Final answer:
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of information from DNA to mRNA to protein, involving transcription and translation processes. During transcription, DNA sequences are copied to mRNA, which during translation, specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Explanation:
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, which is a fundamental principle in biology. The process starts with transcription, where DNA is used as a template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). Then, during translation, the mRNA serves as a code for the synthesis of proteins, with each trio of nucleotides (codon) corresponding to one amino acid.
During transcription, an enzyme reads the sequence of DNA and creates a complementary strand of mRNA, which then exits the nucleus. In translation, which occurs in the ribosome, the mRNA is read in sets of three nucleotides, each of which specifies a particular amino acid. These amino acids are linked together to form a protein, which then folds into a specific structure to perform its function in the cell. Proteins are responsible for a variety of cellular functions, including motility, DNA regulation, and replication.
The central dogma holds true for all organisms, with some exceptions observed in viral infections. This flow of genetic information is crucial for the synthesis of proteins, which are necessary for the survival and functioning of all living cells.
in which order are the steps of the scientific method commonly listed
Dust mites are microscopic bugs that are too small to see with a dissecting microscope. To see the details of a dust mite skin, what kind of microscope should you use?
2. Why is the kingdom Protista not valid under evolutionary classification? (1 point)
Protists are all very similar and easy to confuse.
Protista contains groups that share closests common ancestors with other groups, rather than with each other.
Protists are the most numerous organisms on Earth.
Protista evolved before any other kingdom, and as such share a most recent common ancestor with each other, as opposed to any other group.
Protista is not valid under evolutionary classification because it's considered a paraphyletic group. In this kingdom, groups have closer common ancestors with groups outside of Protista than within it. This is inconsistent with evolutionary classification, which emphasizes common descent and shared ancestry.
Explanation:The kingdom Protista is not valid under evolutionary classification primarily because this group is considered to be paraphyletic. A paraphyletic group consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor, excluding one or more groups. For instance, Protista includes various groups that hold the closest common ancestors in kingdoms outside of Protista, rather than within the same kingdom.
This is inconsistent with the principles of evolutionary classification, which emphasizes the concept of common descent. This approach to classification orders organisms based on their evolutionary relationships, meaning that all members of a particular group (whether it's a domain, kingdom, phylum, etc.) should share a most recent common ancestor that is not the ancestor of any organisms outside the group.
So, although some members of Protista are closely related, the kingdom as a whole does not meet these criteria, because it lacks that shared ancestry. Therefore, it is not recognized as a valid group in the current understanding of evolutionary classification.
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Unlike animal cells, plant cells have cell walls that make them rigid. Which organelle, other than the cell wall, also plays a vital role in providing rigidity to plant cells? A) Nucleus B) Chloroplast C) Central vacuole D) Endoplasmic reticulum
The correct answer is option (c). central vacuole.
The central vacuole is an organelle, which is important for maintaining the turgidity in the plant cell. The central vacuole stores water, minerals, salts and helps the cell to maintain the osmorality.
The central vacuole stores a lot of water in the cell, and swell up due to high water concentration, this provide the turgidity to the plant cell and keep intact with the cell wall.
The central vacuole in plant cells plays a vital role in providing rigidity to plant cells. It is a large, fluid-filled organelle that occupies a significant portion of the cell's volume. Hence option C is correct.
The central vacuole exerts turgor pressure against the cell wall, which helps maintain the cell's shape and rigidity.
When the central vacuole is filled with water and other solutes, it creates osmotic pressure, pushing the cell membrane against the cell wall. This pressure provides structural support and helps the plant cell maintain its shape.
The rigidity provided by the central vacuole and the cell wall together allows plants to maintain upright structures, such as stems and leaves.
While the other organelles mentioned, such as the nucleus, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum, have important functions in plant cells, they do not directly contribute to the rigidity of the cell.
Therefore, option C, Central vacuole is correct.
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How do sexual and asexual reproduction differ in inherited genetic material?
A) In asexual reproduction, offspring are exact copies of the parent organism. In sexual reproduction, offspring get a unique combination of genes from parents.
B) In asexual reproduction, offspring get a unique combination of genes from parents. In sexual reproduction, offspring are exact copies of the parent organism.
C) In asexual reproduction, offspring differ from each other. In sexual reproduction, offspring are identical to each other.
Answer: A. In asexual reproduction, offsprings are exact copies...
Explanation: It can’t be B because asexual reproduction only requires 1 parent. It also can’t be C because it’s literally the exact opposite, this is why human children don’t look exactly like their parents. Hope this helped!
why the inner planets are dense and rocky while the outer planets have low densities with no solid surfaces
The inner planets are dense and rocky due to solar heat allowing only heavy materials to condense, while outer planets, formed in the cooler outskirts, accumulated light gases around their rocky cores, leading to their large gaseous makeups. The outer planets also host rings and moons due to their strong gravity.
The inner planets, consisting of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, are dense and rocky due to the high temperatures in the inner solar system when these planets formed. In such heated environments, lighter materials like water, gas, and ice cannot remain solid and are either incorporated into the planets in small amounts or dissipated into space. As a result, inner planets are composed primarily of heavier materials such as rock and metal, which can resist the solar heat.
On the other hand, the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are much larger and consist largely of gases, giving them lower densities with no solid surfaces. They do have solid rocky cores, which formed early in the solar system's history, but are enveloped in thick atmospheres mostly made of hydrogen and helium because, in the colder outskirts of the solar system, these light gases could accumulate around the core. Additionally, the intense pull of gravity from these massive planets helped retain the gaseous atmospheres.
The outer planets also have extensive systems of rings and moons which are linked with these planets' strong gravitational fields, attracting and capturing a multitude of objects over time.
A glass dish containing a few drops of water in the presence of carbon dioxide gas, nitrogen gas, and small organic compounds is heated by a flame and UV radiation. Which early Earth scenario does this set-up most closely resemble?
a. amino acid formation from organic molecules in ocean water splashing on hot rock, sand, or clay
b. deep sea volcanoes giving off gases, sulfur, and iron to produce organic molecules
c. lightning in the early atmosphere, which may have produced the first organic molecules
d. the replication of RNA near the ocean's surface in the day and night cycling of temperatures
The correct answer is (a )
This experiment shows that the life has evolved from the inorganic materials. The substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas when heated and exposed to UV radiation led to generation of life supporting element called as amino acids. The UV radiation and heat provided the energy needed by gases to convert into amino acids.
Which properties of water plays an important role in the movement of water from the roots to the leaves in plants?
universal solventhigh specific heathigh heat of vaporizationcapillary action
A teacher asked each student in the class to make a model demonstrating the importance of solar energy for life on Earth. Which model should a student make?
A. A model of the electromagnetic spectrum
B. A model of a local food web
C. A model of the water cycle
D. A model of a mitochondrial matrix
What is passive transport? What types of transport are considered passive?
Answer:
Gradpoint answer "Diffusion"
Both bats and honeybees have wings. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Bats are more closely related to honeybees than to humans.
B. Since they are the result of evolution, honeybee wings and bat wings are homologous structures.
C. Since they do not come from a common ancestor, honeybee wings and bat wings are analogous structures.
D. Since they both have wings and humans do not, neither bats nor honeybees are related to humans at all.
Answer:
D is the anwser
Explanation:
Which cell would be most efficient at absorbing nutrients? A cell with a 8:1 surface area to volume ratio or a cell with a 5:1 surface area to volume ratio? Why?
A spherical cell with a diameter of 5 µm has a higher surface area-to-volume ratio compared to a cubed-shaped cell with a side length of 7µm, indicating it would be more efficient at absorbing nutrients due to its greater surface area relative to volume.
Explanation:The efficiency of a cell in absorbing nutrients depends on its surface area-to-volume ratio. A cell with a higher surface area relative to its volume has a greater ability to exchange nutrients and waste with its environment. In comparing the two cells, a spherical cell with a diameter of 5 µm and a cubed-shaped cell with a side length of 7µm, we calculate their surface area-to-volume ratios to understand which would be more efficient at absorbing nutrients.
For the spherical cell with a diameter of 5 µm, its surface area is approximately 78.54 µm² (π × diameter²), and its volume is approximately 65.45 µm³ ((4/3) × π × (diameter/2)³), giving a surface area-to-volume ratio of about 1.2 to 1. For the cubical cell with a side length of 7 µm, the surface area is 294 µm² (6 × side length²), and the volume is 343 µm³ (side length³), resulting in a surface area-to-volume ratio of approximately 0.86 to 1.
The spherical cell has a higher surface area-to-volume ratio than the cubical cell, and therefore, based on surface area-to-volume ratio alone, it would be more efficient at nutrient absorption. However, it's important to note that in reality, many other factors including cell membrane permeability and the presence of transport mechanisms affect nutrient uptake.
A cell with an 8:1 surface area-to-volume ratio would be more efficient at absorbing nutrients than a cell with a 5:1 ratio due to having more surface area relative to its volume.
The efficiency of a cell in absorbing nutrients is determined by its surface area-to-volume ratio. A higher ratio means the cell has more surface area relative to its volume for nutrient uptake and waste removal. In comparing a cell with an 8:1 surface area-to-volume ratio to a cell with a 5:1 ratio, the cell with the 8:1 ratio would be more efficient at absorbing nutrients. This is because it has more surface area available for exchange relative to its volume.
To provide a quantitative justification, consider a spherical cell with a diameter of 5 µm and a cube-shaped cell with a side length of 7 µm. Calculating the surface area and volume of these shapes, we can derive their surface area-to-volume ratios and determine which cell is more efficient at nutrient and waste exchange with its environment.
Polyatomic ions such as (nh4) and nitrate ions (no3) are ions that consist of
Which organ in the body is primarily responsible for breaking down fats?
a. spleen.
b. pancreas.
c. stomach.
d. gall bladder.
Answer:
gall bladder
Explanation:
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Explain the basic parts of a major theme in molecular biology: the pathway of DNA to RNA to proteins. Include a general idea of what occurs at each stage.
Answer:
The process includes two steps Transcription which is DNA to RNA and translation which is RNA to protein.
Explanation:
Transcription:
DNA splits and acts as a template to make a complementary mRNA.
mRNA leaves the nucleus and attach itself to the ribosome.
Translation:
Aminoacids tRNA try to join mRNA-ribosome complex if start codon matches the mRNA code it until mRNA reaches stop codon, results in a long chain of amino acids.
Protein folding and modification take place after the process of the central dogma. Chaperonins help in protein folding, while the golgi apparatus perform final modifications.
a lipid has three long chains of fatty acids and
a. is found in fructose
b. is healthy for the heart
c. three amino acids
d. one molecule of glycerol
Does jupiter have any volcano
While Jupiter itself does not have volcanoes, its moon Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system, with eruptions that are hotter and possess a different composition, mainly sulfur, compared to Earth's.
The question 'Does Jupiter have any volcano?' can be answered by discussing one of its moons, Io, which features the most extraordinary volcanic activity in the solar system. Although Jupiter itself does not have volcanoes, Io's volcanism is characterized by high temperatures and eruptions that produce lava curtains and fountains, often of silicate lava similar to Earth's. What makes these eruptions distinct is their composition, consisting largely of sulfur, as well as the formation of massive plumes, such as the bluish one that extends approximately 140 kilometers above the surface and the Prometheus plume that rises about 75 kilometers. These plumes sometimes interact with frozen sulfur and sulfur dioxide, leading to colorful 'snowfalls' of recondensed material that can spread a thousand kilometers from the vent.
How can the work of biologists help meet the needs of people who live in hot, dry environments?
where are photosystems 1 and 2 found
Which cellular process that carries out the hereditary instructions would be affected by a mutation?
A mutation can affect gene expression, leading to changes in the transcription and translation processes, which can result in hereditary diseases or cancer. Heritable information in eukaryotes is transferred through mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization. Mutations are essential for introducing new genetic variations in populations.
Explanation:The cellular process that would be affected by a mutation is known as gene expression, which includes transcription and translation of hereditary instructions in DNA into functional proteins. A mutation, being a heritable change in the DNA sequence, can affect the structure and function of proteins, potentially leading to an altered phenotype. If the mutation occurs in a germ cell, it can be passed on to offspring, potentially resulting in hereditary diseases. Conversely, if the mutation occurs in a somatic cell, it can be propagated through cell division in that organism, which can sometimes cause cancer if the mutation is oncogenic.
In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation through the cell cycle, including processes of mitosis and meiosis, followed by fertilization. Mutations introduce new genetic variations into a population, which can have various effects. These can range from no visible change to significant alterations in the organism's characteristics, and are crucial for the process of evolution.
A mutation affects cellular processes by changing the DNA sequence that might result in altered protein functions. Mutations in germ cells can lead to hereditary diseases, whereas mutations in somatic cells can cause cancer. The transfer of heritable information in eukaryotes is heavily rooted in processes like mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization which can be influenced by these mutations.
Explanation:A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can affect cellular processes by altering the instructions carried out by a cell. If a mutation occurs in a germ cell, it may be passed to offspring, potentially resulting in hereditary diseases. In contrast, mutations in somatic cells can lead to cancer if they cause cells to become malignant.
In eukaryotic organisms, heritable information is passed down through the cell cycle and processes such as mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization. These processes are vital for the proper transfer of genetic information, and mutations can significantly alter the outcome of these processes.
A mutation can lead to a different phenotype by inducing changes in the DNA, which are then transcribed to mRNA and translated into altered amino acid sequences in proteins. Since proteins perform critical cellular functions, changes in their structure due to mutations can have far-reaching implications for the organism.
two cells in the same organism differ only in the number of chloroplasts they contain. the first cell had multiple chloroplasts, and the second cell has very few. what would most likely characterize these cells?
Answer:
The second cell would not be able to produce as much food because its not getting as much sunlight.
Explanation:
I just did it
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? It modifies and stores proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum. It gives the cell shape and anchors many organelles in place. It constructs lipids and breaks down carbohydrates. It provides an acidic environment for the digestion of macromolecules.
Answer:
The answer is It modifies and stores proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Explanation:
Among the main functions of the golgi apparatus is to store, modify and complete the manufacture of certain proteins; These proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the rest of the body to be used both inside and outside the cell.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion. It also constructs lysosomes but does not provide an acidic environment for digestion nor construct lipids and break down carbohydrates.
Explanation:The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It functions primarily in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion. The proteins, having been synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, are transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.
The Golgi apparatus also plays a role in the construction of lysosomes, organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. However, it is not the function of the Golgi apparatus to provide an acidic environment for digestion nor to construct lipids and break down carbohydrates.
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Which is the best definition of a lens?
A. A transparent material that dissects light.
B. A transparent material that absorbs light.
C. A transparent material that refracts light.
Final answer:
The correct definition of a lens is a transparent material that refracts light. Lenses are used to bend light to create images, with the lens type (convex or concave) affecting how the light is focused or diverged. So the correct option is C.
Explanation:
The best definition of a lens is C. A transparent material that refracts light. A lens, like those found in glasses or a microscope, is a tool for bending or refracting light rays that pass through it. This refraction allows the lens to redirect light and create an image. The way the light is refracted will depend on the shape of the lens — with a convex lens focusing light to a point and a concave lens causing light to diverge. The point where a convex lens focuses light is called its focal point, and the distance from the lens to this point is known as the focal length. A lens forms images that can be magnified, reduced, or inverted, relative to the object.
A thin lens is a special type of lens with a thickness that is negligible compared to its focal length, allowing it to refract light without causing significant dispersion or aberrations. A diverging lens, on the other hand, refers specifically to lenses that spread out light rays, moving them away from the axis of the lens.
In a population, when the birthrate becomes higher than the death rate, the population's growth rate
decreases.
increases.
slows to a stop.
levels off and remains constant.
How would the food web be affected if the phytoplankton were removed?
The food web will be greatly affected if the phytoplankton were removed
Meaning of phytoplankton and their rolePhytoplankton is a Producer, that is they make their own food using sunlight.
Phytoplankton is very important in the aquatic food web as they serve as food to consumers of different kind in the aquatic habitat.
In a case of removal or unavailability of phytoplankton, higher tropic level organisms can't get their nutrition from it and this will lead to death.
In conclusion, The food web will be greatly affected if the phytoplankton were removed
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__________ energy is the energy that it takes to remove an electron from its shell.
Question 2 options:
Ionization
Electron
Polar
Quantum
Save
Which statements correctly describe whether a compound is a pure substance
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Explain the relationship between light intensity and the daily rhythm of flowers opening.
Light energy is used by the flower to bloom that could allow the flower to remove its pollen for the pollination process. Also the light allows the flower or the plants to make food and that is why they bloom if its is portrayed be the light.
Explanation:
The greater the intensity of light, the more photons or photoelectrons there are and consequently the increase in photocurrent. Thus, the larger the energy, the greater the wattage of the light source.
How do cells in animals get energy??
Answer: animals cell get energy by..
Animals obtain energy by eating plants. The only form of energy a cell can use is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Chemical energy is stored in the bonds that hold the molecule together. ADP can be recycled into ATP when more energy becomes available.
Explanation:
The cells of animals considerably rely on the process of cellular respiration in order to get energy.
What is Cellular respiration?Cellular respiration may be defined as a process through which cells of living organisms produce energy with the help of the breakdown of food molecules into simpler substances.
Cellular respiration, also known as aerobic respiration significantly involves the sequence of chemical reactions which initiate with the reactants like sugar (glucose) in the presence of oxygen in order to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Here, the energy that is synthesized must be in the form of ATP.
Cellular respiration is again split into a variety of reactions like glycolysis, the Citric-acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, etc. But the ultimate aim of all remains the same which is the production of energy.
Therefore, the cells of animals considerably rely on the process of cellular respiration in order to get energy.
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If placed in a hypertonic solution, a plant cell will
Final answer:
In a hypertonic solution, a plant cell becomes plasmolyzed due to water leaving the cell, leading to the plasma membrane shrinking and pulling away from the cell wall.
Explanation:
If placed in a hypertonic solution, a plant cell will become plasmolyzed. In a hypertonic solution, the fluid outside the cell has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell's cytoplasm, causing the water to leave the plant cell. Because plant cells have a rigid cell wall, the cell does not burst but instead, the plasma membrane shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall - a process known as plasmolysis. This result is in sharp contrast to a hypotonic environment, where plant cells absorb water, becoming turgid as the central vacuole fills with water and provides rigidity to the cell.