How do chemists express the rates of chemical reactions

Answer with Explanation:

The environment where the sediments are deposited gives an information regarding the rock that eventually forms.

The minerals and textures of the rocks can tell what kind of environment they were formed as they were being deposited. The fossils embedded in the rocks (sedimentary rocks) or the outcrops can also tell what happened on earth during those times. The process of rock accumulation also tells whether there was a high level of flood, strong winds or sub-arctic environments occurring.

This then gives an evidence of the earliest life forms on Earth.

Final answer:

The depositional environment where sediments are collected has a direct impact on the type of sedimentary rock that forms, with factors such as available oxygen affecting characteristics like rock color. This information helps geologists reconstruct past Earth conditions and ecosystems.

Explanation:

The environment where sediments are deposited has significant implications for the sedimentary rock that will eventually form. For instance, beaches and deserts accumulate large deposits of sand, potentially forming sandstone, while the deep ocean floor might host sediments that turn into shale or limestone.

Depositional environments impart specific characteristics to the resulting rocks. Examples of this include the presence of oxygen influencing rock color during and after sediment burial. Understanding these environments allows geologists to reconstruct past Earth conditions and the history of life on our planet.

Sedimentary rocks from one environment might share similar types but can also be found across varying conditions, making pinpointing the depositional environment a challenging task. Yet, clues like sediment properties, rock color, and the presence of fossils provide invaluable insights into the ancient environments where these rocks formed.

Global warming is primarily driven by human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy production and transportation is the largest contributor, releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄). Deforestation and land-use changes also play a significant role, as trees absorb CO₂, but their removal releases it back into the atmosphere.

Industrial processes, agriculture, and waste management release additional greenhouse gases. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to an increase in average global temperatures, disruptions in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and other climate-related impacts.

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Answer:

[tex]2.82\cdot 10^9 y[/tex]

Explanation:

A radioactive isotope is an isotope that undergoes nuclear decay, breaking apart into a smaller nucleus and emitting radiation during the process.

The half-life of an isotope is the amount of time it takes for a certain quantity of a radioactive isotope to halve.

For a radioactive isotope, the amount of substance left after a certain time t is:

[tex]m(t)=m_0 (\frac{1}{2})^{\frac{t}{\tau}}[/tex] (1)

where

[tex]m_0[/tex] is the mass of the substance at time t = 0

m(t) is the mass of the substance at time t

[tex]\tau[/tex] is the half-life of the isotope

In this problem, the isotope is uranium-235, which has a half-life of

[tex]\tau=7.04\cdot 10^8 y[/tex]

We also know that the amount of uranium left in the rock sample is 6.25% of its original value, this means that

[tex]\frac{m(t)}{m_0}=\frac{6.25}{100}[/tex]

Substituting into (1) and solving for t, we can find how much time has passed:

[tex]t=-\tau log_2 (\frac{m(t)}{m_0})=-(7.04\cdot 10^8) log_2 (\frac{6.25}{100})=2.82\cdot 10^9 y[/tex]

Answer:

The new volume will be 42, 7 L.

Explanation:

We use the gas formula, which results from the combination of the Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac laws. According to which at a constant mass, temperature, pressure and volume vary, keeping constant PV / T. The conditions STP are: 1 atm of pressure and 273 K of temperature.

P1xV1/T1 =P2xV2/T2

1 atmx 22,4 L/273K = 0,5atmx V2/260K

V2=((1 atmx 22,4 L/273K )x 260K)/0,5 atm= 42, 67L

Answer

cation

Explanation:

If an atom losses electrons it forms a positively charged ion called the cation.

cation has more protons than electrons, thereby giving it a net positive charge.

To form a cation one or more electrons must be lost, typically pulled away by atoms with a stronger affinity for them.

The number of electrons lost, and so the charge of the ion, is indicated after the chemical symbol, e.g. zinc (Zn) loses two electrons to become Zn2+.

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Answer:

8L

Explanation:

Using Boyle's law which states that the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, provided temperature remains constant

P1V1= P2V2

P1 =  2atm, V1 = 12L ,

P2 = 3atm , V2 =

12 × 2 = V2 × 3

Divide both sides by 3

V2 = 24 ÷ 3

V2 = 8L

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By integrating two or even more materials whose properties are quite distinctive is composite materials. The different materials work together to build special properties for the composite, but within the composite one can easily tell the various materials apart that they don't dissolve or mix together.

It is also recognized as Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites, which are constructed from a polymer matrix strengthened with engineered, man-made or natural fiber like glass, steel or aramid or other strengthening material.

Answer:

74.09 atm

Explanation:

Using the gas laws ( Charles and Boyle's law). We have the formula ,

P1/T1 = P2/T2

Where P1 = 30.3atm

T1 = -100 degree Celsius

to kelvin = -100+ 273 = 173K

T2 = 150 degree Celsius

To Kelvin = 150 = 150+273 = 423K

Imputing values

P1/T1 = P2/T2

30.3/173 = P2/ 423

Cross multiply

173×P2 = 30.3 ×423

173P2 = 12816.9

Divide both sides by 173

P2 = 12816.9/173

P2 = 74.09 atm

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Answer:

P2=74.086atm

Explanation:

Using the formula p1/t1=P2/t2

P1=30.3atm

P2=?

T1=-100°c to Kelvin=273-100=173k

T2=150°c to Kelvin=273+150=423k

30.3\173=x/423

Cross multiply

173x=423×30.3

173x=12816.9

Divide both sides by 173

X=74.086atm

Answer:

mass=density x volume

Explanation:

Final answer:

Density can be calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume. The formula is Density = mass / volume.

Explanation:

The density of a substance can be calculated by dividing its mass by its volume. For example, let's say we have a sample of a substance with a mass of 50 grams and a volume of 20 cubic centimeters. To find the density, we would divide the mass by the volume:

Density = mass / volume

So in this case, the density would be:

Density = 50g / 20 cm3 = 2.5 g/cm3

Thus, the density of the substance is 2.5 grams per cubic centimeter.

Answer:

Molarity = 0.08 M

Explanation:

Given data:

Mass of sodium carbonate = 10.6 g

Volume of water = 1.25 L

Molarity of solution = ?

Solution:

First of all we will calculate the moles of solute.

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

Number of moles = 10.6 g/ 106 g/mol

Number of moles = 0.1 mol

Formula:

Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in L

Now we will put the values in formula.

Molarity = 0.1 mol / 1.25 L

Molarity = 0.08 M

Answer:

0.45M

Explanation:

The following were obtained from the question:

C1 = 0.75M

V1 = 100mL

V2 = 165mL

C2 =?

Applying the dilution formula C1V1 = C2V2, the concentration of the diluted solution can be calculated for as follows:

0.75 x 100 = C2 x 165

Divide both side by 165

C2 = (0.75 x 100) /165

C2 = 0.45M

The concentration of the diluted solution is 0.45M

Answer:

Arrow from sedimentary to metamorphic

Arrow from igneous to metamorphic

Explanation:

Metamorphic rocks can only be created under high pressure and temperature/chemical involvement

Answer:

147.473 g/mol

Explanation:

Explanation:

The mass number of an element's atom is gotten by adding the number of protons and neutrons of the atom. Electrons have negligible mass compared to the protons and neutrons hence do not matter. The mass of a nuclear particle ( protons and the neutrons) is based on the 1/12 mass of carbon which is used as the standard for getting the mass of other elements.

If an element has isotopes the relative mass of the element is gotten by adding all the atomic mass numbers of the isotopes and dividing the sum by the number of isotopes.

Answer:

Tough question

Explanation:

need more detail

The chemical formula for lithium acetate is [tex]LiC_2H_3O_2[/tex]. It consists of one lithium ion [tex](Li^+)[/tex] and one acetate ion [tex](C_2H_3O_2^-)[/tex].

Lithium acetate is composed of lithium ions [tex](Li^+)[/tex] and acetate ions [tex](C_2H_3O_2^-)[/tex].

The formula indicates that for each lithium ion, there is one acetate ion. In chemical formulas, the subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element present in the compound.

In this case, "Li" represents lithium, "C" represents carbon, "H" represents hydrogen, and "O" represents oxygen.

So, the formula [tex]LiC_2H_3O_2[/tex] indicates that there is one lithium atom, two carbon atoms, three hydrogen atoms, and two oxygen atoms in lithium acetate.

Final answer:

The missing coefficient in the reaction Cl2O3 + H2O → HCIO3 is 2 in front of HCIO3, resulting in a balanced equation Cl2O3 + H2O → 2 HCIO3, which is a combination reaction.

Explanation:

The missing coefficient in the chemical equation Cl2O3 + H2O → HCIO3 should balance the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. In this case, to balance chlorine and oxygen atoms, we should place a coefficient of 2 in front of HCIO3, resulting in Cl2O3 + H2O → 2 HCIO3. This is an example of a combination reaction, where two or more substances combine to form a single product. Below are several examples of different reaction types for context:

a. Combustion reaction: C6H5CH3 + 9O2 → 7CO2 + 4H2Ob. Decomposition reaction: 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2c. Synthesis reaction: C + 2H2 → CH4

Answer:

The right field is oceanography

Answer:

(A) Removed and solid

Explanation:

Magnesium and calcium are more reactive with oxygen in the air than aluminum.

Magnesium and calcium are more reactive with oxygen in the air than aluminum.

Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide (MgO), while calcium reacts with oxygen to form calcium oxide (CaO). Aluminum also reacts with oxygen, but it forms a thin layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) on its surface, which acts as a protective barrier to further reaction. This layer prevents aluminum from reacting as readily with oxygen compared to magnesium and calcium. Therefore, magnesium and calcium are more reactive with oxygen in the air than aluminum.

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1 mole of lead has the greatest mass because its molar mass of approximately 207.2 g/mol is higher than that of silver (107.87 g/mol), copper (63.55 g/mol), and tungsten (183.84 g/mol), and all samples contain Avogadro's number of atoms.

To determine which substance has the greatest mass, we need to compare the molar masses of silver, copper, lead, and tungsten. The molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance, and it is numerically equivalent to the atomic mass for elements. Let's examine the atomic masses of these elements:

Given that 1 mole of each substance contains the same number of atoms (6.022 × 10²23 atoms, Avogadro's number), the substance with the highest molar mass will have the greatest mass. In this case, lead has the highest molar mass at approximately 207.2 g/mol, and therefore 1 mole of lead will have the greatest mass compared to 1 mole of silver, copper, or tungsten.

Final answer:

Lead (Pb) has the greatest mass.

Explanation:

The substance with the greatest mass in this case would be lead (Pb).

To determine which substance has the greatest mass, we need to compare their molar masses. The molar mass of silver (Ag) is approximately 107.87 g/mol, copper (Cu) is approximately 63.55 g/mol, lead (Pb) is approximately 207.2 g/mol, and tungsten (W) is approximately 183.84 g/mol.

Since lead (Pb) has the highest molar mass of the four substances, it has the greatest mass.

Answer:

gallium

Explanation:

The density of ethanol is 0.78 g/mL and the density of benzene is 8.8 g/mL. Benzene is denser than ethanol.

The density of a substance is calculated by dividing its mass by its volume. To find the density of ethanol, divide its mass (3.9g) by its volume (5.0 mL). The density of ethanol is therefore 0.78 g/mL. To find the density of benzene, divide its mass (44g) by its volume (5.0 mL). The density of benzene is 8.8 g/mL. Since the density of benzene is higher than the density of ethanol, benzene is denser than ethanol.

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The density of ethanol is 0.78 g/mL and the density of benzene is 8.8 g/mL. Benzene is denser than ethanol.

To find the density of each liquid, the formula for density will be used:

[tex]\[ \text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}} \][/tex]

Given:

Ethanol:

Volume [tex](\(V\))[/tex] = 5.0 mL

Mass [tex](\(m\))[/tex] = 3.9 g

Benzene:

Volume [tex](\(V\))[/tex] = 5.0 mL

Mass [tex](\(m\))[/tex]  = 44 g

Density of Ethanol:

[tex]\[ \text{Density of Ethanol} = \frac{3.9 \, \text{g}}{5.0 \, \text{mL}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Density of Ethanol} = 0.78 \, \text{g/mL} \][/tex]

Density of Benzene:

[tex]\[ \text{Density of Benzene} = \frac{44 \, \text{g}}{5.0 \, \text{mL}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Density of Benzene} = 8.8 \, \text{g/mL} \][/tex]

Answer:

NaClo3 is the reactant here.

Explanation:

In the reaction below:

                        [tex]H_{2} + O_{2}[/tex] ----------------------> 2[tex]H_{2} O[/tex]

Here       [tex]H_{2}[/tex] and [tex]O_{2}[/tex] are reactant, they take part in chemical reaction to form water as a product.

Answer:

Explanation:

Any species that undergoes oxidation is itself a reducing agent or reductant.

The species that undergoes reduction in the course of a chemical reaction is an oxidant or reducing agent.

Any specie that loses electrons to another undergoes oxidation and is a reductant.

Species that gains electrons are called oxidant.

Answer: 2500 ml

Explanation:

To dilute a 500 mL solution of 5 M HCl to a 1 M HCl solution, 2000 mL of water must be added, using the formula M1V1 = M2V2 with the values substituted respectively.

The question involves diluting a concentrated solution to a lower concentration, specifically diluting a 500 mL solution of 5 M HCl to obtain a 1 M HCl solution. To solve this, the dilution equation, M1V1 = M2V2, is used. In this equation, M represents molarity, and V represents volume. Initially, we have M1=5 M, V1=500 mL, and M2=1 M. We need to find V2, the final volume after dilution.

Therefore, to dilute the 500 mL solution of 5 M HCl to a 1 M solution, 2000 mL of water needs to be added.

Answer:

There are 70 grams of KOH

Explanation:

First, we calculate the weight of 1 mol of KOH:

Weight 1 mol KOH: Weight K + Weight 0 + Weight H=  39g+ 1g+ 16g= 56 g/mol

1 mol-------56 g KOH

1,25 mol----x= (1,25 molx56 g KOH)/1 mol= 70 g KOH

Answer:

Valence Electrons are transferred/exchanged

In ionic bonds, valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another, leading to the formation of oppositely charged ions that attract each other to create the bond.

In ionic bonds, valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. This process involves the movement of electrons from an atom that has a relatively low number of electrons in its valence shell (often a metal) to an atom with a higher affinity for electrons (often a nonmetal), which has a relatively high number of electrons in its valence shell or a few electrons short of completing its shell. Through this transfer, the atom losing electrons becomes a positively charged ion (cation), and the atom gaining electrons becomes a negatively charged ion (anion). This electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond. For example, in the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium (Na) loses one electron to become Na⁺, while chlorine (Cl) gains that electron to become Cl⁻, resulting in a stable ionic compound.

The complete question is:

Fill in the blanks:

In ionic bonds, valence electrons are _______.

To calculate the total heat absorbed by an 18g ice cube going from -10°C to water at 20°C, you sum the heat needed to raise the temperature of the ice to 0°C, the heat of fusion to melt the ice, and the heat needed to raise the temperature of the resulting water to 20°C.

The student is asking about the heat absorption process when an ice cube melts and warms up to ambient temperature. To find the total heat absorbed, you would calculate the heat needed to warm the ice from -10°C to 0°C, the heat required for the phase change from ice to water at 0°C, and then the heat needed to warm the water from 0°C to 20°C.

First, calculate the heat to warm the ice (Q1) using the formula Q = mcΔT, where m is the mass, c is the specific heat of ice, and ΔT is the temperature change. Then, calculate the heat to melt the ice (Q2) using the molar heat of fusion, given that the molar mass of water is approximately 18 g/mol. Finally, calculate the heat to warm the water (Q3) using the formula Q = mcΔT again, but this time with the specific heat of water.

The total heat (Qtotal) absorbed is the sum of Q1, Q2, and Q3. Note that in this example, the mass of ice and molar mass of water allows us to use a direct conversion from grams to moles for the heat of fusion calculation.

Temperature change would be 112.6° C.

Explanation:

We can find the amount or heat absorbed or emitted during any reaction by finding the product of their mass, specific heat, and change in temperature of the metal.

Mass of the iron, m = 50.0 g

Amount of heat absorbed, q = 2500 J

Change in temperature, ΔT = ?

Specific heat of Iron, C = 0.444 J/g °C

[tex]\boldsymbol{q}=\boldsymbol{m} \times \boldsymbol{C} \times \boldsymbol{\Delta} \mathbf{T}[/tex]

Plugin the values and rearrange the equation to get the change in temperature as,

[tex]\Delta \mathbf{T}=\frac{\mathbf{q}}{c \times m}[/tex]

[tex]\Delta \mathrm{T}=\frac{2500 \mathrm{J}}{0.444 \frac{J}{\mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}} \times 50 \mathrm{g}}=112.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}[/tex]

The temperature of the iron sample would change by approximately [tex]\( 111.11 \, ^\circ \text{C} \)[/tex] as a result of absorbing 2500 J of thermal energy.

To determine the change in temperature of the iron sample, we need to use the specific heat capacity formula [tex]\[ q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T \][/tex]

where:

[tex]- \( q \)[/tex] is the amount of heat absorbed or released (in joules),

[tex]- \( m \)[/tex] is the mass of the substance (in grams),

[tex]- \( c \)[/tex] is the specific heat capacity of the substance (in joules per gram per degree Celsius),

[tex]- \( \Delta T \)[/tex] is the change in temperature (in degrees Celsius).

For iron, the specific heat capacity [tex]\( c \)[/tex] is approximately [tex]\( 0.450 \, \text{J/g}^\circ \text{C} \)[/tex].

Given:

[tex]- \( q = 2500 \, \text{J} \), - \( m = 50.0 \, \text{g} \), - \( c = 0.450 \, \text{J/g}^\circ \text{C} \).[/tex]

We can rearrange the formula to solve for [tex]\( \Delta T \)[/tex]:

[tex]\[ \Delta T = \frac{q}{m \cdot c} \][/tex]

Now, plug in the values:

[tex]\[ \Delta T = \frac{2500 \, \text{J}}{50.0 \, \text{g} \cdot 0.450 \, \text{J/g}^\circ \text{C}} \] \[ \Delta T = \frac{2500}{50.0 \times 0.450} \] \[ \Delta T = \frac{2500}{22.5} \] \[ \Delta T \approx 111.11 \, ^\circ \text{C} \][/tex]

The answer is: [tex]111.11 \, ^\circ \text{C}[/tex].