Answer: Apply Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation
Explanation:
Assuming the known parameters are the
frequency of two alleles 'B'and 'b' in a certain plant species, where 'B' is 0.19 and 'b' is 0.81
To calculate the percentage of heterozygous individuals in the population.
Apply Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation, where heterozygotes are represented by the 2pq term.
Therefore, the number of heterozygous individuals (Bb) is equal to 2pq
2 × 0.19 × 0.81 = 0.31 or 31%
(b) To calculate the percentage of homozygous recessives in the population.
The homozygous recessive individuals (bb) are represented by the q^2 term in the H-W equilibrium
0.81 × 0.81 = 0.66 or 66%
Final answer:
Calculating the percentage of individuals with a particular trait in a population can be achieved through methods such as the Hardy-Weinberg formula for allele frequencies or capture-recapture for population size estimation. QTL simulations indicate the contribution of specific loci to genotypic variability. Genetic counseling makes use of genotype probability calculations from family pedigrees for inherited diseases.
Explanation:
To calculate the percentage of individuals with a particular trait in a population, we can use different methods depending on the information available. The Hardy-Weinberg formula is a tool that can be employed to estimate the allele frequencies in a population. When we know the frequency of individuals affected by a genetic condition, assuming genotype aa, and that all affected individuals have this genotype, we can derive allele frequencies using the equation q² = frequency of aa. For instance, if 0.04% of the population has the aa genotype (q² = 0.0004), we calculate the frequency of allele q by taking the square root of 0.0004, yielding q = 0.02. This allows us to then calculate allele p (since p + q = 1), and subsequently the frequency of the other genotypes (AA and Aa) within the population.
Another method for understanding population dynamics involves simulating quantitative trait loci (QTL). If we wanted one QTL to contribute 75% to the total genotypic variability, a second QTL to contribute 20%, and a third to contribute 5%, we would allocate their effects according to these proportions in the simulation model.
For estimating population size using marked individuals, the capture-recapture method is commonly utilized. If 80 deer are tagged and released, and then from a later capture of 100 deer, 20 are found to be marked, the population size (N) can be estimated using the ratio of marked to unmarked individuals in the second capture.
Finally, in the context of genetics, if we are advised of the mode of inheritance and genotypes present within a pedigree, we can calculate the probabilities of these genotypes being passed down to offspring. This is incredibly useful for genetic counseling and assessing risks of inherited conditions.
25. Select all accurate statements
A. All chordates will have a notochord as adults
B. All chordates have a ventral, hollow nerve cord
C. All chordates have pharyngeal slits or clefts
D. All chordates are bilaterally symmetrical animals.
E. All chordates will have a muscular post an*l tail
Answer:
A, B, and D
Explanation:
Changing the pH of the binding reaction mixtures can have a dramatic effect on ligand-protein binding. Altering the pH of the reactions between warfarin (which binds to site IIA of HSA via hydrophobic interaction) or ibuprofen (which binds to site IIIa of HSA via an ionic interaction) and HSA is likely to:A. Affect both reactions equallyB. Affect warfarin-HSA binding but not ibuprofen-HSA bindingC. Affect ibuprofen-HSA binding but not warfarin-HSA bindingD. Not affect either interaction
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Changing the pH of the binding reaction mixtures can have a dramatic effect on ligand-protein binding. Altering the pH of the reactions between warfarin (which binds to site IIA of HSA via hydrophobic interaction) or ibuprofen (which binds to site IIIa of HSA via an ionic interaction) and HSA is likely to Affect warfarin-HSA binding but not ibuprofen-HSA binding.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Victoria needs to work through the night to finish a project for class. Victoria is concerned she will be too sleepy so she drinks energy drinks throughout the night to keep her alert and awake.What are the affects of energy drink?
Answer:
Victoria will intially felt active, reduced sleepiness but consuming too much caffeine may be risky.
Explanation:
Victoria will felt more active and alert after 30-45 minutes of drinking the enrergy drink because energy drink contains caffeine and its concentration in at peak after 30-45 minutes. Caffeine will reduce sleepiness.
Caffeine will block the adenosine pathway for short period of time. Adenosine is a chemical becuase of which we felt tired and Caffeine will allow feel good molecules to be released in brain such as dopamine. That why Victoria will felt more active, concentrated and good.
But consuming too much energy drinks mean victoria will be consuming too much caffeine that may be risky.Excess amount of caffeine can cause vomiting, nausea, convulsions and high blood pressure even can cause death.Could the way you perform the procedure affect the outcome? If the outcome changes, does it mean the net rate of photosynthesis has changed?
The procedure and conditions under which photosynthesis is conducted can affect the outcome and changes in the outcome may indicate alterations in the net rate of photosynthesis. Several factors related to the procedure, such as light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, water availability, chlorophyll content, and duration of the experiment, can impact the outcome. Researchers often conduct controlled experiments to understand the specific factors influencing photosynthesis.
The procedure and conditions under which photosynthesis is conducted can indeed affect the outcome, and changes in the outcome may indicate alterations in the net rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a complex process that involves several factors, and variations in the experimental setup can influence its efficiency.
Here are a few factors related to the procedure that can impact the outcome:
Light Intensity: The rate of photosynthesis is often directly proportional to the intensity of light. If the light source or its intensity changes, it can affect the rate of photosynthesis.Temperature: Photosynthesis is also temperature-sensitive. A change in the temperature of the environment can influence the activity of enzymes involved in photosynthesis and, consequently, the overall rate of the process.Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Alterations in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) can impact photosynthesis. If the experimental conditions lead to changes in CO2 availability, it can affect the outcome.Water Availability: Water is a crucial component of photosynthesis. If there are variations in water availability or if the plant experiences water stress, it can affect the rate of photosynthesis.Chlorophyll Content: The health and amount of chlorophyll in plant cells play a vital role in photosynthesis. Any changes in the procedure that affect chlorophyll content can influence the outcome.Duration of the Experiment: The duration for which the experiment is conducted can also impact the results. Photosynthesis rates might change over time due to various factors.If the outcome changes, it may indicate a difference in the net rate of photosynthesis. An increase in the outcome might suggest an enhancement in photosynthetic activity, while a decrease could indicate a reduction. Researchers often conduct controlled experiments, adjusting one variable at a time while keeping others constant, to understand the specific factors influencing photosynthesis.
What group of organisms are the most important primary producers in the marine aquatic food web? How deep down in the water column can they be found?
Final answer:
Phytoplankton are the most important primary producers in the marine aquatic food web, performing most of the ocean's photosynthesis and supporting the food web as the main food source for zooplankton, the primary consumers.
Explanation:
The most important primary producers in the marine aquatic food web are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton can be found floating on or near the surface of the water where sunlight can penetrate, and they perform the bulk of the ocean's photosynthesis, contributing to 95% of the ocean's primary productivity. These organisms can typically be found up to the depth where light can still reach, which is known as the euphotic or photic zone.
This zone can extend to depths of about 200 meters but varies depending on water clarity. Phytoplankton serve as the foundation of the marine food web, feeding zooplankton which represent the primary consumer level, followed by secondary consumers such as small fish.
Phytoplankton play a crucial role in both aquatic and terrestrial environments as they are significant consumers of carbon dioxide (CO2) and producers of oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Their abundance and health are thus critical for marine ecosystems and global carbon cycles.
Imagine that you are Gregor Mendel and you want to assure yourself that the F1 generation plants you generated from crossing true-breeding plantsactuallyare heterozygotes. You perform a testcross by mating all of your F1 smooth pea plants with plants that are homozygous recessive (wrinkled pea plants).
SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins are associated with chromatin in many types of organisms. Two of the major complexes that eukaryotes possess are cohesins and condensins.
Sort the following phrases as describing cohesins, condensins, or both. Note: If you answer any part of this question incorrectly, a single red X will appear indicating that one or more of the phrases are sorted incorrectly.
1) generally dimeric, forming a V-shaped complex
2) hold sister chromatids together after replication, until chromatid separation
3) each terminus contains part of a site for ATP hydrolysis
4) contain two coiled-coil motifs connected by a hinge domain
5) associated with kleisin
6) essential for DNA replication and cell division
7) contributes to the compaction of chromosomes during mitosis and enables proper chromatid separation during anaphase
These have been sorted here:
The SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins encompass two major complexes in eukaryotes: cohesins and condensins.
Cohesins maintain sister chromatid cohesion after replication until separation, associated with kleisin, and crucial for DNA replication and cell division.
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Final answer:
Cohesins and condensins are SMC protein complexes essential for chromosome maintenance in cell division. Cohesins primarily hold sister chromatids together, while condensins contribute to chromosome compaction during mitosis. Both share structural features and are crucial for DNA replication and cell division.
Explanation:
The SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins are crucial for the proper regulation of chromosome structure and segregation during cell division. Specifically, in eukaryotes, cohesins and condensins are two major complexes involved in chromosome maintenance. The function and structure of these complexes can be described by the following phrases:
generally dimeric, forming a V-shaped complex - Both cohesins and condensinshold sister chromatids together after replication, until chromatid separation - Cohesinseach terminus contains part of a site for ATP hydrolysis - Both cohesins and condensinscontain two coiled-coil motifs connected by a hi-nge domain - Both cohesins and condensinsassociated with Klein - Both cohesins and condensinsessential for DNA replication and cell division - Both cohesins and condensinscontributes to the compaction of chromosomes during mitosis and enables proper chromatid separation during anaphase - CondensinsWhich of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things. Cells have the ability to reproduce identical copies of themselves in a process called mitosis. Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye and are considered microscopic. Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive. Cells are highly ordered and complex.
Answer: Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive.
Explanation:
The cell is regarded as the smallest unit of all living things because it can carry out all life activities such as:
- feeding
- reproduction
- excretion
- growth
- adaptation
- respiration
- definite life span
- sensitivity, and
- movement
All these characteristics possessed by cells are the characteristics of living things.
Answer: Cells are the simplest structure to fit all the characteristics to necessary to be considered alive.
Explanation:
Cell is the smallest and basic units of life I.e it is the building blocks of living organisms. Cells can exist on their own. Cells are the smallest unit of life because they are the smallest components of living organisms and have simplest structure to fit characteristics to be considered alive.
These characteristics are exhibited by living cells and they are;
Reproduction, feeding,respiration, movement, sensitivity, excretion ,growth and death.
The mitochondria within eukaryotic cells have their own genomes. Imagine that a mutation arises on the mitochondrial genome and, at the time of cytokinesis of the host cell, 10% of the mitochondria in that cell have that mutation. In the two daughter cells, what percentage of the mitochondria will possess that mutation? A. Although the cytoplasm containing the mitochondria will be equally divided between the two cells, there is no precise mechanism for ensuring that the organelles are equally divided.B. One cannot accurately predict what the percentages will be in each cell.C. 50% eachD. A and B onlyE. None of the above
C) A and B only is the right option.
Explanation:
During the process of cell division as mitosis or meiosis, the random segregation of mitochondria takes place in the resulting daughter cells
It is found that when cell divides, mitochondria present on the opposite side of the cell plate will have daughter cells that are different from the progenitor cell with respect to mitochondria. Due to this reason, it is difficult to predict the percentage of mitochondrial mutation passed on.
Also, it is proved that only maternal cells are capable of passing the mitochondrial DNA.
Final answer:
Mutated mitochondria are distributed randomly during cell division, leading to varying percentages in daughter cells.
Explanation:
When a mutation arises on the mitochondrial genome and 10% of the mitochondria in a cell have that mutation during cytokinesis, the distribution of the mutated mitochondria will be random in the daughter cells. Since mitochondria divide independently and are distributed randomly during cell division, there is no precise mechanism to ensure equal distribution of mutated mitochondria. Therefore, the percentage of mitochondria with the mutation in the two daughter cells will vary and could differ from the initial 10%.
The total value of an ecosystem:
a. is composed of the direct economic value and the potential pharmaceutical value of an ecosystem.
b. includes all of the values embodied by the ecosystem, including future uses and non-use values (such as cultural, symbolic, and aesthetic values) of an ecosystem.
c. is the monetary value of all of the beneficial aspects an ecosystem provides.
d. is composed of the utilitarian uses and products an ecosystem provides, such as water storage and filtration, even if they are not directly paid for.
e. is composed of the direct values an ecosystem provides upon which a price can be placed, such as crops and medicinal plants.
Answer:
Includes all of the values embodied by the ecosystem, including future uses and non-use values (such as cultural, symbolic, and aesthetic values) of an ecosystem.
Explanation:
Ecosystem may be defined as the constituent of the living and non living things present in the ecosystem. The living component includes the plants, animal and microorganisms. The non living component includes the water, air and soil.
The ecosystem provides oxygen and different gases important for sustain life. The ecosystem provides the aesthetic and cultural value that are used by future as well. Ecosystem provide medicine, food, furniture, fibers, habitat for the large number of organisms.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
Classifying Life on Earth - Kingdoms
Listed in the Item Bank are key terms and expressions, each of which is associated with one of the columns. Some terms may display additional information when you click on them. Drag and drop each item into the correct column. Order does not matter.
ITEM BANK: Move to Bottom
AnimaliaArchaebacteriaEubacteriaFungiPlantaeProtista
Prokaryotic Unicellular
Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotroph
Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotroph
Eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular Auto/Heterotroph
Animalia: Eukaryotic multicellular heterotroph
Arachaebacteria: Prokaryotic unicellular
Eubacteria: Prokaryotic unicellular
Fungi: Eukaryotic multicellular heterotroph
Plantae: Eukaryotic multicellular autotroph
Protista: Eukaryotic unicellular/multicellular auto/heterotroph
Explanation:
Living organisms of different kingdoms are classified according to their number of cells, type of nutrition and presence or absence of nucleus.
Unicellular: single celled organism; multicellular: organisms with multiple number of cells
Prokaryotic: absence of nucleus or membrane-bound cellular organelles. Eukaryotic: nucleus is present
Autotroph: Prepares their own food. Heterotroph: Depends on other organisms for food
Species belonging to Kingdom Animalia are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile, reproduce sexually or asexually.
Species belonging to Kingdom Plantae are eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, nonmotile, reproduce sexually or asexually.
Species belonging to Kingdom Protista are eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, reproduce sexually or asexually.
Species belonging to Kingdom Fungi are eukaryotic, multicellular (few are unicellular), heterotrophs – saprophytes or parasites
Species belonging to Kingdom Monera including arachaebacteria and eubacteria are prokaryotic unicellular organisms, reproduce asexually
The classification of living organisms is arranged in the order and they are listed below Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protista, Plants, Animals.
Explanation:
1. Animals - Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotroph
Cell type- EukaryoticMode of nutrition- HeterotrophNumber of cells- Multicellular2. Plants - Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotroph
Cell type- EukaryoticMode of nutrition- AutotrophNumber of cells- Multi-cellular3. Fungi - Eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular Auto/Heterotroph
Cell type- EukaryoticMode of nutrition- HeterotrophNumber of cells- Multi-cellular /unicellular4. Protista - Eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular Auto/Heterotroph
Cell type- EukaryoticMode of nutrition- Heterotroph/AutotrophNumber of cells- Multi-cellular /uni-cellular5. Bacteria - Prokaryotic Unicellular
Cell type- ProkaryoticMode of nutrition- Heterotroph/AutotrophNumber of cells-Uni-cellular6. Archae - bacteria-Prokaryotic Unicellular
Cell type - ProkaryoticMode of nutrition - Heterotroph/AutotrophNumber of cells - Uni-cellularMeselson and Stahl used density labeling of DNA to show that DNA replication occurs via a semiconservative mechanism. In their experiment, they started with an organism grown in a heavy density label (15N). After two generations of growth in light medium (the more common 14N isotope), if the DNA is isolated and separated by density, how many bands would be observed and how would their density compare with the starting DNA
Answer:
The organism previously used 15N for replication so all the DNA molecules were of 15N15N type. Then the organism is shifted to a medium where only 14N is available for replication. According to semi conservative mode of replication, a newly synthesised DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one parental strand. So after the first round of replication, All the 15N strands will synthesise new DNA strands using 14N resulting into intermediate 15N14N DNA molecules. Hence, only one band would be observed (15N14N) above the original 15N15N band since 15N14N has lighter isotope too so it will be lighter than 15N15N molecules and will lie above it.After second round of replication, 15N strand from 15N14N would synthesise another 14N strand. 14N strand from 15N14N molecules will also synthesise another 14N strand. So now, 50% of the DNA molecules will be of 15N14N intermediate type and 50% of them will be of 14N14N type.Two bands will be observed above the original 15N15N band. One band of 15N14N molecules will be right above it and other band of 14N14N molecules will be even higher because it is the lightest band since it has only the lighter isotope of nitrogen.Final answer:
Two bands would be observed after isolation and ultracentrifugation of DNA from the Meselson and Stahl experiment following two generations in 14N: one intermediate density band (indicative of one 15N and one 14N strand) and one light density band (indicative of double 14N strands), proving semiconservative DNA replication.
Explanation:
In the Meselson and Stahl experiment which aimed to understand the mechanism of DNA replication, they observed the effects of consecutive generations of bacterial growth in media with different nitrogen isotopes. Initially, E. coli was grown in a heavy nitrogen isotope, 15N, followed by growth in a lighter isotope, 14N. After two generations in 14N, when the DNA was isolated and subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation, two bands were observed. One band was of intermediate density, indicating it contained one 15N-labeled strand and one 14N-labeled strand. The second band was of lighter density, corresponding to DNA composed solely of 14N-labeled strands. This provided strong evidence for the semiconservative model of replication where each daughter DNA molecule consists of one parental and one new strand.
Using your knowledge of DNA recombination events to complete the following: Propose two ways in which antibiotic resistance may develop in a bacterium Describe how bacterial cells acquire the ability to produce toxins (Use the following terminology in your answer: recombination, DNA, horizontal gene transfer, conjugation, transformation, transduction, pilus, F factor, transposable elements, transposons, pathogenicity islands)
Answer:
A) Propose two ways in which antibiotic resistance may develop in a bacterium?
Antibiotic resistance may develop in a bacterium through A GENETIC MUTATION and BY REQUIRING RESISTANCE FROM ANOTHER BACTERIUM
B.) Describe how bacterial cells acquire the ability to produce toxins?
The virulent strains of bacteria as in Corynebacterium diphtheria, and Streptococcus pyogenes all manufacture toxins with weighty physiological impacts, unlike the nonvirulent strains which do not manufacture toxins. The toxins are generated by a bacteriophage gene that has been received by transduction.
Using the knowledge of DNA recombination events to complete the -
two ways in which antibiotic resistance may developbacterial cells acquire the ability to produce toxins1. Antibiotic resistance means some bacteria can grow and survive in the presence of one or more antibiotics like tetracycline, ampicillin, or others. It can be developed by 1) horizontal gene transfer 2) Mutation
Horizontal gene transfer is a process that helps bacteria to transfer genes with each other.It is called horizontal gene transfer due to genetic exchange/ F factor, this process is also known as recombination.There are three methods of recombination: Conjugation, Transduction & Transformation.A mutation is a change in the genome of the organisms due to various reasons.2. Pathogenic bacteria may produce toxins. Toxins are of two types; exotoxins & endotoxins.
Exotoxin is released by lipopolysaccharides and protein which are associated with the bacterial cell wall.Endotoxins are associated with the structural mechanism of the bacterial cell. Pathogenicity islands are acquired by microorganisms by horizontal gene transfer.Thus, the explanation is given above about the way resistance develops and the production of toxins.
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You are examining the phylogenic relationship of a newly discovered plant species (Species 2). You amplify the RUBISCO barcode and sequence the DNA. After entering your sequence into BOLD the following comparison comes up.Species 1. ATGCAAATTTGGGCATCCGAATGGTTGCAASpecies 2. ATGCAAATTTTTTGGGCATCCGAATGGCAAWhat DNA modifications have occurred in Species 2 that makes it different from Species 1? Check all that apply.a. Inversionb. Duplicationc. Deletion
Answer:
a. Inversion
b. Duplication
Explanation:
Inversion has the name suggest, has to do with a segment of DNA being reversed from end to end.
In this case here,
Inversion is taking place here.
species 1 ATGCAAATTTGGGCCCATGAATGGTTGCAA
species 2 ATGCAAAAATTTTGGTACGCCGAATGGTTGCAA
Therefore, the sequences in bold in species 1 are observed to be reversed end to end in species 2.
Deletion ❌❌
I am sure it's not feasible because deletion entails removal of a few sequences.
It can be seen that species 2 is longer than species 1, which gives another reason why deletion is not feasible too, as no sequences are seen to be deleted.
I believe duplication is feasible since AATT sequences are repeated once.
Our final answer,
inversion and duplication occur here.
Gibson Assembly – Several enzymes are present in the Gibson assembly reaction. For each of the following enzymes, define the role of the enzyme at room temperature (when the reaction is set up) and at 50 °C (the temperature for the 30 minute incubation after set up).
a. Phusion DNA polymerase ,
b. T5 exonuclease ,
c. Taq DNA ligase
Answer with explanation:
Gibson Assembly is a method of molecular cloning which join multiple DNA fragments in a single reaction. It was created by Daniel G. Gibson, Chief Technology Officer and co-founder of SGI-DNA. (See attached picture)
a. Role of Phusion DNA Polymerase
It bring the enzymes closer to DNA fragment and help enzymes to make PCR product with speed and more accurately. Moreover it has the ability of amplifying long templates. (See attached picture)
a. Role of T5 exonuclease
It is an exonuclease enzyme which means it remove the nucleotide from DNA stand in 5´ to 3´ direction. It create nicks in the double stranded DNA for the incorporation of other fragments. Furthermore, it also work fine in single stranded DNA. (See attached picture)
a. Role of Taq DNA ligase
It is a thermostable enzyme which catalyzes the phosphodiester bond formation between 5´-phosphate and the 3´-hydroxyl of two adjacent DNA strands. (See attached picture)
A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62 chromosomes. A cross between a female horse and a male donkey produces a mule, which is usually sterile. How many chromosomes does a mule have? Can you think of any reasons for the fact that most mules are sterile?
Answer:
The horse has 64 number of chromosomes and the donkey has 62 number of chromosomes.
At the time of recombination the number of chromosomes which will be formed will be odd in number.
32 from horse and 31 from donkey which combines to form 63 pair. This is a odd number so there can be no equal number of segregation of chromosomes.
This is the fact the offspring produced by crossing a donkey and horse is sterile.
Food couldn't reach the stomach without the blank and the blank
Answer:
Food could not reach the stomach without the "esophagus and the throat".
Explanation:
Esophagus is like an elastic pipe, about 25 cm in length. It passes food from the throat back towards the stomach. There's the trachea at the back of the mouth which enables air to come in and out of the body. Once food in the form of a small ball of mushed-up food or liquids is ingested, the epiglottis slips down the opening of the windpipe to ensure that the food reaches the esophagus and not the windpipe.
Food is transported to the stomach via the esophagus with the help of the pharynx through peristalsis. Once in the stomach, food is stored, chemically digested, and mechanically broken down into chyme before moving into the small intestine.
Explanation:Food couldn't reach the stomach without the involvement of the esophagus and the pharynx. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, and its main function is to transport food from the throat down into the stomach. The pharynx, also part of the digestive tract, is the area at the back of the throat that receives food from the mouth. Together, the coordinated contractions of these structures move food along in a process called peristalsis. After passing through the esophagus, the food reaches the stomach, where it is stored and chemical digestion begins in earnest, starting with the conversion of food into a semi-liquid mixture called chyme. The stomach's muscular movements help in further breaking down the food before it enters the small intestine for continued digestion and absorption.
The Earth is about 4.6 billion years old. However, the oldest sea floor is only about 180 million years old. What do you think is the reason for this? (Hint: Remember that new seafloor is constantly being created, but the Earth is not getting bigger with time.)
Answer:
The seafloor is only 180 million years old due to the process of subduction. The floor of the sea's tends to get colder and denser with the passage of time. At a certain time, the seafloor becomes so dense that it sinks in the upper mantle. The Earth's crust cannot undergo this process and hence has oldest rocks. We can say that the seafloor is less than 180 million years old because it is typically recycled back into the mantle of the Earth.
The oldest sea floor is only 180 million years old because new seafloor is constantly being created through seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges.
Explanation:The reason that the oldest sea floor is only about 180 million years old, while the Earth is 4.6 billion years old, is because new seafloor is constantly being created through a process called seafloor spreading. This process occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates are moving apart.
As the plates separate, magma from the Earth's mantle rises and solidifies, forming new oceanic crust. Over time, this new crust moves away from the ridge and gets older, while new crust forms at the ridge. Therefore, the oldest sea floor is relatively young compared to the age of the Earth.
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The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the__________a. osteoclast. b. chondroblast. c. chondrocyte. d. osteoblast.
Answer
D.Osteoblasts
Explanation:
Appositional growth is the increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones. Osteoblasts at the bone surface secrete bone matrix, and osteoclasts on the inner surface break down bone. The osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes.
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the osteoblast, which supports the growth, maintenance, and repair of bones.
Explanation:The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the osteoblast. Osteoblasts are a type of bone cell that form new bone, or 'osteo', tissue. They do this by secreting a matrix that later mineralizes to become hardened bone tissue. This process is critical for the growth, maintenance, and repair of bones in the body.
In contrast, osteoclasts are involved primarily in the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue, while chondroblasts and chondrocytes are associated with cartilage formation and maintenance, not with bone tissue formation.
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If you want to use PCR technique to amplify markers located on six unlinked locations on the chromosomes, how many total unique primer sequences do you need? A. 1 B. 3 C. 6 D.8 E. 12
Answer:
The correct answer is option E, that is, 12.
Explanation:
It is mentioned that the markers are situated in six unlinked sites, the unlinked signifies that they are located on six distinct chromosomes. If one requires to augment the six markers, which are devoid of any definite end sequence, then only six forward primers are adequate. However, if one needs to augment a particular region on the chromosome, then both the reverse and forward primers are needed for each marker. Thus, a sum of 12 primers is required in such a case.
In case, if all the markers are situated in a single chromosome inside a particular region, then only one forward or both reverse and forward primers, that is, two primers would suffice. Generally, the technique of PCR is used to intensify particular fragments and both end and start sequences are illustrated. In such a case, the markers are specified.
Therefore, both reverse and forward primers are needed to augment every marker. Hence, it can be concluded that 12 primers are needed to augment all six markers situated on six unlinked sites.
We are interested in determining whether plumage for the Guinea hens follow a common epistatic relationship. The observed phenotypes are dull, bright and brilliant. Which mode of inheritance would most likely explain the data below? Phenotype Dull 136 Bright 94 Brilliant 13 Total 243Select One:a. dominant/recessive epistasis b. duplicate dominant epistasis c. duplicate recessive epistasis d. duplicate genes with cumulative effect e. single recessive epistasis f. single dominant epistasis
Answer:
single dominant epistatits
Explanation:
When a dominant allele at one locus can mask the expression of both alleles (dominant and recessive) at another locus, it is known as dominant epistasis. In other words, the expression of one dominant or recessive allele is masked by another dominant gene. This is also referred to as simple epistasis
Final answer:
Epistasis is the genetic phenomenon influencing the expression of one gene by another gene. In this case, the most likely mode of inheritance for the plumage phenotypes is duplicate recessive epistasis (c).
Explanation:
Epistasis is a genetic phenomenon in which the expression of one gene is influenced by another gene. In this case, since the plumage phenotypes dull, bright, and brilliant do not follow a simple dominant or recessive inheritance pattern, the most likely mode of inheritance would be duplicate recessive epistasis (c). This means that two recessive alleles at different loci are required to produce a specific phenotype.
An index fossil is:________.a. a fossil found in a particular site. b. the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer. c. the type specimen of a species. d. a fossil used to categorize a stratigraphic layer.
Answer:
Option d, a fossil used to categorize a stratigraphic layer
Explanation:
Fossils that are typical of a specific time range in the course of history of evolution of earth are generally termed as index fossil. These fossils can be used to determine the age of the rock layers and fossils with in which they are found. An index fossil must have a unique identity so that it can be easily recognized.Along with this they must have a lived for a short span of time in horizontal rock layer which must be geographically widespread for matching up to huge distances.
Hence, option D is correct
Answer:
Option (D)
Explanation:
An index fossil is usually defined as those fossil that appeared for a short geological time and were widely distributed over the surface of the earth. These fossils are extremely rare, and it plays an important role in determining the age of a rock, and it also helps in the correlation of rocks. A noticeable number of index fossil species were observed in different places on earth which were deposited on the rock sequences in the geological time.
It enables a geologist to categorize the different stratigraphic layers.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D).
The observed numbers for dominant and recessive types in an F2 generation are 154 and 46. What would the expected number of individuals with a heterozygous genotype?
Answer: Expected heterozygous genotype = 2×46 = 92
Explanation:
According to the hypothesis of segregation of paired genes in heterozygous F1 generation crosses produces 1:2:1 genotype ratio. This means that all these three possible genotypes should be produced in the F2 generation meaning that we have 1(Dominant homozygous) :2 (Dominant heterozygous): 1 (Recessive Homozygous).
Phenotypic ratio shared (dominant: recessive) = 154 and 46
If recessive homozygous phenotype = recessive homozygous genotype = 46
The expected dominant heterozygous genotype= 2 × (recessive homozygous genotype)
= 2 × 46 = 92
Choose the best answer.
Her repeated pulmonary infections have weakened the right side of her heart, so it is enlarged.
a) Since blood is moving between her atria, the blood in her ventricles and arteries is staying where it is, distending those structures.
b) Since she has a pulmonary infection, more blood is being diverted to her lungs; this distends her pulmonary trunk and leaves less blood in the systemic circuit.
c) Since blood is moving from her systemic circuit into her pulmonary circuit, the pulmonary circuit is distended and the systemic circuit is low on blood.
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
Failing of right side is usually caused by failure of left side of heart. Malfunctioned right side of the heart loses its power of efficient pumping and as a result of this the blood is pumped back into the lungs. This backward flow backs up in the veins thereby causing the fluid to swell and hence the swelling in various body parts such as legs, liver, GI tracts, abdomen etc.
Hence, option B is correct
Answer: Option B.
Explanation:
Pulmonary infection is also lung infection. It can be caused by virus, bacteria or fungi.
A person can be infected when he breathing the pathogens from the air. A person with pulmonary infection can have right sided heart failure.
Right sided heart failure occur when because of left sided heart failure. The left sided failure occur when the left ventricle loses power to pump blood to the rest of the body. As a result, blood is pump to the lungs which weaken the right side of the heart and this lead to right side heart failure.
Was the decrease in the frequency of bb individuals between successive generations always the same? Why or why not?
Answer:
The frequency of bb individuals between successive generations wasn't always the same because of natural selection. The capacity of reproduction decreased by a small portion.
Explanation:
Natural selection is the reason why the reproduction of bb generations wasn't always the same. The randomly selection of mates to reproduce was also variable.
Final answer:
The decrease in the frequency of bb individuals between successive generations is not consistent due to genetic drift, natural selection, and population size variations. Factors such as the survival advantage/disadvantage of the bb genotype and the population size significantly influence these changes, making the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium principle's assumption of constant allele frequency not always applicable.
Explanation:
The decrease in the frequency of bb individuals between successive generations is not always the same due to factors such as genetic drift, natural selection, and population size. Genetic drift, particularly in small populations, can lead to significant fluctuations in allele frequencies over time. Natural selection can either increase or decrease the frequency of bb individuals depending on whether the bb genotype confers a survival advantage or disadvantage. Additionally, the size of the population plays a crucial role; smaller populations are more susceptible to changes in allele frequency due to random events.
Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium principle's assumption about constant allele frequency does not always hold in natural populations. The frequency of the bb genotype can vary across generations due to selection, genetic drift, and changes in population size. Each generation's genetic makeup is determined by the alleles passed down from the parents, with the frequency of bb potentially rising or falling based on these evolutionary forces.
A single newt is part of all the newts in a pond. The pond contains many more organisms as well as abiotic factors. The pond is part of a bigger picture, an ecosystem.
Which term BEST describes all the newts in a pond?
A) community
B) individual
C) population
D) species
Answer: Population
All the newts in the pond best describes population
Explanation:
Population is the total number of organisms of the same species living together in a given area at a particular time. In an ecosystem, the community is made up of many populations of different species of organisms relating with their environment.
Therefore, of all the different species of organisms present in the pond, the newts alone best describes a population
Answer: Option C.
It describes population.
Explanation:
Population is the sum total of living organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographical area, interacting with each other and are capable of interbreeding. The newts in the pond is described as population. Because there are many number of newts that are living and interbreeding in the ponds.
Which of the following statements concerning transcription is true?
A. All types of RNA in the cell are synthesized by transcription, which uses a portion of DNA as a template for copying.
B. Promoter sequences signal the end of a gene and mark the place where transcription stops.
C. During transcription, entire chromosomes are copied because the starting position of genes is unknown.
D. Transcription is the process whereby identical copies of DNA are made in preparation for cell division.
Answer: Option A) All types of RNA in the cell are synthesized by transcription, which uses a portion of DNA as a template for copying.
Explanation:
All types of RNA:
- viral RNA,
- ribosomal RNA,
- transfer RNA,
- messenger RNA and
- double-stranded RNA, have a sequence that is the same as 'antisense' strand of the DNA.
Thus, it is true that all types of RNA in the cell are synthesized by transcription, which uses a portion of DNA as a template for copying.
Option A is the correct statement regarding transcription: All types of RNA in the cell are synthesized by transcription using a portion of DNA as a template.
Explanation:The correct statement concerning transcription is option A: All types of RNA in the cell are synthesized by transcription, which uses a portion of DNA as a template for copying. Transcription is the process by which an RNA molecule is synthesized using a DNA template. Specific sequences called promoters signal the start of a gene, and terminator sequences signal the end of gene transcription, not the other way around as mentioned in option B. The entire chromosome is not copied during transcription; only the specific gene being transcribed is copied.
Learn more about transcription here:https://brainly.com/question/32921071
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Some traits do not obey Mendel's law. For example, people with red hair tend to also have pale skin. Why might this be the case?
Answer: Polygenic inheritance
Explanation:
Polygenic inheritance is a phenomenon that explains how a character like skin color show a range of more or less continuous variation due to many genes controlling it. And this is unlike Mendel traits that are controlled by single genes.
So, skin color in an individual is expressed as red hair and pale skin.
What are two disadvantages of cephalization?
Answer:
1) Since all the important tissues like the sensory and nervous tissues have been concentrated on the head, a damage to the head will lead to a damage to important organs.
2) The animal would not be able to see activities taking place behind the head.
Suppose you want to radioactively label DNA but not RNA in dividing and growing bacterial cells. What radiolabeled molecule would you add to the culture medium? Why would it selectively label DNA but not RNA?
Answer:
Tritiated thymine or tritiated thymidine
Explanation:
It would selectively label DNA but not RNA because of the presence of the uniformly labeled backbone phosphorus atoms in the DNA.