I need help with these questions. I've taken this test twice and so I'm leaving out the answers I already chose. These are the ones I've missed and don't know.

5. Which statement is true of both active transport and facilitated diffusion?
c. Both only occur in one direction
d. Both involve proteins in the cell membrane

7. Osmosis involves which of the following processes?
a. movement of water across a cell membrane
d. moment of water up a concentration gradient

10. The inner membrane of mitochondria consists of many folds. What is the purpose of this membrane?
a. Increase the surface area to allow more space for ATP synthesis
d. Decrease the surface area so substances can't diffuse in

These three I just don't remember what my answer was since it was on Friday I think.

11. Which of the following is true of eukaryotes but not of prokaryotes?
(a. They do not have membrane-bound organelles)
b. They are always single-celled
d. They must contain a nucleus

12. Semipermeable cell membranes are made of phospholipids that form a bilayer. What major benefit does this arrangement of the membrane provide to the cell?
a. The cell is able to easily change size and shape
b. Both surfaces of the membrane are nonnpermeable
(c. Both surfaces of the membrane can interact with water and other molecules)

13. When a Pacific sea horse's body loses water to its environment, which process is responsible?
a. active transport
b. osmosis
(c. endocytosis)

Thanks in advance

The organelle that is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubules within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells - both plant and animal cells. It is as opposed to the rough endoplasmic reticulum which has ribosomes attached to its own surfaces to give it a rough appearance.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in several metabolic processes, such as:

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Answer:

Prokaryotes are a simple, single-celled species, which are devoid of membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus. The cell composition of prokaryotes can differ, however, the majority of organisms exhibit many basic constituents. Prokaryotes have a plasma membrane or cell membrane, which functions as a safeguarding layer.  

They also possess a tough cell wall for supplementary protection and support. The cells of prokaryotes possess ribosomes that are the molecules, which produce proteins. Their genetic substance is in the nucleoid that is the part where DNA thrives. Supplementary rings of DNA known as plasmids float freely in the cytoplasm.  

Apart from this, some of the prokaryotes exhibit flagellum or pilus to assist them in movement. Some of the prokaryotes exhibit a capsule exterior to their cell walls. The storage of nutrients can also differ, however, many prokaryotes utilize stowage granules in their cytoplasm.  

Answer:

Explanation:

Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

Final answer:

The amygdala is the fear processing center of the brain and is responsible for emotions like fear and anxiety, connecting with other brain regions to regulate responses to threats.

Explanation:

The Fear Processing Center in the Brain

The amygdala is known as the fear processing center of the brain in AP Psychology. It plays a key role in the biological basis for emotions, especially fear and anxiety. This almond-shaped structure is made up of various subnuclei such as the basolateral complex, which connects with sensory areas and is crucial for classical conditioning and imparting emotional value to memories, and the central nucleus, which influences attention and regulates the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activities. The amygdala is part of the limbic system and works in tandem with the hypothalamus, which activates the sympathetic nervous system, the thalamus that relays sensory information, and the hippocampus which integrates emotional experiences with cognition. It is also involved in memory consolidation, making emotionally arousing events more memorable.

Researchers such as Joseph LeDoux have demonstrated the amygdala's primary role in fear. LeDoux showed that a fear stimulus could travel from the thalamus directly to the amygdala or through the cortex then to the amygdala. The direct path facilitates a quicker response to fear while the longer route allows for more detailed processing of the threat.

The lithosphere is composed of material from the crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle.

To elaborate, the lithosphere includes both the continental and oceanic crust as well as the uppermost part of the mantle.

These components combine to form the outermost rigid layer of the Earth. Beneath the lithosphere, the asthenosphere lies, which is characterized by its partially molten, plastic-like properties that allow for the movement of tectonic plates within the lithosphere.

The lithosphere is divided into several major plates and many smaller ones. These tectonic plates move and interact at their boundaries, leading to geological activities such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

This understanding is a fundamental aspect of plate tectonics theory.

complete question:

The lithosphere is composed of material from the ________ and the rigid part of the ________.

The nuclear envelope, a membrane that divides the cytoplasm from the spheroid-shaped nucleus, is responsible for this separation.

The primary difference between the two is that eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus that houses the cell's genetic material.

Prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm, but are encircled by a plasma membrane.

The most noticeable organelle in a eukaryotic cell is the nucleus. The majority of DNA replication and RNA synthesis take place there, and it also houses the cell's chromosomes.

Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes, another class of creatures, by the lack of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Therefore,in eukaryotic cell, genetic material is surrounded by membrane.

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Sulfur is the mineral that can smell like rotten eggs, specifically in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This gas is toxic and can paralyze the olfactory nerves.

The mineral that can smell like rotten eggs is sulfur. When sulfur is in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), it emits a characteristic odor similar to rotten eggs. This gas is very toxic and can be produced when sulfur minerals are exposed to the atmosphere or in places such as hot springs. Although pure sulfur does not have a strong smell, the presence of impurities can give it a noticeable odor.

Important to note is that the compound hydrogen sulfide, which results from sulfur's reaction with hydrogen, can paralyze the olfactory nerves, leading to a temporary inability to detect its already-pungent smell after a short exposure. Therefore, it's essential to handle sulfur compounds with care due to their toxic nature.

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, which explains the redundancy in the genetic code with 64 codons for only 20 amino acids. Stop codons account for some of the total, signaling the end of protein synthesis rather than coding for an amino acid.

The statement that best explains why there are 64 possible codons in the genetic code and only 20 amino acids that make proteins of living organisms on Earth is A) Several codons code for the same amino acid.

This is due to the redundancy and unambiguous nature of the genetic code. While 61 of the 64 codons specify the addition of a specific amino acid to a polypeptide chain, three codons are designated as stop codons, which do not code for an amino acid but instead signal the termination of protein synthesis.

For example, the amino acid threonine is coded by the codons ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG, illustrating the redundancy aspect. The genetic code is also unambiguous, meaning each codon codes for only one amino acid or function (start or stop).

The genetic code consists of 64 possible codons due to combinations of three nucleotides, but only 20 amino acids due to the redundancy of the code, with several codons often coding for the same amino acid and 3 stop codons signaling the end of protein synthesis.

There are 64 possible codons in the genetic code because each codon is made up of three nucleotides, and there are four possible nucleotides. This leads to 43 (4x4x4), or 64, different combinations. However, there are only 20 common amino acids that make up proteins. The reason for this is that the genetic code is redundant, meaning that several codons code for the same amino acid. For instance, the amino acid leucine is coded by six different codons. Furthermore, only 61 codons are used to specify amino acids, as the remaining three are stop codons which signal the termination of protein synthesis. The redundancy of the genetic code helps to minimize the impact of mutations; if one nucleotide changes, it often still codes for the same amino acid or one with similar properties.

A congenital heart defect with an opening between the two atria is a patent foramen ovale (PFO), which is a failure of the foramen ovale to close after birth.

A congenital heart defect in which there is an opening between the two atria is known as a patent foramen ovale, or PFO. This condition is characterized by the failure of the foramen ovale to close at birth. Normally, the foramen ovale is a temporary opening between the right and left atria of the fetal heart that allows blood to bypass the pulmonary (lung) circulation until the fetus starts breathing air after birth. If the foramen ovale does not close, it can allow the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood within the heart, which can lead to various health issues.

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are gram-positive bacteria with coccal morphology that form clusters. They also both have a positive catalase reaction, indicating their ability to break down hydrogen peroxide.

The Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are observed as gram-positive, meaning they carry a thick peptidoglycan wall which retains the gram stain. This results in them appearing purple under a microscope. They both display coccal (spherical) morphology and typically, these two species form clusters in their cellular arrangements.

Further, in terms of catalase reaction, both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are catalase-positive.

This means they are capable of using the enzyme catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide, which distinguishes them from the gram-positive Streptococcus species, which are catalase-negative.

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Dna recombination changes the genetic makeup of organisms.

The statement is True.

- DNA recombination indeed changes the genetic makeup of organisms.

- This process involves the rearrangement of DNA sequences, leading to the creation of new combinations of genetic material.

- Recombination can occur naturally through processes such as crossing over during meiosis or artificially through techniques like genetic engineering.

- DNA recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between different DNA molecules or within the same molecule.

- It leads to the creation of genetic variation within populations, which is crucial for evolution and adaptation.

- Recombination can result in the formation of novel alleles and traits, contributing to the genetic diversity of organisms.

- In biotechnology, DNA recombination is used to manipulate and modify genetic sequences for various purposes, such as the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or the development of gene therapies.

- Overall, DNA recombination is a fundamental process that plays a significant role in shaping the genetic makeup of organisms.

The specific term used to describe the "turning on" of an enzyme is activation.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy required for reactions to take place. An enzyme is activated when its active site binds to the appropriate substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. This binding can cause a conformational change in the enzyme, known as the induced-fit model, enhancing its ability to catalyze the reaction. Once the product is formed, it is released, leaving the enzyme ready to bind to another substrate molecule. Specialized mechanisms ensure that enzymes are activated only when bound to their specific substrate at the active site and not when bound off-site, preserving the cell's efficient functioning.

The path from the throat that leads to the stomach is called the esophagus. It's a muscular tube where food travels from the mouth to the stomach, enabled by a process called peristalsis. Another path from the pharynx, called the trachea, leads to the lungs and it's sealed off by the epiglottis during swallowing.

The part of the throat that leads to the stomach is called the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. After the food has been sufficiently chewed and softened in the mouth, it travels down the esophagus to the stomach. The esophagus is approximately 25.4 cm (10 in) in length and penetrates the diaphragm through an opening called the esophageal hiatus to enter the abdomen. The movement of food from the mouth to the stomach is facilitated by wave-like muscle contractions in the esophagus, known as peristalsis. This process is an involuntary reflex triggered by the act of swallowing.

The pharynx has two other paths; one leading to the lungs, which is called the trachea. To prevent food and drink from entering the trachea during swallowing, a cartilaginous flap called the epiglottis closes over the trachea. This structure ensures that food or drink is directed into the esophagus and not the trachea.

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Breaking carbohydrates into their subunits yields monosaccharides such as glucose and galactose. Meanwhile, breaking down proteins produces amino acids. Both processes, driven by particular enzymes, provide energy and form smaller elements for absorption by cells.

Breaking carbohydrates into their subunits will yield monosaccharides like glucose and galactose as products. This process is facilitated by enzymes such as amylase and maltase, which break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars. This is part of catabolic reactions that break larger molecules into their smaller, constituent parts.

On the other hand, breaking down proteins yields amino acids as the primary products. Proteins are essentially long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. During digestion, enzymes like pepsin, peptidase, and hydrochloric acid break these chains down into individual amino acids.

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Answer:

Slowing down the fission reaction rate.

Explanation:

In a nuclear reactor, nuclear fission reactions occur. Fission process is a type of nuclear reaction in which a big nucleus disintegrates into smaller fragments, with the release of lot of energy. This fission process is a chain reaction process happening in the nuclear reactor.

To prevent the nuclear chain reaction going beyond control, control rods that are made up of Boron are used. When these are pushed in (or lowered), the neutrons are absorbed and the chain reaction is slowed down or stopped entirely, as required.

When they are pulled out slightly again, the chain reaction can be accelerated. To summarize, the control rods control the rate of fission reactions.

Answer:

Mitochondria

Explanation:

Mitochondria are organelles of a eukaryotic cell also known as 'power house' of the cell as it produces energy currency of the cell that is ATP. They are present in cytoplasm, not in the nucleus. It converts the energy obtained form the food we eat to the energy that is responsible for running a range of biological processes.