Imagine a self-reactive T cell that has not undergone clonal deletion in the thymus (that is to say, it has escaped central tolerance). If it encounters self antigen in the absence of an infection or inflammation, what will happen to this self-reactive T cell? (select two answers) (a) The T cell undergoes clonal expansion. (b) The T cell gains effector functions. (c) The T cell undergoes apoptosis. (d) The T cell becomes activated. (e) The T cell becomes anergic.

Answer:

Between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity.

Explanation:

The cribriform plate is between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity.

The cribriform plate is located in the cranial cavity, forming the roof of the nasal cavity and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. It contains small openings for olfactory nerve branches to pass through to the brain and is part of the ethmoid bone.

The cribriform plate is a vital structure located in the skull. It can be found in the cranial cavity, forming part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa right at the midline, and serving as the roof of the nasal cavity. This structure is made up of small, flattened areas with many small openings, known as olfactory foramina, and is formed by the ethmoid bone.

The cribriform plate has a crucial role in the sense of smell. The olfactory foramina within the cribriform plate allow the nerve branches from the olfactory areas of the nasal cavity to pass through and enter the brain. Adjacent to this crucial plate is the crista galli, which is a small upward bony projection that functions as an attachment point for brain coverings.

Answer:

he genetic information is stored in the chemical structure of the DNA.

Explanation:

Answer:

c. the high-energy phosphates stored in muscle cells

Explanation:

Phosphocreatine (PC) or creatine phosphate is a compound rich in energy. It has energy stored in it which can be used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. The phosphocreatine is stored in muscle cells when muscles are not working. The produced ATP serves as an energy source for muscle contraction. The creatine produced during ATP production is phosphorylated again into PC using ATP when muscles are resting.

Answer:

Excitement

Explanation:

Sympathetic nervous system is a type of autonomic nervous system that acts as an emergency system of the body.

Sympathetic nervous system prepares the body during fight and flight response. The energy is put out in this system and protects the body from the injury. During excitement the heart speeds up, blood pressure increases and more energy is available to the body. Hence, excitement is the characteristic of sympathetic division of nervous system.

Thus, the correct answer is option (b).

Answer:

Thick

Explanation:

The H zone contains only thick filaments. :)

Answer:

The H zone contains only Thick filaments.

Explanation:

H zone The region of a striated muscle fibre that contains only thick (myosin) filaments. The H zone appears as a lighter band in the middle of the dark A band at the centre of a sarcomere. "H zone."

Bronchiole diameter would have the greatest influence. Option c answer this question.

Several factors are the determinants of air resistance in a healthy person. These factors are

The most total resistance is known to occur in the trachea or in the larger bronchi.

The resistance is caused by those factors that could reduce the airway or the factors that widen it.

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Answer:

True.

Explanation:

Carotid sinus is present at the base of internal carotid artery. Carotid sinus reflex is controlled by autonomic nervous system. The main function of carotid sinus reflex is to prevent the blood supply in the brain.

Aortic arc is located between the ascending and descending aorta. Aortic reflex may be defined as the the fall in blood pressure due to cardiac inhibition and peripheral dilation. The aortic reflex maintains the adequate flow of blood in systemic circuit as whole.

Thus, the given statement is true.

The H zone is incorrectly matched with containing only thick filaments.

The pair that is not correctly matched is c. H zone - contains only thick filaments sarcomere. The H zone actually contains both thick and thin filaments. The correct pairing for the other options are:

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The pair that is not correctly matched is 'd. A band - light central region of sarcomere', as the A band is actually a region that overlaps the thin and thick filaments and is generally a darker region.

The question asks which of the provided pairs, related to muscle structure, is not correctly matched. The correct answer is d. A band - light central region of sarcomere. Sarcomeres, the fundamental units of muscle contraction, have various components: the I band contains only thin filaments, the Z disc marks each end of a sarcomere, and the H zone has only thick filaments.

However, the A band is not the light central region of the sarcomere; rather, it is a region that overlaps the thin and thick filaments and is generally a darker region.

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Answer:

Sleeping chemical agents can cause chronic insomnia and shows adverse consequences in an individual organism.

Explanation:

Sleeping pills or sleeping chemical agents belongs to the class psychoactive drugs and there main function is inducing sleep in an individual organism.

Sleeping chemical agents disturbs the sleeping pattern of an individual, loss of appetite, may leads to constipation and can cause chronic insomnia. Thus, there has been an adverse consequence on the use of chemical sleeping agents.

Chemical sleeping agents like barbiturates and benzodiazepines can disrupt the natural sleep cycle, leading to poor sleep quality and the risk of developing dependence. They can also cause adverse effects such as daytime drowsiness and cognitive issues.

Chemical sleeping agents such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other sedatives have been associated with a range of unintended consequences.

While these substances are often prescribed as sleep aids, they have the potential to disrupt the natural sleep cycle, which may result in a reduction in the overall quality of sleep. Moreover, there's a risk that individuals who use these agents can develop a dependence, making it difficult for them to sleep without the medication.

In addition to interfering with sleep patterns, these medications may lead to other adverse effects, including daytime drowsiness, cognitive impairment, and an increased risk of falls, especially in the elderly. Because of these risks, many sleep medicine practitioners now advocate for non-pharmacological approaches, suggesting behavior and environmental changes and therapy for underlying issues before resorting to medication.

One historical example highlighting the dangers of pharmacological remedies is the case of thalidomide, which caused serious birth defects when taken by pregnant women to combat morning sickness. This highlights the importance of thoroughly understanding the potential consequences of drug use, which is not limited to sleep medications but extends to all psychoactive substances.

Answer:

Liver and spleen is primarily responsible for removing old or worn red blood cells from circulation.

Explanation:

Red blood cells that are old, tear and worn out requires the removal of these cells from the circulation. Spleen removes the old and worn cells by  the process of phagocytosis. Macrophages present in the spleen phagocytose the worn RBCs and old RBCs are recycled by the spleen.

Liver also removes the old and worn RBCs from the circulation and recycles iron present in the red blood cells. Liver rely on the buffer system that consume worn RBCs and  has the ability of recycling iron.

The spleen and liver are primarily responsible for removing old or worn red blood cells, helped by macrophages in those organs and the bone marrow. These organs ensure the continual renewal of healthy RBCs in circulation.

The organs that are primarily responsible for removing old or worn red blood cells (RBCs) from circulation are the spleen, liver, and to some extent, the bone marrow. RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 120 days, after which they become old or damaged. These worn-out cells are then phagocytized by a type of myeloid phagocytic cell called a macrophage. Macrophages located within the spleen, liver, and bone marrow perform this task efficiently. The spleen acts as a blood filter and also serves as a reservoir for immune factors, whereas the liver processes the components of the degraded erythrocytes' hemoglobin, turning them into bile pigments for excretion.

The kidneys also play a vital role in the circulatory system by filtering the blood, removing waste products and excessive or free hemoglobin, especially during hemolysis, where RBCs are broken down and their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream, but the primary role in the removal of old RBCs lies with the spleen and liver.

Answer: This is a pseudounipolar neuron.

Explanation: A pseudounipolar neuron has two axons, a central process and a peripheral process. Both processes are capable of generating action potentials, and so both are axons.

Answer:  

This is an example of the neurons named pseudounipolar in which the two axons a central process and a peripheral process.

A pseudounipolar neuron is a kind of neuron in which one extension can be seen coming out of its cell body.

This neuron has the ability to split into two branches. One branch can travel the peripheral nervous system and the other reaches the central nervous system.

This can be concluded because it has two place of processing one is central and other is peripheral.

Final answer:

The Adductor longus is the muscle that adducts the thigh, moving it toward the body's midline. It also medially rotates and flexes the thigh.

Explanation:

The muscle that adducts the thigh is responsible for moving the thigh towards the midline of the body. Among the options provided, a. Adductor longus is the muscle that performs this function. The adductor longus muscle not only adducts the thigh but also medially rotates and flexes it. It is important to differentiate it from the gastrocnemius, which is primarily involved in plantar flexing the ankle and does not adduct the thigh. The adductor magnus is another muscle in the medial compartment that has an anterior fascicle which adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh, and a posterior fascicle that helps in extending the thigh.

Answer:

The five categories of vertebral column are:

Explanation:

The 26 vertebrae of the spine or vertebral column are classified into five categories based on the structural differences between them. The first category is cervical and is made of seven cervical vertebrae. The spines of cervical vertebrae are shorter than that of others and have bifurcations.  

The next category is the thoracic and is made of twelve thoracic vertebrae. Thoracic vertebrae are followed by lumbar region made up of 5 lumbar vertebrae. Spines of thoracic vertebrae are longer and are directed downwards while that of the lumbar vertebrae project towards the posterior region. the sacrum is present below the lumbar region and consists of five fused sacral vertebrae. The last category of spine is coccyx. It has four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

The vertebral column is divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

The vertebral column, also known as the spine or backbone, is divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. The cervical region consists of seven vertebrae, the thoracic region has twelve vertebrae, the lumbar region contains five vertebrae, the sacral region is composed of five fused sacral vertebrae, and the coccygeal region is made up of four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

Hello There!

Inside synaptic vesicles, you can find Acetylcholine which is an acetic acid.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option E (none of these lists are correct).

Explanation:

Common lymphoid progenitor cells or CLP are the cells which produces all types of lymphocytes in body which are T-lineage cells, B-lineage cells, natural killer (NK) cells and dendrite cells.

CLP differentiates into lymphocytes: CLP

                                                                ↓

                                                        lymphoblast

                                                                 ↓

                                                       pro-lymphocyte

The pro-lymphocytes divides to form T-cell, B-cell, natural killer (NK) cells and dendrite cells.

Thus, option E none of these lists are correct is the correct answer.

Common lymphoid precursor cells give rise to B cells, T cells, and NK cells, which are key components of the immune system. B cells mature in the bone marrow, and T cells mature in the thymus, while NK cells are part of the innate immune response. The correct option is A.

Common lymphoid precursor cells give rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, which include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. These cells are integral to the adaptive immune system, providing the body with the capability to respond to diverse infections and malignancies. B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells migrate and mature in the thymus. Natural killer cells are involved in the innate immune response, attacking a variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells.

Given the options provided, the correct choice is (A) B cells, T cells, and NK cells. This selection accurately represents the derivatives from the common lymphoid precursor.

Answer:

1. Protects the heart, abdominal organs, and lungs

2. helps with breathing  

3. supports the bones of the shoulder girdle & arms.

Explanation:

The thoracic cage is a part of the skeleton system, formed of 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, the sternum, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.  

Three major functions of the thoracic cage are -

-The thoracic cage has a heart, lungs, and some abdominal organs in its cavity and prevents it from any shock or injury.

-As thoracic cage contains the lungs in its cavity, When the muscular diaphragm contracts and flattens, an inhalation is completed while the contraction of intercostal muscles rise the thoracic cage up and out.

-The thoracic cage provides attachments for muscles of the upper limbs, neck, abdomen, thorax, and back and supports the shoulder girdle.

The thoracic cage serves three crucial functions: protection, support, and respiration.

The thoracic cage, or ribcage, serves several important functions:

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Answer:

Option A, 152

Explanation:

One glucose molecule undergoes the following three process in one complete chain of aerobic cell respiration -

a) Glycolysis - 2 ATP molecules are produced

b) Kerb cycle - 2 ATP molecules are produced

c) Electron transport chain - 34 ATP molecules are produced

Hence one glucose molecule can produce 38 ATP molecule

Therefore 4 glucose molecule produce

[tex]38 * 4\\= 152[/tex] ATP molecules

Hence, option A is correct.

Answer:

A) 152

Explanation:

Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP.

Theoretically, 38 molecules of ATP is yielded from one molecule of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration.

Hence, if 1 molecule of glucose produces 38 molecules of ATP;

4 molecules of glucose will produce: 4 x 38 = 152 molecules ATP

The correct option is A.

Answer:

a. are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity.

Explanation:

Phasic receptors are the one that first generates an action potential in response to the stimulus. However, they adapt to that intensity of the first stimulus and reduce signaling. Slowly, they even stop signaling irrespective of the presence of stimulus of the same intensity.  

This is the reason that we get adapted to the specific odor such as gas leakage after some time even if the leakage continues.

Answer:

The muscle that extends forearm at the elbow is the triceps brachii

Hello There!

Triceps Brachii extends the forearm at the elbow joint.

This is a large muscle on back of upper limb.

A jejunostomy is a surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two parts of the jejunum, primarily to facilitate dietary intake directly into the intestinal tract or to bypass a diseased segment of the stomach or duodenum.

The new opening or passageway created between two parts of the jejunum is called a Jejunostomy. The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. A jejunostomy is performed primarily to facilitate the intake of nutrition directly into the intestinal tract or to bypass a diseased or blocked part of the stomach or duodenum during complex surgical procedures.

It is typically done in cases where the stomach can't adequately perform its role in digestion, due to conditions like stomach cancer or severe gastrointestinal disorders.

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Answer:

(D) . TLR activation.

Explanation:

Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) represents a protein complex, which plays various roles in activation of adaptive and innate immune response.

TLRs (toll-like receptors) are specific pattern recognition molecules found in pathogens that triggers immune responses. TLR activation stimulates activation of NF-κB signalling by triggering a downstream signaling cascades.

Activation of NF-κB signalling leads to upregulation of various pro-inflammatory substances or cytokines.

Thus, the correct answer is option (D).

Answer:

D. Microglia

Explanation:

Microglia are phagocytic, which means that they are cells that can engulf other cells and particles. Microglia protect the CNS by engulfing foreign particles and bacteria. They act also as a clean-up crew that help remove dead cells. They are found in both the brain and spinal cord, which make up the Central Nervous System, or the CNS.

Microglia are the small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the Central Nervous System (CNS), which is a process called phagocytosis. They are immune cells with defensive functions in the CNS.

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the central nervous system (CNS), in a process called phagocytosis, are called microglia (D). These are immune cells with defensive functions, playing a critical role in the CNS's immune response. Unlike the astrocytes, which primarily provide biochemical support to endothelial cells that form the Blood-Brain Barrier and provision of nutrients to the nervous tissue, microglia are specialized immune cells that respond to any damage or invasion of pathogens in the CNS.

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Answer:

(B). The drug is reabsorbed.

Explanation:

Renal clearance rate determines the excretion of drugs into the urine during excretion. It is used to study the main process associated with a drug's renal excretion.

When the renal clearance rate is lower than GFR (glomerulus filtration rate), the drug is absorbed in the renal tubules. When the renal clearance rate is higher than GFR, the drug is secreted into the urine. When the renal clearance rate is equal to the GFR, the drug is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

As for given drug, renal clearance is 20 ml/min (less than GFR), this drug will reabsorbed.

Thus, the correct answer is option (B).

Answer: The answer is potassium. Its the major ion  in the intracellular region.

Explanation: Extracellulary, Sodium is major ion. Intracellular concentration of sodium is: 12 mEq/L Extracellular concentration of sodium is: 140 mEq/L Intracellularly, Potassium is major ion.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

calcium ions stimulate the release of acetylcholine

Excitatory synapse is defined as the in which the positive action potential is caused in the neurons and cells.

The correct answer is:

Option D. A drug that inhibits an enzyme in the synaptic cleft that degrades the neurotransmitter

Excitatory synapse can be explained as:

1. Excitatory synapse will be determined by the neurotransmitter if it is released from the presynaptic neuron. The neurotransmitter will inhibit or excite the receiving neuron.

2. The synapse can be strengthened by the drug that inhibits the synaptic cleft that degrades the neurotransmitter. The calcium influx triggers the synaptic vesicles to bind to the presynaptic membrane.

3. The action potential causes the release of ACh into the synaptic cleft that causes the conformational change in the membrane channels.

Thus, the correct answer is Option C.

To know more about neurotransmitters, refer to the following link:

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Answer:

Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integration center, Motor neuron, Effector.

Therefore these are the 5 essential components of a reflex arc.

* Hopefully this helpe:) mark me the brainliest :))

The five essential components of a reflex arc are the sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, and effector.

A reflex arc is a circuit that involves a sensory input and motor output, connected by an afferent branch and an efferent branch, with an integrating center in between. The essential components of a reflex arc are:

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Answer:

jupiter

Explanation:

I believe the answer is b) diploid.

the prefix "di" means two. You could remember it that way :)

Answer:

B. Large veins.

Explanation:

The blood always flows from the region of higher to the region of lower blood pressure. The blood is pumped from the heart into the arteries with the highest pressure and moves to arterioles, capillaries, venule and finally to veins. Since large veins such as superior and inferior vena cava collect the deoxygenated blood from body parts, they have the lowest blood pressure.

Answer:

Vision

Explanation:

Sensory cells may detect the information like taste, touch, hear and vision by the presence of receptors located on their surface.

Hyperpolarisation may be defined as the change in the cell's membrane potential towards more negative. The sensory vision cells are associated with the hyperpolarisation of cells and makes the cells environment more negative  in response to the stimuli.

Thus, the correct answer is option (d).