how do the characteristics of shale change with increased pressure and temperature?

Answer:

Two arm Experiment

Explanation:

They will make two arms or groups. In one group they will introduce the fungus and in another they wont and will observe both group to see if the group that was introduced with fungus get infected or not

Answer:

Restriction enzymes and genome sequencing.

Explanation:

Microbes include all the microscopic organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The microbes can be harmful or beneficial for the living organisms and can be used in medication as well.

The microbes has provided molecular tools and different techniques have been designed to study them. The restriction enzymes also known as molecular scissors used to cut the DNA and further modification of the DNA. The genome sequencing is done to sequence the genomic DNA of the organisms and there used in the medicine.

Thus, the answer is restriction enzymes and genome sequencing.

Answer:

Explanation:

very slim chances, he body wouldve gotten immune to the disease from when she was younger so it would be unlikely for her to catch it again.

Answer: D) the lipid part is produced in the smooth ER; the carbohydrate part is added in the Golgi complex

Explanation:

Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.

Synthesis of glycolipids proceed by a series of enzymes that sequentially add sugars to the lipid. Glycosphingolipids are derived from lactosylceramide (LacCer; β-D-galactosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucosyl-ceramide) where the first step is the acylation and desaturation of D-erythro-sphinganine. Ceramide is glucosylated then β-galactosylated extracellularly to form lactosylceramide. Further elongation can occur via glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. For example, the biosynthesis of a major glycoglycerolipid in plants involves the transfer of a galactosyl from UDP-Gal onto diacylglycerol to produce β-galactosyldiacylglycerol via galactosyltransferases. An additional transfer of a galactosyl from UDP-Gal forms α-D-galactosyl-(1,6)-O-β-D-galactosyldiacylglycerol.

Answer: 1) Thermal energy to electrical energy

2) Heat energy to electrical energy

3) Mechanical energy to electrical energy

Explanation: according to the law of conservation of energy, energy changes from one form to another.

The three forms of energy conversions are Chemical energy to heat energy,  Heat energy to mechanical energy, and  Mechanical energy to electrical energy.

The process of generating electricity from fossil fuel undergoes the following energy conversions;

(i) Chemical energy to heat energy:

The natural form of fossil fuel stores chemical energy in it. when it is burned, the chemical energy is converted into heat energy.

(ii) Heat energy to mechanical energy:

The heat energy produced by burning the fuel is used to either directly rotate the blades of the electricity generator, or through producing high-energy steam by heating water which pushes the blades. Thus, heat energy is converted into mechanical energy.

(iii) Mechanical energy to electrical energy:

The rotating blades of the electricity generator are placed in a magnetic field. As the blades rotate, the magnetic flux changes, and as a result, electricity is produced.

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Answer:

A species in an ecosystem that plays a central role in the health of that ecosystem, and whose removal may cause the collapse of the ecosystem, is called a(n) keystone species.

Explanation:

The keystone species are those whose role in the food chain (the process of transferring food energy through one living being to another) is essential for the ecosystem, and that, upon its disappearance, it would be seriously unbalanced, in other words, it is that species that exerts a direct influence on its population and that if removed would drastically produce a great impact on the entire ecosystem. The keystone species play a crucial role in the conservation of the health and stability of its ecosystem, although they are not the most abundant species of it.

A keystone species is a species that plays a central role in the health of an ecosystem and its removal can lead to the collapse of the ecosystem. They have a large impact on their environment and can control the abundance of other species or modify the physical structure of the ecosystem. Examples include the sea otter in kelp forest ecosystems and the African elephant in savannah ecosystems.

A species in an ecosystem that plays a central role in the health of that ecosystem, and whose removal may cause the collapse of the ecosystem, is called a

keystone species

. Keystone species have a disproportionately large impact on their environment compared to their population size or biomass. They often control the abundance of other species or modify the physical structure of the ecosystem, thereby maintaining its balance and integrity.

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Answer: The answer is that the phenotypic ratio among phenotypes produced from an F1 X F1 dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1.

Explanation:

Independent assortment of genes explains how alleles on different chromosomes arrange independently of one another during gamete formation.

So, a dihybrid cross involving TWO characters (e.g Seed color & seed shape) would have its respective alleles DISTRIBUTED whether dominant or recessive, for crossing to occur and yield varying proportion of offspring in the well spread ratio of 9:3:3:1; making it a consequence of independent assortment of genes

Answer:

Reproductive separation may result in the evolution or specialization of two different species. This hinders the capability of different species to produce an offspring. It also serve as a barrier to maintain integrity of each species wherein gene flow is reduced

Explanation:

The cell having both nucleus and a cell wall shows that it is a plant cell.

• Like animals and humans, plants also comprises several cells. The cells of plants are eukaryotic, which comprise a true nucleus along with many unique compositions known as organelles, which perform essential functions.  

• Some of the main organelles of a plant cell are cell wall, nucleus, cell membrane, plastids, chloroplasts, central vacuole, mitochondria and ribosomes.  

• The cell wall is a rigid layer formed of glycoproteins, cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin. It is situated external to the cell membrane. The main role of cell wall is to provide structural support and protection to the cell.  

• Nucleus is a membrane-bound composition, which is found in all the eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to store hereditary information and DNA needed for metabolism, division, and growth of cells.  

• Cell wall is unique and found only in plant cells.  

Thus, it can be said that the cell having cell wall and nucleus is a plant cell.

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The best suited group for the mentioned plant is Angiosperms and monocot.

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

As mentioned the seed of the plant has one cotyledon and the specific name for these type of plants whose seeds has one cotyledon is called Monocot, Suppose if the seed of the plant has two seeds, It is called dicot.

Hence we can conclude that the mentioned plant comes under monocot and not dicot.  On the other hand, Angiosperms refers to the plants that has flowers with it and gymnosperms usually includes plants without flowers and hence we can classify the plant as Angiosperm and monocot.

Answer:

The answer is C

Explanation:

Answer:

The gtpal of a women is "G7 T4 P1 A1 L5."

Explanation:

GTPAL stands for. Gravidity: sum of periods the woman has been expectant (THIS INCLUDES CURRENT PREGNANCY, FAILURES, ABORTIONS and *twins/triplets count as one). Term Births: sum born (alive or stillborn) at 37 weeks gestation onward (*twins/triplets count as one) Gravida or gravidity defines the whole sum of complete pregnancies that a woman has had, irrespective of the consequence. Para or parity is definite as the sum of deliveries that a woman has had subsequently 20 weeks gestation.

Answer: False

Explanation:

The parathyroid hormone is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. Calcitonin HELPS regulate blood calcium levels by going against the action of the parathyroid hormone. When blood calcium is low the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone to help increase blood calcium levels. When blood calcium is too high, the thyroid hormone releases calcitonin which reduces the activity of osteoclasts consequently reducing blood calcium levels

Calcitonin does regulate blood calcium levels by decreasing high levels. It inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates osteoblasts, and promotes calcium excretion in the kidneys. However, parathyroid hormone (PTH) also plays a key regulatory role, increasing low calcium levels.

The statement 'Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels' is somewhat true, but needs additional clarification. Specifically, it is necessary to understand that the regulation of calcium levels in the body is a complex process involving multiple hormones, including both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Calcitonin, produced by the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland, responds to high levels of calcium in the blood. Its function is to lower these levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts (cells that break down bone), stimulating osteoblasts (cells that build bone), and promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys. This hormone thus acts to transfer calcium from the bloodstream and into the bones.

However, it's important to also mention the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). PTH is released when calcium levels in the blood are low, and it works to increase these levels, acting in contrast to calcitonin. Therefore, both hormones work together to maintain calcium homeostasis in the body.

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Answer:

Yes

Explanation:

Yes, Radioactive uranium-235 has a half-life of 704 million years. If it was incorporated into dinosaur bones, it could it be used to date the dinosaur fossils.

It is worthy to note that after 65.5 million years a little as a tenth of the Uranium-235 undergoes degradation with the remaining ninety percent or part is available for use to date the fossils.

Answer:

(C) Enzyme does not need to contact with substrate to assume its active form.

Explanation:

a) The activity of an enzyme can be increased upto certain temperature known as optimum temperature after that tepmerature will damage the enzyme.

b) The number of substrate molecule converted by one molecule of enzyme in one second is called its turn over rate, which may varry from 0.5-600000.

C)  Enzymes does not need to contact with substrate to assume its active form. They just accelerate the reaction by lowering the activation energy. Enzyme binds to substrate through active stite and both changes structures slightly to best fit.(Induce fit  model)

D) Some enzymes are inactive known as apoenzyme and they need a non-protein part such as coenzyme or cofactor to become active which is known as holoenzyme.

The false statement about enzymes is that they require contact with substrate to assume their active form. Actually, enzymes are already in their active form before they encounter a substrate.

Among the statements provided, the false statement about enzymes is: 'Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form'. In fact, enzymes are already in their active form before they encounter a substrate. When a substrate makes contact with the enzyme's active site, the enzyme undergoes a slight change in shape to achieve a perfect fit, also referred to as 'induced fit'. However, the enzyme was already in its active form prior to the substrate encounter. For instance, if we look at the disease phenylketonuria, the enzyme suited for phenylalanine degradation doesn't lack the active form; it malfunctions or is not present, leading to health complications due to phenylalanine build-up.

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After the addition of the first dye, the gram-positive bacteria will appear as purple.

Explanation:

The gram-positive bacteria has thecell wall made up of peptidoglycan. In Gram-positive bacteria the purple of crystal violet gram stains is retained by this thick peptidoglycan layer.

After the addition of the first dye (crystal violet) during a Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria would appear purple in color due to their thick peptidoglycan layer readily absorbing and retaining the dye.

In the process of performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria, the cells would appear purple after the application of the first dye, which is crystal violet. This is because gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. This layer readily absorbs the crystal violet dye and retains it, even after the decolorization stage (which was not yet performed in your query). Thus, after the first dye, your gram-positive bacteria would be a vibrant violet color.

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Hormones are biological chemical substances that are produced in the body, transported via the bloodstream, and that stimulate physiological responses in cells of other tissues or organs. This statement is factually correct.

The statement in the question - 'Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ' is True.

Hormones are, in fact, chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. They are part of the endocrine system of the human body. They travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body in order to send signals and orchestrate longer-term processes, such as growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, and mood regulation.

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Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine system that, when released into the bloodstream, stimulate responses in specific target cells throughout the body. These responses influence a variety of physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and fluid balance. An example detailed is insulin, which reduces blood glucose levels.

The statement provided is true. Hormones are indeed chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ. The endocrine system produces hormones that influence wide-ranging physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, fluid and electrolyte balance, and sleep. Hormones act on their respective target cells, which have specific receptors for those particular hormones.

For example, insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. This hormone travels through the bloodstream to the body's cells, where it binds to insulin receptors and triggers a response that allows the cells to take in glucose, thereby reducing blood glucose levels.

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Answer:

1.  A chemical energy compound with two phosphate groups found in living cells . -ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate)

2 . An agricultural science that deals with crop production and improvement  -Agronomy

3 . A food made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  -Carbohydrates

4 . An atmospheric gas made of one carbon atom for each two oxygen atoms  -Carbon dioxide

5 . The green chemical that makes green plants green - chlorophyll

6 . Produced by organisms as opposed to nonliving chemical processes  -Organic

7 . An atmospheric gas; a by-product of the light reaction of photosynthesis- oxygen

Answer:

Convergent Evolution

Explanation:

This is a form of independent evolution where similar features are developed by two species,which are not closely, living in different periods but the same biome.

Due to developing analogous structures they may appear to be similar. Most of these structures were not present in the last common ancestor of both groups. An example is the nature of wings in birds, bats and insects which serves the same purpose which is flight.

Answer: STABILITY OF THE DNA MOLECULE.

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA.

EASY SEPARATION OF DNA

HIGH BOILING POINT OF WATER

COHESIVE FORCE HOLDING WATER MOLECULE TOGETHER

Explanation: Although Hydrogen bonds are weak,they help in stabilising the DNA.

Hydrogen Bonds are weak bonds which connects the Nitrogen bases together in a DNA,which gives the structure of the DNA.

They also aids the Easy separation of a DNA molecule.

The Hydrogen bonds are the main factor that ensures that the boiling temperature of water is high.

Hydrogen bonds are cohesive in nature, they bind water molecules together through and cause it to resist heat and high temperature.

Answer:

D) Hydrogen bonding

Explanation:

A hydrogen bond is a kind of electrostatic force of attraction between the hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom e.g. nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen.

It is a weak force of attraction.

In size-exclusion chromatography, the attraction that exist between the proteins and dextran is hydrogen bonding.

The several hydroxyl groups thats seen in dextran accounts for why hydrogen bonding exists between dextran column material and the protein.

Answer:

Molecular evidence

Explanation:

Carl Woese was the scientist who classified life in three domains which are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. He used molecular evidence to classify prokaryotes into two different domains.

Carl Woese and his teammates compared the ribosomal sequence of several archebacteria with other prokaryotes and eukaryotes and found that the ribosomal sequence of archaea is more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria.

So he divided prokaryotes into two domains archaea and bacteria on this molecular evidence. So the right answer is molecular evidence.

Answer:

You could also define it as how a disease develops

Explanation:

Answer:

ATP molecules

Explanation:

Density centrifugation is a method that separates components of a sample on the basis of their density or density gradient.

During centrifugation the sample will be layered according to their density and that is the principle of density centrifugation.

When centrifuging a sample containing homogenized cells. ATP molecules will be found at the top of the centrifugation  gradient due to having a lighter density compared to the rest of the molecules.

Answer:

Small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2, are soluble in the lipid bilayer and therefore can readily cross cell membranes. Small uncharged polar molecules, such as H2O, also can diffuse through membranes, but Ions, such as hydrogen ions, and hydrophilic molecules, such as water and glucose, cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the membrane. To move rapidly through the membrane, they must pass through membrane transport proteins.

Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide can rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein.

The molecules that can rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein are small, nonpolar molecules such as oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and small hydrophobic molecules like steroid hormones. These molecules can easily diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane due to their nonpolar nature.

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Answer:no

Explanation:

Answer:

a. classical conditioning

Explanation:

Classical conditioning is a phenomenon of learning developed by the Russian Psychologist known as Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning is a behaviorist theory of learning which describes learning as a process that involves forming of association. In order words, learning is through association.

Maricella’s dog would naturally feel sad by mere seeing Maricella leaving for work in the morning, this response is natural and termed unconditioned response, while her leaving for work is the unconditioned stimulus.  

Since Maricella usually picks her when she leaves for work, the dog learns to become sad as it associates her picking of the keys to her leaving for work. Overtime, the picking of the key elicits a sad appearance in the dog even though she isn’t leaving for work. The car keys can be said to be the conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in the dog making it sad.

This experience of the dog can be referred to as classical conditioning, in which the conditioned stimulus became associated with the unconditioned stimulus, thereby producing  the conditioned response of the dog.

Option D

Research on the physiological states accompanying specific emotions indicates that   each emotion has a unique pattern of sympathetic nervous system activity

Explanation:

Emotions are usually characterized by thinking and sense elements that point our consciousness and control our response. By the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system, sensitive events followed by excitement feel and actions of the physical acknowledgments are produced.

Emotions enhance especially prominent in leading options when the dilemmas among various complicated and contradictory options confer us with a great measure of contingency and vagueness, proffering a comprehensive cognitive study challenging. Urges are powers that control the action. The cognitive evaluation also enables us to encounter a kind of trivial sensations.

Final answer:

The correct option is "e different emotions involve activation of different brain circuits."

Explanation:

The question pertains to the physiology behind emotions and how they are experienced in the human body. Specifically, the question addresses how different emotions are accompanied by physiological changes, such as variations in blood pressure, different neurotransmitter activity within the amygdala, unique patterns of limbic system or sympathetic nervous system activity, and involvement of various brain circuits.

Affective neuroscience has identified that there are seven basic classes of emotions: Anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. These emotions are linked with different neural circuits within the limbic system, with structures like the amygdala and hypothalamus playing significant roles in the experience and expression of our emotions.

The amygdala, for instance, is central to processing fear and sending signals that activate the sympathetic nervous system—leading to the 'fight-or-flight' response. The hypothalamus engages in regulating the release of stress hormones in reaction to emotional stimuli. Moreover, research has indicated that different emotions can trigger distinct physical reactions almost instantaneously, supporting the theory that there are fast and slow pathways for emotional response—further highlighting the complexity and specificity of emotions regarding our physiological state.

Answer:

Mutation is the process of the sudden, heritable change in the genome of the organisms. Two main types of mutation are point mutation and the frameshift mutation.

The point mutation may be defined as the change in the single base pair only at a single point. The deletion is known as frameshift mutation because it changes the reading frame sequence of the gene. These mutation may beneficial or harmful for the organisms.

Answer:

Convergent Evolution

Explanation:

Convergent evolution occurs when two unrelated species that have no common ancestor evolve independently in order to adapt to a similar environmental constraints to ensure survival.

An example of convergent evolution can be seen in birds, bats, flight/wing insects. They all do not share a common ancestor, but have evolved, separately, a similar structure for flight.

Another example can be seen in dolphins and sharks. These two different species share similar physical characteristics that make them adapt well in marine habitat that helps them to predate .

Convergent evolution refers to the process where similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental conditions. Examples of this can be seen in the wings of bats and insects and the adaptation of species like the arctic fox and ptarmigan developing seasonal white phenotypes during winter.

When similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental constraints, convergent evolution is said to have occurred. For instance, the wings of bats and insects, which allow them to fly, are a result of convergent evolution as both species developed this capability independently to adapt to their environment. These structures are called analogous structures.Another evidence of convergent evolution is the adaptation of unrelated species, such as the arctic fox and ptarmigan, which have evolved seasonal white phenotypes during winter to blend in with their snowy surroundings. This similarity in physical features is due to similar selection pressures rather than shared ancestry.

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True

Explanation:

A graph is used to represent and compare two phenomenons or variables.

It is a simple system that uses x and y coordinates.

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