Answer:d.Paleozoic Era
Explanation:
Paleozoic Era is hallmarked by climate, animals & plants.
This Era includes the Ordovician Period, Silurian Period and the Devonian Period.
The Silurian Period is one during this era where aquatic plants and animals evolved.
The __________ pathway is used by plants that thrive in high temperate conditions, such as sugarcane. Select one: a. C2 b. C3 c. C4 d. CAM
Answer:
C4
Explanation:
Plants present under the conditions of higher temperatures have several adaptations to reduce water loss. One such adaptation is the C4 photosynthetic pathway. In C4 pathways, plants perform the primary fixation of CO2 into C4 acids in mesophyll cells. These C4 acids are then transported to the bundle sheath cells where they are being decarboxylated to release CO2. The released CO2 enters into Calvin cycle and glucose is produced while the C3 acids are transported back to the mesophyll cells to continue the process.
In these plants, RuBisCo is present in bundle sheath cells and the higher concentration of CO2 around this enzyme increases the photosynthetic efficiency by reducing photorespiration. Thereby, these plants have a higher photosynthetic rate and do not need to open stomata more to support photosynthesis.
_____ lobe development during adolescence often lags behind limbic system development, which may help explain impulsiveness, risky behaviors, and emotional storms that often accompany adolescence.
Frontal lobe development during adolescence often lags behind limbic system development, which may help explain impulsiveness, risky behaviors, and emotional storms that often accompany adolescence.
Explanation:
In adolescents, the development of frontal lobe is observed to lag behind the limbic system development. This process is controlled by factors like environmental, heredity, pre and postnatal insult, sleep pattern, nutrition etc.
The frontal lobes are engaged with development control, critical thinking, suddenness, memory, language, commencement, judgment, motivation control, and social and sexual conduct. Adolescents process information with the amygdala which is the emotional part.
In adolescent’s brain, the associations between the emotional part of the brain and the decision-making center are still developing and not always at the similar rate. That is the reason when adolescents have overwhelming emotional input, they can’t explain later what they were thinking.
Sammie Arnold Carvey has the major symptoms of schizophrenia but she does not meet full criteria for any of the disorders in the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders diagnostic class. How would you list her diagnosis?
Answer:
The best way is to list her diagnosis is to place it under; other psychotic disorders and under other schizophrenia spectrum. Since the manifestation of this disorder did not meet the full criteria, it better to place her diagnosis under broad schizophrenic spectrum, in relevance to other psychotic disorders
This classification is applicable when symptoms of a disease produces a notable distress in a patient, but failed to meet the any of the full DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia listed in the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
it is also applicable when the medical subject can not discern why the symptoms does not meet the full criteria; or when relevant data are lacking for further diagnosis.
Explanation
Which act or regulations protect the arm industry from food emergencies?
A. FIFRA
B. HSPD
C. CERD
D. PACA
Answer:
FIFRA
Explanation:
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators, consumers, and the environment.
The Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12) is the directive that was issued for "Policy for a Common Identification Standard for Federal Employees and Contractors".
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) is the body of independent experts that monitors implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination by its State parties.
The Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA) was enacted at the request of the fruit and vegetable industry to promote fair trade in the industry. PACA ...
The difference between DNA and RNA is that RNA consists of a double-stranded helix of sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. true or false
Answer: The statement is false
Explanation:
It is a false statement because both DNA and RNA could consists of a double-stranded helix of sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases.
The major differences however, is that thymine is found only in DNA, while uracil is found only in RNA molecules.
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A) prevent the external environment from changing. B) prevent the internal environment from changing. C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. D) ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. E) prevent excessive blood loss.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. The body achieves this through mechanisms that restore changed conditions to normal by constantly adjusting certain functions. Examples include regulating body temperature and blood glucose levels.
Explanation:The correct answer to your question about homeostasis is C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. Homeostasis is the process through which the body maintains a state of equilibrium or stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment. It functions to ensure consistency within specific parameters for body functions. This dynamic equilibrium is constantly adjusting to changes both internally and externally.
For example, when body temperature rises due to external heat, the body cools itself down through perspiration. On the other hand, if the blood glucose level rises after a meal, the body works to lower it, either by sending the excess glucose to cells that need it or storing it for later use. These are examples of homeostatic mechanisms, which are crucial for the survival and health of an organism.
Through the maintenance of these conditions in a state of dynamic equilibrium, conditions such as body temperature and blood calcium level can be effectively regulated to ensure the smooth functioning of an organism's internal environment.
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A drug that is created by slightly modifying the molecular structure of another substance is a(n) __________ drug.
Answer:
Synthetic
Explanation:
Synthetic drugs are drugs that are man-made and chemically-created in a lab by modifying the molecular or chemical structure of another substance. The synthetic drug now has properties and effects that are similar to that of the substance that is being mimicked.
Various illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine are being synthesized to create synthetic drugs to mimic them. An example of a synthetic drug is synthetic marijuana also called Spice or K2.
The mismatch repair system recognizes mismatched base pairs, removes a portion of the DNA strand containing the error, and then resynthesizes the missing DNA using the correct sequence as a template. But what if the mismatch repair system instead removed a piece of the DNA strand that contained the correct sequence? What would replication of this improperly repaired sequence produce?
A. two DNA molecules that are missing one nucleotide pair
B. two DNA molecules bearing the same mutation
C. two DNA molecules with a gap where the correct sequence was excised
D. one DNA molecule with a mutation and one DNA molecule with a mismatch
E. two DNA molecules with different mutations
Answer:
B) two DNA molecules bearing the same mutation
Explanation:
The mismatch repair system is the biological system of proofreading the DNA strands which takes place after the DNA replication. The system works by recognizing the mispaired bases which could have added due to the insertion, deletion or any replicative error. The mismatched pair removes the wrong bases and then DNA ligases join the DNA.
If the repair system mistakenly removes the DNA with correct sequence then the DNA replication process would form the two DNA strands with the same type of mutation as the DNA replication forms the complementary strands from the two strands of the parent DNA.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
Use the scale bar to determine the sizes of a mature parent yeast cell and a cell budding from it. You will then calculate the volume and surface area of each cell. You will use your calculations to determine how much cytoplasm and plasma membrane the new cell needs to synthesize to grow to full size.
Answer: A mature parent cell is approximately 4 µm, while a budding cell is 3 µm. Since the shape of a yeast is a sphere, we can use the formula below:
V= (4/3)π.r³, considering that π=3,14 and r is for ratio of the sphere, which is half of it's diameter.
For a parent cell, the volume is: 33 µm³
For a budding cell, the volume is: 14 µm³
Since the volume determines how much cytoplasm a cell has, then a budding cell needs to grow the mature parent cell - its own current volume, so the result would be 19 µm³ of cytoplasm.
To calculate the surface area, we use another formula that is presented below:
A= 4.π.r²
For a parent mature cell, the surface is 50 µm²
For a budding cell, the surface is 28 µm²
Since the surface determines how much plasma membrane a cell has, to know how much the budding cell needs to grow up to a mature state is simply using the surface area of the parent cell - the current surface area of it, resulting in 22 µm².
To find the size differences between a mature yeast cell and a budding cell, we first calculate their sizes using the scale bar. We apply those sizes to the formulas for surface area and volume of a sphere to find the amount of plasma membrane and cytoplasm the budding cell needs to reach full size. Growth limitations are also discussed by considering the surface area-to-volume ratio.
Explanation:The subject of this question concerns the cellular processes of yeast, which are eukaryotic fungi. Specifically, it deals with the size of yeast cells and their budding - a model of asexual reproduction. Yeast cell size can be found based on the scale bar provided. Assuming these are spherical cells, we can use the formula for sphere volume and surface area (4πr² and 4/3πr³ respectively) to calculate these parameters. Here 'r' is the radius of the cell which will be about half of the determined size.
Initially finding the size of the mature parent yeast cell and the budding yeast cell using the scale bar.Then applying the formulas to calculate their volume and surface area.Subtract the calculated measurements of the budding cell from the mature cell to find the increase. This will represent the amount of plasma membrane (surface area) and cytoplasm (volume) the budding cell requires to grow to full size.It's important to note that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. This is crucial for understanding cell efficiency and the need for cell division when the cell gets too large.
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a common laboratory technique used to make many copies of a particular region of DNA. PCR is usually used to create enough of the target DNA. DNA replication in organisms requires a DNA polymerase to create new strands of DNA from existing templates and this is needed in PCR. How does PCR separate the DNA strands to prepare for DNA replication?
Answer:
The PCR machine consist of a thermal cycle that increases and decreases the temperature of the sample. When the temperature is increased, the double-stranded DNA template mixture is denatured or separated into single strands.
What source of energy would plants use for anabolic reactions? Would an animal use the same kind of energy?
Answer:
Plants use light energy for anabolic reactions
No, an animal would not use the same kind of energy
Explanation:
Anabolic reaction is a metabolic reaction in which smaller molecules combine to form larger molecules.
An example of an anabolic reaction in plants is photosynthesis
Plants use light energy from sunlight to manufacture glucose and oxygen from carbon(iv)oxide and water.
On the other hand, animals use chemical energy from catabolic reactions for anabolic reactions
Maryam eats an apple and starts thinking about how the enzymes in her mouth are breaking the large structure of the apple down into smaller, more simple structures. This is an example of
A. metabolism.
B. anabolism.
C. catabolism.
D. None of the above.
Answer:
Option (C)
Explanation:
Catabolism is usually defined as a metabolic activity where the complex food molecules are disintegrated into simpler molecules. This process results in the release of energy. This disintegration is facilitated by the enzymes that are present inside the mouth of an organism. For example, glycolysis is a process where the glucose molecules are disintegrated with the help of enzymes, and in return, it releases acid (pyruvic acid) and a certain amount of energy.
The above-given condition is an example of this catabolism process.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
True or False? An animal capable of transmitting the rabies virus in its saliva will already have brain involvement, exhibit symptoms, and be dead within a few days.
Answer: True
Explanation:
The rabies is an acute viral infection that causes inflammation of the spinal cord and the brain. Rabies virus is found in the saliva of the infected animals.
The people usually get rabies by the bite of the animals like rat, dog and rabid animals. The scratch of such animals can also cause rabies.
Before the appearance of symptoms in the person medication and injection can cure this disease.
Pertaining to natural selection, this is a measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals. It can be measured by an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation compared with that of other individuals. A. natural selection B. traits C. selective pressures D. fitness
Answer:
The correct answer is D. fitness
Explanation:
The ability of an organism to survive up to reproductive age and produce its offspring is called biological fitness. The fitness of any individual can be measured by the genetic contribution of that individual into the next generation.
This means that the higher the number of offspring produced by any individual higher would be its biological fitness. By averaging the fitness of population members the fitness of a population can be calculated. So fitness is the correct answer.
Skeletal muscles generate maximum tension when the maximum number of cross-bridges can form in the zone of _______.
Which statement describes the concept of sustainability? a. An example of sustainable use is that the forests we have today will be preserved and not used for human consumption b. Sustainability means that we regenerate degraded ecosystems c. An example of sustainable use is that water extracted from underground resources must be equal to or less than the water that recharges the underground resources Human population must decline for the foreseeable future to maintain d. Earth's natural resource
Answer:
c. An example of sustainable use is that water extracted from underground resources must be equal to or less than the water that recharges the underground resources Human population must decline for the foreseeable future to maintain
Explanation:
Sustainability is the capacity by which an element, system or process, remains active over time. The element resists, endures, remains. Also, there is a compatibility between the activity considered and the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, avoiding the degradation of the source and sink functions such as water.
Answer:
Option c: An example of sustainable use is that water extracted from underground resources must be equal to or less than the water that recharges the underground resources
Explanation:
The term "Sustainability" implies a compromise between the use of a resource and its recharge to maintain a balance of its existence as Earth's natural resource. It means we cant deplete this resource, and shortly or long afterwards to pretend its regeneration. The resource must always exist. Its availability should not be compromised.
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
a) hybrid inviability,
b) hybrid breakdown,
c) hybrid sterility,
d) gametic isolation,
e) adaptation
Answer:
a) hybrid inviability
Explanation:
Two species of frogs belong to the same genus and interbreed sometimes. It means that the prezygotic reproductive barriers are not working here since the frogs of two species are able to interbreed and produce a zygote. However, the resultant offspring are less viable and do not hatch. It represents hybrid inviability wherein the hybrids of two species do not develop properly during embryonic development and die soon. It is a type of postzygotic reproductive barrier.
The regulation of gene expression in individual cells coordinates the development of multicellular organisms, ensuring that tissues and organs form in their characteristic places. Researchers can study how multicellular organisms develop their spatial organization by examining normal and mutant forms of organisms, such as the fruit fly, Drosophila.
Which of the following statements about pattern formation are true?
1. Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.
2. Homeotic genes establish major body axes.
3. Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.
4. Positional information controls pattern formation.
5. Pattern formation begins in adult animals.
6. Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.
7. The process of pattern formation involves segmentation of the body but does not involve the development of segment-specific body parts.
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Answer:
Following Statements are true.
1. Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.
3. Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.
4. Positional information controls pattern formation.
6. Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.
Explanation:
The formation of an eukaryotic organisms's spatial organization which includes organ formation and tissue arrangement is called as Pattern formation.
Molecular signals are received by cell. This phenomenon collectively refereed as positional information. Through this phenomenon cells are informed about their locomotion with respect to body axes and other cells. Regulation of pattern formation is controlled by Positional information.
When body axes is established a gene called homeotic gene start working as regulatory genes. This gene identify specific body segment in an organism which results in the formation of segment-specific body structures in the correct locations on the body.
Uric acid is transported across epithelial cells in the kidneys by an organic acid transporter (OAT) membrane transport protein. The presence of another organic acid, probenecid, causes a decrease in the uric acid transport rate. What characteristic of transporters is demonstrated by the decrease in uric acid transport in the presence of probenecid?
Answer:
Competition
Explanation:
Transportation of some molecules can not be through simple diffusion due to their size or other factors.
Therefore carrier proteins known as transporters are needed to facilitate their transportation.
Transporters exhibit or demonstrate characteristics such as competition,
During competition, presence of a certain molecule decreases the transportation of another molecule.
When Uric acid transportation is decreased due to the presence of probenecid is a good example of competition.
A researcher is trying to create an artificial, eukaryotic cell-like membrane within the laboratory. She wants this membrane to be able to resist osmotic pressure. If she wants the membrane to have this trait, what should she make sure is a component of her artificial membrane?
Answer:
The correct answer is - cholesterol.
Explanation:
Osmotic pressure is the pressure that is applied to a solvent without any solute particle to prevent it from entering inward into a specific solution by the process of the osmosis.
In a cell to prevent osmosis or resistance to the osmotic pressure a cell membrane need to be have cholesterol as it is hydrophobic in nature and most of the solution have water as solvent.
Thus, the correct answer is - cholesterol.
If they had instead performed this assay on muscle cells, which have high energy demands and primarily consist of actin and myosin filaments, where would you expect the labeled proteins to go during the chase?
Question is incomplete (options are not given) The complete question is as follows :
Question :If they had instead performed this assay on muscle cells, which have high energy demands and primarily consist of actin and myosin filaments, where would you expect the labeled proteins to go during the chase?
-from the Golgi apparatus and the rough ER to the cytoplasm and the nucleus
-from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus
-from the Golgi apparatus and the rough ER to the cytoplasm and the mitochondria
-from the cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus
Answer:
-from the Golgi apparatus and the rough ER to the cytoplasm and the mitochondria
Explanation:
Proteins which have to be secreted , pass through the secretory pathway in the following order:
From the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (where they are synthesized ) moves to Golgi transport vesicles to the Golgi cisternae and secretory or transport vesicles are formed which then move to the cell surface by passing through the cytoplasm and by exocytosis move outwards. Small transport vesicles bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum and join to form the Golgi reticulum.
Hence the correct answer is that the labeled proteins to go from the Golgi apparatus and the rough ER to the cytoplasm and the mitochondria during the chase.
A model of segregation of alteles during meiosis is shown here. A student hypothesizes that failure for chromosomes to segregate
during melosis might impact the phenotype of the resulting offspring, if those gametes are fertilized. What question is most relevant
for the student to ask about the outcome of a lack of segregation of chromosomes?
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Bacteria with appendages 1. do not exist. 2. possess tubular or stalk-like extensions of their cells. 4. have the basic characteristics of eukaryotic cells. 4. have filaments that are commonly called appendages.
Answer:
2) possess tubular or stalk-like extensions of their cells.
Explanation:
Appendages are tubular or stalk like extensions found on bacterial surface and utilized for specific function by bacteria. Some appendages are strongly anchored on surface while other are loosely attached.
Three important appendages in bacteria are;
Flagella; locomotion
Fimbriae; stick bacteria on the surface of host
Pili; Used in conjugation process for reproduction
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell theory? a. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. b.The activity of an organism emerges from the individual combined activities of the cell. c.Cells arise from other cells. d.The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells.
Answer:
The correct answer is - option D.
Explanation:
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann were the scientists that produce the cell theory that is extended by Rudolf virchow.
According to the cell theory cells are arise from the already existing cells, that they are organizational or structural unit of all organism. The final point of the organism are made of cells.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.
Cell Theory:
The two scientists named "Matthias Schleiden" and "Theodor Schwann" were developed the cell hypothesis, which Rudolf Virchow expanded on.
Cells, as per the cell theory, develop through pre-existing cells and serve as the organizing or structural component among all organisms. Cells are responsible for this same organism's overarching conclusion or position.Thus the response above i.e., "option d" is correct.
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The accompanying figure best represents what happens at a(n) ____.
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a. neuronal membrane
b. muscle fiber
c. negative feedback loop
d. neuromuscular junction
e. postsynaptic terminal
Answer: Option D: Neuromuscular junction
Explanation:
This is the site of transmission of chemical signal also known as a chemical synapse between a neuron and a muscle fibre. Most of the time the chemical released which is a neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. When released, it stimulates the release of calcuim ions present in the sarcoplasm: an endoplasm like structure in the muscle fiber that contains calcium ions.
A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one
population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the
grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations as two
separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely utilizing?
A) ecological
B) biological
C) morphological
D) phylogenetic
a
Answer:
Ecological species concept
Explanation:
A species is a group of living organism consisting of individuals that can interbreed.
There are different types of species concepts. For instance, Ecological species concept defines species are a group of individuals that share the same ecological niche.
Therefore, when the biologist did not consider the physical similarities of the wolf spiders rather their ecological niche to group them.
I shows he utilized the ecological species concept.
How is the population of killer whales in the Puget Sound changing? The killer whale population is __________.
Answer:
The correct answer is - declining in animals of all ages .
Explanation:
Puget Sound is experiencing a change in the climate from a very long period of time. The salinity went up, hypoxia is also persisting as a new threat in this area and many other changes like adding chemical compounds affecting the ecosystem of Puget Sound.
Due to this change, there is the killer whale population is declining in animals of all ages due to the chemical compound which leads to the condition in killer whales which are similar to AIDS.
Thus, the correct answer is - declining in animals of all ages.
Which of the following explains the difference between a force caused by gravity and a force caused by friction?
A
Gravity is a force that resists a change in motion and friction is a force of opposing motion.
B
Gravity is a force of attraction and friction is a force that resists a change in motion.
C
Gravity is a force of attraction and friction is a force of opposing motion.
D
Gravity is a force of opposing motion and friction is a force of attraction
Gravity is a force of attraction and friction is a force of opposing motion.
Explanation:
When an object is subjected to a push or a pull then it is called as force. The Newton is the unit of force and when all the forces that are acting on an object is integrated it gives to the Net force. When two objects contacts each other there exits friction. It is the force that is responsible in opposing the motion of the objects as they contact each other.
The force that is attractive and results in pulling of the objects is Gravity. The attraction that exists between two objects is because of the mass. The acceleration that is being induced in an object that is in movement with the gravitational force is called as acceleration due to gravity.
Answer:
abd
Explanation:
because thats just what it is
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? a. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others. b.Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. c. Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. d. Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution.
Answer:
The correct answer is a. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others
Explanation:
Nature select those organisms who are better adapted to their environment and reproduce more and eliminate those individuals who have lower reproductive fitness. This process of selection is called natural selection.
So the selected individual will have more chances to reproduce and produce more offsprings and more the offsprings more will be the chances of survival of offsprings and adaptation. Therefore it is true that natural selection favors the individual who have more reproductive fitness.
Suppose that one of the normal children from Part B and one of the albino children from Part C become the parents of eight offspring. What would be the expected number of normal and albino offspring?
Full question from alternative source:
Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait. for the following families, determine the most likely genotypes of the parents
Part A
Two normal parents have five children, four normal and one albino. What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?
Part B
A normal male and an albino female have six children, all normal. What is the most likely genotypes of the parents?
Part C
A normal male and an albino female have six children, three normal and three albino. What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?
Part D
Suppose that one of the normal children from Part B and one of the albino children from Part C become the parents of 8 offspring. What would be the expected number of normal and albino offspring?
Answer:
Part A - both heterozygous for the trait (Aa)
Part B - female aa, male likely AA
Part C - female aa, male Aa
Part D - 4 normal, 4 albino (50:50)
Explanation:
Part A
We are told that albinism is a recessive trait. Lets call it a and the normal allele A. Since neither of the parents have it, that must mean they each possess at least one copy of the dominant allele (either AA or Aa). Most of their children are normal, but 1 is albino. The albino child must have inherited two copies of the a allele, one from each parent. This means each parent must possess an a allele and must both be Aa.
Part B
Since the trait is recessive, we already know that the albino female must have the genotype aa. If her husband in homozygous normal (AA), all their children will be heterozygous (Aa), and therefore normal, which is the case in this cross. Therefore aa and AA are the most likely genotypes. However, it is still possible that the male has the genotype Aa. This would mean they had a 50:50 chance of producing an albino offspring. We know they have six normal children, so this is unlikely.
Part C
Since the trait is recessive, we know the female has the genotype aa. Unlike the last family, this family has some albino children. This means that the husband must be a carrier of the trait, but he is unaffected, so must be Aa.
As described in part B, if he is Aa and she is aa, they will have 50:50 normal:albino children. This is the ratio in this family.
Part D
The normal children from Part B are all heterozygous for the trait (Aa), inheriting one normal allele from their father, and one albino allele from their mother. The albino children from part C are all aa. Therefore, the cross is Aa x aa. We can draw a punnett square:
Aa
A a
a Aa aa
aa a Aa aa
Half the children have the genotype Aa, and half have the genotype aa. That means half will be normal and half will be albino. Therefore, 4 normal, 4 albino.