and a chlorine atom (Cl). The two doublets in the 1H NMR spectrum at 6.57 and 7.05 ppm suggest a para-substituted benzene ring, with each set of doublets representing the protons on either side of the substituted positions. The chemical shift at δ 300 ppm is not standard and is assumed to be a typo. Typically, for aromatic protons, shifts are in the range of 6-8 ppm. Thus, the illustrated doublets fit the pattern of para-substituted benzene.

Answer:

mass = 1.8x10⁻³ kg; number of moles = 4.1x10⁻⁵ kmol; specific volume = 0.55 m³/kg; molar specific volume = 24.4 m³/kmol

Explanation:

By the Avogadro's number, 1 mol of the matter has 6.02x10²³ molecules, thus, the number of moles (n) is the number of molecules presented divided by Avogadro's number:

n = 2.5x10²²/6.02x10²³

n = 0.041 mol

n = 4.1x10⁻⁵ kmol

The molar mass of CO₂ is 44 g/mol (12 g/mol of C + 2*16g/mol of O), and the mass is the number of moles multiplied by the molar mass:

m = 0.041 mol * 44 g/mol

m = 1.804 g

m = 1.8x10⁻³ kg

The specific volume (v) is the volume (1L = 0.001 m³) divided by the mass, and it represents how much volume is presented in each part of the mass:

v = 0.001/1.8x10⁻³

v = 0.55 m³/kg

The molar specific volume (nv) is the volume divided by the number of moles, and it represents how much volume is presented in each part of the mol:

nv = 0.001/4.1x10⁻⁵

nv = 24.4 m³/kmol

The study of the chemicals and the bonds is called chemistry.

The correct answer is 24.4

All the data is given is as follows:-

By the Avogadro's number, 1 mole of the matter has 6.02x10²³ molecules, thus, the number of moles (n) is the number of molecules presented divided by Avogadro's number:

n = [tex]\frac{2.5*10^{22}}{{6.02*10^{23}}} [/tex]

n = 0.041 mol

n = [tex]4.1*106^{-5[/tex] kmol

The molar mass of CO₂ is 44 g/mol ([tex]12 g/mol of C + 2*16g/mol of O[/tex]), and the mass is the number of moles multiplied by the molar mass:

m = 0.041 mol * 44 g/mol

m = 1.804 g

m = [tex]1.8x10^{-3} kg[/tex]

The specific volume (v) is the volume (1L = 0.001 m³) divided by the mass, and it represents how much volume is presented in each part of the mass:

v = [tex]\frac{0.001}{1.8*10^{-3}}[/tex]

v = 0.55 m³/kg

The molar specific volume (nv) is the volume divided by the number of moles, and it represents how much volume is presented in each part of the mol:

nv = 0.001/4.1x10⁻⁵

nv = 24.4 m³/kmol

Hence, the correct answer is 24.4.

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Answer:

7.33 moles of NH₃ are produced in the reaction.

Explanation:

The reaction is this:

3 N₂H₄  →  4NH₃ +  N₂

Ratio is 3:4

So 3 moles of N₂H₄ were needed to produce 4 moles of ammonia

5.5 moles of N₂H₄ would produce (5.5  . 4 ) / 3 = 7.33 moles of NH₃

Final answer:

Solid chromium(II) nitrate dissolves in water and dissociates into chromium ions and nitrate ions, indicating its strong electrolyte nature.

Explanation:

The question pertains to the dissolution of chromium(II) nitrate in water and its behavior as a strong electrolyte. When solid chromium(II) nitrate is placed in water, it will undergo the process of dissolution and dissociation since it is a strong electrolyte. This can be represented by the following chemical reaction:

Cr(NO3)2(s) → Cr2+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq)

Here, solid chromium(II) nitrate dissolves in water, producing chromium ions and nitrate ions, which are uniformly dispersed throughout the aqueous solution. The reaction showcases the strong electrolytic nature of chromium(II) nitrate, which allows it to completely dissociate in solution and conduct electricity.

The reaction is- [tex]\[ \text{Cr(NO}_3\text{)}_2(s) \rightarrow \text{Cr}^{2+}(aq) + 2\text{NO}_3^-(aq) \][/tex]

The reaction when solid chromium(II) nitrate [tex](Cr(NO\(_3\))\(_2\))[/tex] is dissolved in water can be represented by the following equation:

[tex]\[ \text{Cr(NO}_3\text{)}_2(s) \rightarrow \text{Cr}^{2+}(aq) + 2\text{NO}_3^-(aq) \][/tex]

When a strong electrolyte like chromium(II) nitrate dissolves in water, it dissociates completely into its constituent ions. Chromium(II) nitrate consists of the chromium(II) cation, [tex]Cr\(^{2+}\)[/tex], and the nitrate anion, [tex]NO\(_3\)\(^-\)[/tex]. The solid compound, represented by the (s) notation, separates into its ions in aqueous solution, as indicated by the (aq) notation.

The compound dissociates into one chromium(II) ion for every molecule of chromium(II) nitrate and two nitrate ions per molecule, as indicated by the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation. The nitrate ion has a charge of -1, and since the chromium(II) ion has a charge of +2, two nitrate ions are required to balance the charge, resulting in a neutral compound. When dissolved, these ions are solvated by water molecules, but this aspect is not explicitly shown in the reaction equation.

Answer:

1. How many moles of solution are there. Ans: 0.3079193mol

2. Mole fraction for gold : 0.2473212

Mole fraction for silver: 0.7526787

3. Molar entropy of mixing for gold: 2.87285j/k

Molar entropy of mixing for silver: 1.77804j/k

4. Total entropy of mixing: 4.65089j/k

5. Molar free energy: -2325.445kj

6. Chemical potential for silver: -1750.31129j/mol

Chemical potential for gold: -575.13185j/mol

Explanation:

(1)

molar mass of silver = 107.8682g/mol

Molar mass of gold= 196.96657g/mol

Therefore mole = mass/molar mass

For silver: 25g/107.8682g/mol = 0.2317643mol

For gold: 15g/196.96657g/mol= 0.076155mol

Total number of mole= 0.2317643+0.076155= 0.30791193mol

(2)

Mole fraction for silver= 0.2317643/0.3079193= 0.7526787

Mole fraction for gold=0.076155/0.3079193=0.2473212

(3)

The molar entropy mixing ∆Sm= -RXi×lnXi

R= gas constant= 8.3144598

Xi = mole fraction

For silver:

-8.3144598×0.7526787( ln0.7526787)= 1.77804j/k

For gold:

-8.3144598×0.2473212( ln0.2473212)= 2.87285k/j

(4)

Total entropy= 1.77804+2.87285=4.65089k/j

(5)

Molar free energy change at 500°C

G=H-TS

Where G= Gibbs free energy

H= enthalpy,. T= Temperature, S= entropy

H=0, T=500+ 273=773k, S=4.65089

Therefore

G= 0- 773x4.65089= -3595.138kj

(6)

Chemical potential = Gibbs free energy × mole fraction

For silver:

-3595.138×0.7526787=-2705.9837j/mol

For gold:

-3595.138×0.2473212= -889.15381j/mol

The total number of moles in the solid solution of gold and silver is 0.308 mol with mole fractions of 0.247 and 0.753 for gold and silver, respectively. Other aspects of the question, including molar entropy of mixing, molar free energy change, and chemical potentials, cannot be answered without additional data.

To answer your question, we first need to find the number of moles of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) in the mixture. The atomic mass of Au is approximately 197 g/mol and of Ag is 107.87 g/mol. From this, we can calculate the number of moles as follows:

The total number of moles in the solution = Moles of Au + Moles of Ag = 0.076 mol + 0.232 mol = 0.308 mol.

Therefore, the mole fractions are: xAu = 0.076/0.308 = 0.247, xAg = 0.232/0.308 = 0.753.

As for the molar entropy of mixing, molar free energy change, total entropy of mixing, and chemical potentials of Au and Ag, these values depend on the specific conditions of the system and cannot be determined without additional information. Accordingly, these parts of the question cannot be answered.

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The Thompson analogy of the carpet seed children analogy has been based on the faulty contraceptive analogy for abortion. Thus, option D is correct.

Thompson's analogy of "The Carpet-Seed Children Analogy" has dealt with the failed pregnancy issues. Reproduction has been the process of the fusion of the gametes and the development of the zygote into the child.

The reproduction takes place inside the uterus of the female and has been termed pregnancy. There have been several complications with the pregnancy that leads to the abortion of the child.

The Thompson analogy of the carpet seed children analogy has been based on the faulty contraceptive analogy for abortion. Thus, option D is correct.

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Alcoholic fermentation  fermentation produces CO2 bubbles in baking.

Explanation:

The other name given for the Alcoholic Fermentation is Ethanol fermentation. In this process of fermentation, ethanol and carbon dioxide are the resultant by-products. These are formed by the conversion of fructose,sucrose and glucose to cellular energy. This type of fermentation do not require oxygen for the process to take place. Hence, these are known to be an anaerobic process

This type of fermentation has its application like ethanol fuel production, cooking of bread, etc. A dough rises  of the Ethanol fermentation. this is because, the sugars that are present in a dough are absorbed by yeast . this produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. During baking process,bubbles are formed by this carbon dioxide.

Some Potassium bromide precipitates out of solution.

Option B.

Solubility is defined as the tendency of a substance to get mixed into a solvent at a particular temperature and pressure. The amount of solubility is defined as the amount of substance in grams which will make a saturated solution of 100ml at a temperature and pressure.

Potassium bromide is a salt and nitrogen is a gas. The solubility of the salts generally increase with temperature in water, and decreases with decrease in temperature. So in case of potassium bromide, the solubility of the salt will decrease, leaving some precipitate in the room temperature.

While in case of gases, the solubility of them do decrease with increase in temperature. So at room temperature, solubility of nitrogen will be more than that in 750°C. So no gas will bubble off.

Some of the potassium bromide precipitates out of the solution.  

• The solubility of the gas is inversely proportional to the temperature. With the decrease in temperature, the solubility of the gas increases.  

• Therefore, in the given case, nitrogen will not move out, in spite of that opposite will take place, that is, more atmospheric nitrogen will get dissolve in the solution.  

• The solubility of ionic salts like potassium bromide is directly corelated to the temperature, that is, the solubility of the salt decreases when the reduction in temperature takes place.  

• The precipitation of some of the salt takes place because solubility is low at lower temperature and the excess salt stays in solid form.  

Thus, some of the potassium bromide precipitates out of the solution .

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Answer:

42,650 kg of calcium carbonate will be produced everyday.

13,600.5 kg of magnesium hydroxide will be produced everyday.

Explanation:

Concentration of calcium ions = 46.9 mg/L

Concentration of magnesium ions = 14.8  mg/L

Volume of solution treated everyday , V= 80 million gal

= [tex]80\times 10^6 gal=4.546\times 80\time 10^6 L=3.637\times 10^8 L[/tex]

1 gallon = 4.546 Liter

Mass of  calcium ion in V = [tex]46.9 mg/L\times 3.637\times 10^8 L[/tex]

=  [tex]1.706\times 10^{10} mg[/tex]

1 mg = 0.001 g

[tex]1.706\times 10^{7} g[/tex]

Moles of calcium ions = [tex]\frac{1.706\times 10^{7} g}{40 g/mol}=426,500 mol[/tex]

From 1 mole of calcium ion 1mol of carbonate is formed . then from 426,500 moles of calcium ion will form :

[tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 426,500 mol=426,500 mol[/tex] of calcium carbonate

Mass of 426,500 moles of calcium carbonate:

426,500 mol × 100 g/mol  = 42,650,000 g = 42,650 kg

Mass of  magnesium ion in V = [tex]14.8 mg/L\times 3.637\times 10^8 L[/tex]

= [tex]5.382\times 10^{9} mg[/tex]

=  [tex]5.382\times 10^{6} g[/tex]

Moles of magnesium ions = [tex]\frac{5.382\times 10^{6} g}{24 g/mol}=224,250 mol[/tex]

From 1 mole of magnesium ion 1 mol of magnesium hydroxide is formed . then from 224,250 moles of magnesium ion will form :

[tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 224,250 mol=224,250 mol[/tex] of magnesium hydroxide

Mass of 224,250 moles of magnesium hydroxide:

224,250 mol × 58 g/mol  = 13,006,500 g = 13,006.5 kg

42,650 kg of calcium carbonate will be produced everyday.

13,600.5 kg of magnesium hydroxide will be produced everyday.

Answer: The difference in the pH values of the two solutions is 2.7

Explanation:

pH or pOH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

pH is calculated by taking negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.

[tex]pH=-\log [H^+][/tex]

a) For solution A, let [tex][H^+][/tex]  = [tex]0.0001\times 500M=0.05M[/tex]

Putting in the values:

[tex]pH=-\log[0.05][/tex]

[tex]pH=1.3[/tex]

b) For solution B, [tex][H^+][/tex]  =[tex]0.0001M[/tex]

Putting in the values:

[tex]pH=-\log[0.0001][/tex]

[tex]pH=4[/tex]

Thus the difference in pH will be (4-1.3)= 2.7.

The difference in the pH values of the two solutions is 2.7

Let the [H+] of solution B be 0.0001 M

Thus,

The [H+] of solution A = 0.0001 × 500 = 0.05 M

For solution A:

Hydrogen ion concentration [H+] = 0.0001 M

pH =?

pH = –Log [H+]

pH = –Log 0.0001

For solution B:

Hydrogen ion concentration [H+] = 0.05 M

pH =?

pH = –Log [H+]

pH = –Log 0.05

pH of solution A = 1.3

pH of solution B = 4

Difference = 4 – 1.3

Therefore, the difference in the pH values of the two solutions is 2.7

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Answer:

Xe will have the highest partial pressure

Explanation:

Using Dalton's law of partial pressures for ideal gases

p=P*x

where

p= partial pressure , P= total pressure and x = mole fraction = n / ∑n

since the number of moles is related with mass through

n= m/M

where

m= mass and M= molecular weight

then if m is the same for all the gases

x = m*M/ ∑ (m*M) = m*M/ m∑ M  = M/∑ M

thus

p=P*x = P*M/ ∑ M

for the 3 gases

p₁=P*x₁ = P*M₁/ (M₁+M₂+M₃)

p₂=P*x₃ = P*M₂/ (M₁+M₂+M₃)

p₂=P*x₃ = P*M₃/ (M₁+M₂+M₃)

then for gasses under the same pressure (P=constant) and same mass (m=constant) , p is higher when the molecular weight is higher . Therefore Xe will have the highest partial pressure

Answer:

He

Explanation:

The partial pressure of a gas is given by mole fraction of the gas multiplied by the total pressure of the gas. The mole fraction of each gas is the number of moles of that gas divided by the total number of moles present. The number of moles of each gas depends on its relative atomic mass since they are all of the same mass. The smaller the relative atomic mass, the greater number of moles of a gas and the greater mole fraction of that gas and the greater its partial pressure. Hence, helium is the lightest gas in the list hence it will have the highest partial pressure.

The equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl is  817.32 torr.

To calculate the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl, we first need to determine the change in partial pressures of Br2 and Cl2 from their initial values to equilibrium. Let's denote the change in partial pressure of Br2 as "x," and the change in partial pressure of Cl2 as "2x" (according to the stoichiometry of the reaction).

The initial partial pressure of Br2 is 751 torr, and the initial partial pressure of Cl2 is 737 torr. At equilibrium, the partial pressure of Br2 will be \( 751 - x \) torr, and the partial pressure of Cl2 will be [tex]\( 737 - 2x \)[/tex] torr.

Given that the equilibrium constant[tex]\( K_p = 1.112 \) at 150 K, we can write the expression for \( K_p \) as follows:[/tex]

[tex]\[ K_p = \frac{{(P_{BrCl})^2}}{{(P_{Br_2})(P_{Cl_2})}} \][/tex]

Plugging in the equilibrium partial pressures:

[tex]\[ 1.112 = \frac{{(2x)^2}}{{(751 - x)(737 - 2x)}} \][/tex]

Now, let's solve for "x" to find the change in partial pressure of Br2 and Cl2 at equilibrium:

[tex]\[ 1.112(751 - x)(737 - 2x) = 4x^2 \]\[ 1.112(556187 - 1488x - 1474x + 4x^2) = 4x^2 \]\[ 1.112(556187 - 2962x) = 4x^2 \]\[ 618866.744 - 3298.144x = 4x^2 \]\[ 4x^2 + 3298.144x - 618866.744 = 0 \][/tex]

Now, solving this quadratic equation for "x" yields two possible solutions, but we discard the negative solution since we're dealing with partial pressures:

[tex]\[ x = 408.66 \][/tex]

Now, substitute this value back into the expressions for equilibrium partial pressures:

Partial pressure of Br2 at equilibrium: [tex]\( 751 - 408.66 = 342.34 \)[/tex] torr

Partial pressure of Cl2 at equilibrium: [tex]\( 737 - 2(408.66) = -80.66 \)[/tex] torr (which we discard since partial pressures can't be negative)

Finally, calculate the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl using the stoichiometry of the reaction:

[tex]\[ P_{BrCl} = 2x = 2(408.66) = 817.32 \text{ torr} \][/tex]

So, the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl is approximately 817.32 torr.

Complete Question:

Consider the following reaction:

Br2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2BrCl(g), Kp=1.112 at 150 K.

A reaction mixture initially contains a Br2 partial pressure of 751 torr and a Cl2 partial pressure of 737 torr at 150 K.

Calculate the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl.

So, the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl is approximately 784.86 torr.

To solve this problem, we'll use the expression for the equilibrium constant [tex]\( K_p \):[/tex]

[tex]\[ K_p = \frac{{P_{\text{{BrCl}}}^2}}{{P_{\text{{Br}_2}} \cdot P_{\text{{Cl}_2}}}} \][/tex]

Given that [tex]\( K_p = 1.112 \)[/tex], [tex]\( P_{{{Br}_2}} = 751 \)[/tex] torr, and [tex]\( P_{{Cl}_2}} = 737 \)[/tex] torr, we can rearrange the equation to solve for [tex]\( P_{\text{{BrCl}}} \):[/tex]

[tex]\[ P_{{{BrCl}}} = \sqrt{{K_p \cdot P_{{{Br}_2}} \cdot P_{{Cl}_2}}}} \][/tex]

Let's plug in the values and solve for [tex]\( P_{{{BrCl}}} \):[/tex]

[tex]\[ P_{{{BrCl}}} = \sqrt{{1.112 \cdot 751 \cdot 737}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P_{{{BrCl}}} = \sqrt{{1.112 \cdot 751 \cdot 737}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P_{{{BrCl}}} \approx \sqrt{{615872.544}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P_{{{BrCl}}} \approx 784.86 \, \text{torr} \][/tex]

Answer:

V = 0.44 L

Explanation:

Moles is denoted by given mass divided by the molecular mass ,

Hence ,

n = w / m

n = moles ,

w = given mass ,

m = molecular mass .

From the question ,

w = 11.27 g

m ( for AgNO₃ ) =  169.87 g/mol

Hence , the moles can be calculated as -

n = w / m

n = 11.27 g / 169.87 g/mol

n = 0.066 mol

Molarity -

Molarity of a substance , is the number of moles present in a liter of solution .

M = n / V

M = molarity

V = volume of solution in liter ,

From the question ,

M = 0.150 M

n = 0.066 mol ( calculated above )

The final volume of the solution can be calculated by using the above equation ,

M = n / V  

0.150 M = 0.066 mol / V

V = 0.44 L

The correct final volume of the solution is 1.00 L.

To find the final volume of the solution, we need to use the formula for molarity (M), which is given by:

[tex]\[ M = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}} \][/tex]

 First, we calculate the moles of silver nitrate (AgNO3) using the given mass and the molar mass of AgNO3. The molar mass of AgNO3 is 169.87 g/mol, which is the sum of the atomic masses of silver (Ag, 107.87 g/mol), nitrogen (N, 14.01 g/mol), and three times the atomic mass of oxygen (O, 16.00 g/mol):

[tex]\[ \text{moles of AgNO3} = \frac{\text{mass of AgNO3}}{\text{molar mass of AgNO3}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{moles of AgNO3} = \frac{11.27 \text{ g}}{169.87 \text{ g/mol}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{moles of AgNO3} = 0.0664 \text{ mol} \][/tex]

 Now, we want to make a 0.150 M solution, so we set up the equation for molarity with the moles of AgNO3 we have and solve for the volume (V):

[tex]\[ M = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{V} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ 0.150 \text{ M} = \frac{0.0664 \text{ mol}}{V} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ V = \frac{0.0664 \text{ mol}}{0.150 \text{ M}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ V = 0.4427 \text{ L} \][/tex]

 However, we want the final volume to be in liters and to have a reasonable number of significant figures. Since the mass of AgNO3 is given to four decimal places, we can have four significant figures in our volume. Thus, we round the volume to 0.4427 L, which is equivalent to 442.7 mL.

 To make the solution up to 1 L, as is common practice in the lab, we would transfer the 442.7 mL of the AgNO3 solution to a 1 L volumetric flask and add distilled water to the mark on the neck of the flask, which indicates the volume is exactly 1 L. This ensures that the final concentration of the solution is 0.150 M.

 Therefore, the final volume of the solution should be 1.00 L to achieve the desired molarity of 0.150 M.

Answer:

The answer is explained below.

Explanation:

The melting point is a physical property of a substance and is the temperature at which the material changes from a solid to a liquid state at atmospheric pressure.

Melting point of copper

The melting point of copper (Cu)  with atomic number 29 is 1,085 °C

Safety concerns associated with the use of copper

Melting point of sulfur

The melting point of sulfur (S) with atomic number 16 is 115.2 °C

Safety concerns associated with the use of sulfur

Answer:

[tex]\delta G= -261.2kg[/tex] for the reaction under a given set of nonstandard conditions.

Explanation:

[tex]C_{2}H_6(g) + 2H_2(g)\rightleftharpoons C_2H_6(g)[/tex]

[tex]Q_p = \frac{P_c_2H_6}{P_c_2H_2\timesP_H_2}[/tex]

    = [tex]\frac{3.25\times10^-2}{4.25\times4.15}[/tex]

[tex]Q_p[/tex] = [tex]4.44 \times 10^-4[/tex]

[tex]\delta G =\delta G^0 + RTlnQ_P[/tex]

     = [tex]-242.1+8.314\times10^-3\times298\timesln(4.44\times10^-4)[/tex]

     = [tex]\delta G= -261.2kg[/tex]

So,  [tex]\delta G= -261.2kg[/tex]

Answer:

B<C<A<D

Explanation:

The boiling point of alkanes increases with increasing chain length. Heavily branched alkanes usually show lower boiling points because of smaller dispersion forces. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the higher the expected boiling point due to greater dispersion forces. This accounts for the order of increasing boiling points stated. Dodecane, a long chain alkanes us expected to have the highest boiling point, filled by decane then the di substituted before the tetra substituted alkanes which has the lowest boiling point.

The correct ranking of the molecules from the lowest to the highest boiling point is:

1. 2,2-dimethylpropane (C)

2. decane (A)

3. 3,3,4,4-tetramethylhexane (B)

4. dodecane (D)

Boiling points of molecules are influenced by several factors, with molecular weight and intermolecular forces being the most significant. Generally, as the molecular weight increases, the boiling point also increases due to stronger London dispersion forces. Additionally, branching in alkanes decreases the surface area available for intermolecular interactions, leading to lower boiling points compared to straight-chain alkanes of similar molecular weight.

Let's analyze each molecule:

A. Decane (C10H22) is a straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms. It has a higher molecular weight than the other molecules except for dodecane, which means it will have relatively strong London dispersion forces.

B. 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane (C10H22) is an isomer of decane with the same molecular formula but with more branching. The branching reduces the surface area for intermolecular interactions, which typically results in a lower boiling point compared to straight-chain decane.

C. 2,2-Dimethylpropane (C5H12), also known as neopentane, is highly branched and has the lowest molecular weight among the given molecules. Its highly branched structure minimizes the surface area for intermolecular interactions, leading to the weakest London dispersion forces and, consequently, the lowest boiling point.

D. Dodecane (C12H26) has the highest molecular weight among the given molecules, with 12 carbon atoms in a straight chain. It will have the strongest London dispersion forces and, therefore, the highest boiling point.

Based on these considerations, the molecules can be ranked in order of increasing boiling points as follows:

1. 2,2-Dimethylpropane (C) - Lowest molecular weight and highest degree of branching.

2. Decane (A) - Higher molecular weight than 2,2-dimethylpropane but less than dodecane, and less branching than 3,3,4,4-tetramethylhexane.

3. 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane (B) - Same molecular weight as decane but more branching, which slightly lowers its boiling point compared to decane.

4. Dodecane (D) - Highest molecular weight and a straight chain, resulting in the strongest intermolecular forces and the highest boiling point."

Answer: 17.6×10^-3g of CO2

Explanation:

We first look at the stoichiometry of the balanced reaction equation. One mole of methane produces one mole of carbon dioxide. Hence 16g of methane yields 44g of carbon dioxide. If we now composed this with the given 6.40×10^-3g of methane as shown in the solution attached, we obtain the answer stated above.

About 0.0176 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂) are produced from the complete combustion of 6.40 × 10⁻³ grams of methane (CH₄), according to the balanced chemical equation.

To determine the mass of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the complete combustion of methane (CH₄), we can use stoichiometry. The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane is:

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

This equation tells us that one mole of CH₄ reacts with two moles of O₂ to produce one mole of CO₂. We need to follow these steps:

Calculate the moles of CH₄:

Moles of CH₄ = Mass of CH₄ / Molar mass of CH₄

The molar mass of CH₄ is calculated as follows:

Molar mass of CH₄ = (1 × 12.01 g/mol) + (4 × 1.01 g/mol) = 16.05 g/mol

Moles of CH₄ = 6.40 × 10⁻³ g / 16.05 g/mol ≈ 3.99 × 10⁻⁴ moles

Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to find the moles of CO₂ produced:

Moles of CO₂ = Moles of CH₄ (from the balanced equation)

Since the balanced equation tells us that one mole of CH₄ produces one mole of CO₂, the moles of CO₂ produced are also approximately 3.99 × 10⁻⁴ moles.

Calculate the mass of CO₂ produced:

Mass of CO₂ = Moles of CO₂ × Molar mass of CO₂

The molar mass of CO₂ is calculated as follows:

Molar mass of CO₂ = (1 × 12.01 g/mol) + (2 × 16.00 g/mol) = 44.01 g/mol

Mass of CO₂ = (3.99 × 10⁻⁴ moles) × (44.01 g/mol) ≈ 0.0176 g

Therefore, approximately 0.0176 grams of carbon dioxide are produced from the complete combustion of 6.40 × 10⁻³ grams of methane.

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Answer: The correct IUPAC name of the alkane is 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

Explanation:

The IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes are given as follows:

We are given:

An alkane having chemical name as 3-methyl-4-n-propylhexane. This will not be the correct name of the alkane because the longest possible carbon chain has 7 Carbon atoms, not 6 carbon atoms

The image of the given alkane is shown in the image below.

Hence, the correct IUPAC name of the alkane is 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

The correct IUPAC name of the molecule is 2-cyclopropyl cyclohexane.

The IUPAC name of a molecule is also called the systematic name of the molecule. The IUPAC name of a molecule is given in such a way that the structure of the molecule can be drawn from its name.

The correct IUPAC name of the molecule is 2-cyclopropyl cyclohexane. The substituent in the molecule is the cyclopropyl moiety.

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Answer:

For a material to be molecular, it must possess the following properties

1. Molecular substances is made up of non metals atoms

2. Molecular substances are always unable to conducy electricity

3. Molecular substances have strong intramolecular forces and weak intermolecular forces

4. Molecular substance has low boiling and melting points

The properties of a substance that makes a material molecular are listed below:

Molecular substances are substances usually containing two or more atoms combined together by a covalent bond.

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The question is incomplete, here is the complete question:

Assuming that all the [tex]H^+[/tex] comes from HCl, how many grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate will totally neutralize the stomach acid? Volume = 500 mL pH= 2

Answer: The mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate needed to completely neutralize stomach acid is 0.42 grams

Explanation:

To calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution, we use the equation:

[tex]pH=-\log[H^+][/tex]

We are given:

pH = 2

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]2=-\log[H^+][/tex]

[tex][H^+]=10^{-2}M[/tex]

[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution (in L)}}[/tex]

Molarity of hydrogen ions = 0.01 M

Volume of solution = 500 mL = 0.5 L   (Conversion factor:  1 L = 1000 mL)

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]0.01M=\frac{\text{Moles of hydrogen ions}}{0.5L}\\\\\text{Moles of hydrogen ions}=(0.01mol/L\times 0.5L)=0.005mol[/tex]

The chemical equation for the reaction of HCl and sodium hydrogen carbonate follows:

[tex]HCl+NaHCO_3\rightarrow NaCl+H_2CO_3[/tex]

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mole of HCl reacts with 1 mole of sodium hydrogen carbonate

So, 0.005 moles of HCl will react with = [tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 0.005=0.005mol[/tex] of sodium hydrogen carbonate

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]

Moles of sodium hydrogen carbonate = 0.005 moles

Molar mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate = 84 g/mol

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]0.005mol=\frac{\text{Mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate}}{84g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate}=(0.005mol\times 84g/mol)=0.42g[/tex]

Hence, the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate needed to completely neutralize stomach acid is 0.42 grams

To determine the grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate needed to neutralize the stomach acid, we need to use the concept of stoichiometry.

To determine the grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate needed to neutralize the stomach acid, we need to use the concept of stoichiometry. The balanced equation for the neutralization reaction is:

2HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(s) → NaCl(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

From the equation, we can see that 2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of NaHCO3. Therefore, the number of moles of HCl can be calculated using the given volume and concentration, and then converted to moles of NaHCO3. Finally, the moles of NaHCO3 can be converted to grams using its molar mass.

The frequency of radio waves with a wavelength of 40nm is approximately [tex]7.5 x 10^15 Hz.[/tex]

The frequency of radio waves can be calculated using the formula:

Frequency = Speed of light / Wavelength

Given that the wavelength is 40nm, we need to convert it into meters by dividing it by 10^9. Therefore, the wavelength is [tex]40 x 10^-9 m.[/tex]

The speed of light is approximately [tex]3 x 10^8 m/s.[/tex]Plugging in these values into the formula:

Frequency =[tex](3 x 10^8 m/s) / (40 x 10^-9 m) = 7.5 x 10^15 Hz[/tex]

Therefore, the frequency of these radio waves is approximately [tex]7.5 x 10^15 Hz.[/tex]

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To calculate the frequency, use the equation speed of light = wavelength x frequency, rearrange the equation to find frequency = speed of light / wavelength, and plug in the values to find the frequency.

To calculate the frequency of radio waves with a wavelength near 40nm, we can use the equation: speed of light = wavelength x frequency. The speed of light is approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s. Rearranging the equation gives us frequency = speed of light / wavelength. Converting the wavelength from nm to m, we get 40nm = 40 x 10^-9 m. Plugging the values into the equation, we find that the frequency is approximately 7.5 x 10^15 Hz.

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The question is incomplete, here is the complete question:

A solution is prepared at 25°C that is initially 0.075 M in chlorous acid [tex](HClO_2)[/tex] , a weak acid with [tex]K_a=1.1\times 10^{-2}[/tex], and 0.34 M in potassium chloride [tex](KClO_2)[/tex] . Calculate the pH of the solution. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.

Answer: The pH of the solution is 2.62

Explanation:

The chemical equation for the reaction of chlorous acid and potassium hydroxide follows:

[tex]HClO_2+KOH\rightarrow KClO_2+H_2O[/tex]

To calculate the pH of acidic buffer, we use the equation given by Henderson Hasselbalch:

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log(\frac{[salt]}{[acid]})[/tex]

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log(\frac{[NaHCO_3]}{[H_2CO_3]})[/tex]

We are given:

[tex]pK_a[/tex] = negative logarithm of acid dissociation constant of chlorous acid = 1.96

[tex][KClO_2]=0.34M[/tex]

[tex][HClO_2]=0.075M[/tex]

pH = ?

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]pH=1.96+\log(\frac{0.34}{0.075})\\\\pH=2.62[/tex]

Hence, the pH of the solution is 2.62

Answer:

0.63 is the fraction of bonding

Explanation:

This is the formula for fraction of bonding

covalent =  1 - e ^( - 0.25 . ΔEn²)

First of all, let's determine ΔEn, where you subtract the two values of electronegativity for each element

En O = 3.5

En Ti = 1.5

ΔEn = 3.4 - 1.5 = 2

covalent = 1 - e ^( - 0.25 2²)

covalent = 1 - e ^(- 0.25 . 4)

covalent = 1 - e ^-1 → 0.63

bonding is mostly covalent