Answer: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication. Adrenaline is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata, where it acts as a neurotransmitter involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration).It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation response and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors.[
Epinephrine is involved in endocrine type of signaling as described in this passage. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is Endocrine signaling?Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with the remote target cells which are found in other organs of the body. The hormone that reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system in the body. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone however, only those cells which are expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected in an organism. Thus, the endocrine signaling induces slow responses from the target cells but these effects also last longer than usual.
Epinephrine or adrenaline is a hormone which is also known as fight-or-flight hormone. This hormone increases the energy during the emergency condition.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
He was awakened in the middle of the night by a low growling that sounded as if it was coming from just outside his tent. In response, the cells of his adrenal medulla began to secrete epinephrine, causing his palms to sweat, his heart to race, and his hair to stand on end." Epinephrine is involved in what type of signaling as described in this passage?
A. Autocrine
B. Paracrine
C. Juxtacrine
D. Endocrine
E. Contact Mediated
Two species of buttercup can be found in the same field in South Dakota. They emerge at different times: One species emerges and flowers in early spring, and the other species emerges in late summer, after the first species has set seed. Both flower species are pollinated by the same insect species, which is common in spring and summer. The different flowering times are likely due to
a.competitive exclusion. b.niche fragmentation. c.niche realignment.d. resource partitioning.e. parasitism.
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
The niche fragmentation caused by the insect
Niche is a turn-based strategy game for PC, Mac, and Linux that incorporates simulation and survival components.
What is Niche?
The term "niche" in ecology refers to the function an organism performs within a community.
The physical and environmental requirements (such as temperature or topography) and interactions with other species that a species must tolerate make up its niche (like predation or competition).
For instance, the tiny songbird from North America known as the Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), which is scarce, has an extremely constrained niche.
Therefore, Niche is a turn-based strategy game for PC, Mac, and Linux that incorporates simulation and survival components.
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High blood pressure in mammals reflexively causes a decrease in heart rate, which results in lowered blood pressure. This is a _____ feedback loop because response to the signal results in a(n) _____ of that signal.
Answer:
That's a negative feedback loop because response to the signal results in a decrease of that signal.
Explanation:
Decreased blood pressure decreases baroreflex activation and causes heart rate to increase and to restore blood pressure levels
Which fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants?
Answer:
Because fungi like animals are heterotrophs
Explanation:
A ballet dancer falls to the floor and hurts herself during a practice session before opening night. She sustains an injury to the thoracodorsal nerve that would probably affect the strength of which of the following movements? Extension of the arm
The question is incomplete as it does not have the option which are:
Adduction of the scapulaElevation of the scapulaAbduction of the armLateral rotation of the armExtension of the armAnswer:
Extension of the arm
Explanation:
The thoracodorsal nerves are the motor nerves which brings the stimulus from the brain to the effector muscle.
The thoracodorsal nerves arise from the brachial plexus and innervate the Latissimus dorsi which is found in the back of the human body.
The Dorsi muscle is involved in the adduction, extension and adduction of the shoulder joints. In the given question, if the thoracodorsal nerve of the person is affected than the person is not able to extend their arm.
Thus, the selected option is correct.
he thoracodorsal nerve also known as the middle subscapular or long subscapular nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and supplies the
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, what structure within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the cytoplasm of an ancestral cyanobacterium that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell?
The chloroplasts had inner membrane
Explanation:
The primitive photoautotrophs utilized hydrogen sulphide as the electron donor to perform photosynthesis for energy production.
Later upon understanding the endosymbiotic relationship of cyanobacteria which resided in the mitochondria of a eukaryotic host cell, the use of chloroplasts for photosynthesis was understood.
Generations after generations led to the development of chloroplasts by the cyanobacteria due to this symbiotic relationships which developed into the chloroplasts.
The unique presence of the inner membrane and its components like the stroma, thyllakoids helped the organism to utilize water as the electron donor for photosynthesis like the present day eukaryotes. This is the main reason why cyanobacteria is considered as the ancestor for eukaryotes.
Sticky mucus that lines the body's interior tubes and cavities contains _____, an enzyme that kills bacteria.
a. clostridium
b. amylase
c. lysozyme
d. lactate
e. staphylococcus
Answer:
Answer is
C) Lysozyme
this is an enzyme that kills bacteria
A woman tells you that her 14-year-old daughter, who was recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, has been sick with what appears to be the flu for the past 2 days. What advice do you give her about managing the girl’s diabetes during illness?
Answer & explanation:
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease in which the individual's pancreas has complications to the point of producing little or no insulin, characterizing excess blood glucose.
When we get sick, the body usually produces additional glucose for infection-fighting processes.
A diabetic organism usually uses other compounds (such as ketones) in order to complement the missing glucose, these processes, however, can bring several complications, such as blood acidification.
The best advices for a diabetic individual to avoid this type of complication is to always check his/her glucose level, and also to be aware of the vaccination against influenza and pneumonia (considering that in diabetics this risk is greater).
In addition, a doctor must be consulted if the diabetic person contracts flu, obeying the treatment plan and avoiding self-medication at all costs.
Dietary fiber has been recommended for its possible benefits in reducing heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol. How does fiber play a role in lowering blood cholesterol
Answer:
By lowering the levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Explanation:
Dietary fibers are classified into two: the soluble fiber and the insoluble fiber. Studies have show that the soluble fiber play a significant role in lowering blood cholesterol, hence reducing the cardiovascular diseases.
Soluble fiber helps to lower blood cholesterol by its ability to bind to the small intestine which further binds to cholesterol most especially the ad cholesterol (low density lipoprotein). Binding of Fibers to cholesterol prevents them from migrating to the blood stream and to other parts of the body. Since cholesterol can't get into the bloodstream, it exits the body through feces. Fiber has more effect on lowering LDL (bad cholesterol) than High density lipoprotein (good cholesterol.
Fiber plays a role in lowering blood cholesterol by binding to cholesterol in the digestive tract and preventing its absorption into the bloodstream. Soluble fiber forms a gel-like substance that traps cholesterol and eliminates it from the body. Additionally, fiber can stimulate the liver to produce more bile acids, which reduces overall blood cholesterol levels.
Explanation:Fiber plays a role in lowering blood cholesterol by binding to cholesterol in the digestive tract and preventing it from being absorbed into the bloodstream. Soluble fiber, found in foods like oats, beans, and fruits, forms a gel-like substance that can trap cholesterol. This gel-like substance is then eliminated from the body through bowel movements.
In addition, fiber can also stimulate the liver to produce more bile acids, which are necessary for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats, including cholesterol. This leads to a reduction in the overall amount of cholesterol circulating in the blood. By reducing blood cholesterol levels, dietary fiber can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
It's important to note that a well-balanced diet, regular exercise, and a healthy lifestyle are all key factors in maintaining heart health, and fiber should be part of a larger heart-healthy plan.
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Sodium ions are more highly concentrated outside the cell, in the extracellular fluid. Which process would be used to return any sodium ions that leaked into the cell back to the extracellular fluid:
A. active transportB. osmosisC. facilitated diffusionD. ecocytosisR. simple diffusion
Answer: Active transport
Explanation:
The movement of the ions across membrane take place by the help of the process known as active transport.
As the concentration of the sodium ions are more outside the cell, its concentration is more and the cells which accidentally moved in needs to move out.
This movement of the ions will require energy because it is against the concentration gradient.
A microbiologist wants to study the virus particles from a urine sample, but not any bacteria that might be present. How can the bacteria be eliminated without harming the viruses
What osmotic pressure in atmospheres would you expect for a solution of 0.100 M CaCl2 that is separated from pure water by a semipermeable membrane at 310 K? Assume 100% dissociation for CaCl2.
Answer:
The osmotic pressure is 7.63 atm
Explanation:
We apply the osmotic pressure formula to solve this problem:
π = M . R . T . i
CaCl₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ (i = 3)
The i refers to the Van't Hoff factor which refers to the amount of ions dissolved.
T is the Absolute T°, for this case 310K
R is the universal constant gase → 0.082 L.atm/mol.K
M is the molarity → 0.1 mol/L
We replace the values → π = 0.1 mol/L . 0.082 L.atm/mol.K . 310K . 3
π = 7.63 atm
A person applies a 13.5 N force to a hammer while it moves a distance of .12 m. The hammer completes 1.56 J of work on the nail. What is the efficiency of the hammer? Must show all work, correct sig figs, and include correct units.
Answer:
=96.29%
Explanation:
Work efficiency is the ratio of output to input expressed as a percentage
Work is the product of fore and distance.
Work input =13.5*0.12=1.62 J
Work output= 1.56 J
Efficiency= 1.56/1.62 *100
=96.29%
Over time, pesticides become less effective. This is because __________. Question 14 options: pests can evolve defenses against pesticides over time, federal regulations require that lower-strength pesticides be used transgenic crops have been introduced over time, farmers decrease the amount of application due to the high cost of product
Answer:
pests can evolve defenses against pesticides over time
Explanation:
Pesticides are chemicals employed to kill pests generally. With continuous and indiscriminate use of pesticides, they become less effective because pests population often evolve a defense mechanism against them.
With each usage, more and more pest population survive. Those that survive gradually multiply and pass the survival gene to their offspring eventually giving rise to a population that is genetically insusceptible to the effects of the pesticide. This is generally referred to as evolution by natural selection.
Social factors that can lead to psychological problems as a result of obesity include which of the following? A. high blood pressure B. cancer C. shortened lifespan D. discrimination Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Social factors that can lead to psychological problems as a result of obesity include discrimination. Thus, the correct option is D.
What are psychological problems?Psychological disorder or problems are the ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors which causes significant distress in an organism and is considered deviant in that person's culture.
Some of the common psychological disorders include anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias, depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders, eating disorders. The social factors which lead to psychological problems as a result of obesity include discrimination.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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Histones are:____________ a) found in polyribosomes. b) enzymes found in lysosomes. c) proteins of the cytoskeleton. d) proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus. e) on the surface of rough endoplasmi
Answer:
Histones are:____d) proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus________
Explanation:
Histones are low molecular weight proteins that support the chromosome (that is, they are associated with the DNA of cells) making it more compact. In synthesis, its function is that of packaging as part of the chromatin and also participate in the regulation of genes.
Question 14
How does natural selection work with regards to genes and what is passed to the next generation?
a. Those with the most favorable combination of genes survive and pass their DNA to the next generation.
b. Those with the least favorable combination of genes survive and pass their DNA to the next generation.
c. Those with the most favorable combination of genes die off not allowing their DNA to be passed on to the next generation.
d. Natural selection allows genes to mutate, therefore changing the species.
Answer: a. Those with the most favorable combination of genes survive and pass their DNA to the next generation.
Explanation:
Natural selection acts on the phenotype; the mechanism of evolution is precisely linked to the genotype. Natural selection also affects the frequency of ale. If the allele provides a phenotype that allows the individual to survive better or have more offspring, the rate of that allele will increase.
For which of the following types of microbes would a microbiologist employ living host cells to support their growth? View Available Hint(s) For which of the following types of microbes would a microbiologist employ living host cells to support their growth? Campylobacteria capnophiles obligate intracellular organisms, such as chlamydias, rickettsias, and viruses normal skin bacteria
Answer:
obligate intracellular organisms, such as chlamydias, rickettsias, and viruses
Explanation:
Obligate intracellular organisms are those living organisms that cannot reproduce outside their host cells. They require intracellular resources of the host in order to live normally and reproduce.
As a result, these type of organism cannot be cultured using ordinary culture media in the laboratory. They will require special intracellular-like resources in order for them to be successfully cultured in the laboratory.
The range of electromagnetic energy emitted by the sun, known as the solar spectrum, is found mostly in three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Which type of electromagnetic energy is NOT part of the solar spectrum?
Answer:Radio
Explanation:
Did it on usatestprep
Radio type of electromagnetic energy is NOT part of the solar spectrum.
What is Electromagnetic Energy?The range of all EM radiation types is known as the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. The visible light from a bulb in your home and radio waves from a radio station are two examples of electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is energy that moves and disperses as it does.
Microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays are the other EM radiation types that make up the electromagnetic spectrum.
Contrary to popular belief, you are more familiar with the electromagnetic spectrum. The illustration below illustrates potential daily encounters with each region of the EM spectrum.
Therefore, Radio type of electromagnetic energy is NOT part of the solar spectrum.
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Vibrio cholerae is the bacterium responsible for cholera, a GI tract infection. Normally, it takes the ingestion of over one million bacterial cells to cause infection, but the consumption of antacids signficantly lowers this number. What does this tell you about the likely classification of V. cholerae in terms of pH preference?
Answer:
In terms of pH preference, Vibrio cholerae is classified as an alkaliphile.
Explanation:
Every microorganism like bacteria needs a favorable pH (optimum growth pH) for their growth. Based on the pH preference, microbes are classified into three types: neutrophiles, acidophiles, and alkaliphiles.
Generally, most of the bacteria are neutrophiles. Neutrophiles grow best at pH close to 7 (neutral pH). Escherichia coli, salmonella, staphylococci, etc are examples of neutrophiles. Acidophiles grow best at pH less than 5.55 and lactobacillus, sulfolobus, ferroplasma, etc are examples of acidophile bacteria.
Alkaliphiles grow best between a pH of 8 and 10.5. Natronobacterium, Bacillus firmus, etc are examples of alkaliphiles. The consumption of antacids prevents the growth of vibrio cholerae, the pathogenic agent which causes cholera. So, it belongs to the alkaliphiles group, where it grows best at the pH of 8 and can survive the alkaline environment having pH values up to 11.
What is most likely a product of an early gene?
The question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Which of the following is most likely a product of an early gene?
A capsid proteins
B DNA polymerase
C envelope proteins
D spike proteins
E lysozyme
Answer:
DNA polymerase .
Explanation:
Early gene may be defined as the gene that are activated immediately and the representation of this gene is important for the particular mechanism of the cell.
The DNA polymerase is the product of the early gene as the DNA polymerase is an important enzyme that are required for the DNA replication and can give immediate response to the different stimuli during the process of DNA replication.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
In pea plants, a gene R produces red flowers and is dominant to a gene r, which produces white flowers. A gene T produces tall plants and is dominant to a gene t for short plants. If a plant that is homozygous for red flowers and heterozygous for tallness is crossed with a plant that is short and white, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the parents
Answer:
Red Tall : Red Short :: 1:1
Explanation:
The genotype of the plant which is homozygous for the red flowers and heterozygous for tallness will be RRTt.
The genotype of the short and white plant will be rrtt.
Now, the cross between these two will be as shown in the figure -
So, according to the cross results, we will get 1:1 Phenotypic ratio for Red Tall and Red Short plants.
Answer:
RrTt, Rrtt, RrTt and Rrtt50% are red tall,and 50% are red shortExplanation:
As Given,
R produce red flower and is dominant on gene r.
r produce white flower.
T produce tall plants and is dominant over t.
t produce short plant.
Parents are RRTt * rrtt
then the progeny will be
F1 is:
RrTt, Rrtt, RrTt and Rrtt
50% are red tall
and 50% are red short
Drag and drop the steps of digestion to order them from first to last step.
(order it as 1, 2, 3, etc.)
Answer:
1. the teeth in the mouth bite off a piece of food. the teeth continue to break the food into smaller pieces.
2. saliva rushes into the mouth and mixes with the broken down food.
3. the food travels down the esophagus.
4. the broken down food, called chime, enters the small intestine.
5. the remaining food passes into the large intestine. water is absorbed from the large intestine and the rest of the material is stored as solid waste until it is exerted from the body.
6. the muscles in the stomach churn the food and continue to break it down.
Hope this helps!
Drag and drop the steps of digestion to order them from first to last step. Absorbed into the bloodstream. The 4 primary styles of digestive structures in animals are monogastric, avian, ruminant, and pseudo-ruminant.
What is the digestive system?The digestive machine consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, big intestine, rectum, and anus. It additionally consists of the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that assist the frame digest meals and liquids.
the tooth withinside the mouth chew off a chunk of meals. the tooth keep to interrupt the meals into smaller pieces.Saliva rushes into the mouth and mixes with the damaged down meals.The meals travels down the esophagus.The damaged down meals, referred to as chime, enters the small gut.The last meals passes into the big gut. water is absorbed from the big gut and the relaxation of the fabric is saved as strong waste till it's miles exerted from the body.The muscle tissues withinside the belly churn the meals and keep to interrupt it down.Read more about the esophagus:
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What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
a) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
b) growth hormone (GH)
c) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
d) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol, which regulates the body's response to stress.
Explanation:The tropic hormone that stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland is the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is released from the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. It travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal glands, where it triggers the release of cortisol. Cortisol, the body's primary stress hormone, helps regulate the body's response to physical or emotional stress. The other hormones listed, like the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), have different roles in the body and do not directly stimulate cortisol release.
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The tropic hormone that stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Explanation:The correct answer is option c) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
ACTH is a tropic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the adrenal gland to produce and release cortisol, which is a stress hormone.
For example, when the body is under stress, such as during a physical injury or emotional trauma, the hypothalamus in the brain releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which then stimulates the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland. ACTH then travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal glands, where it triggers the production and release of cortisol.
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Even in Darwin's time, the blending hypothesis was incompatible with observed facts. If the blending hypothesis were true, then what should one expect to observe over the course of generations?A) Phenotypic polymorphisms should increase.
B) Genetic variation should increase.
C) Members of a breeding population should become more uniform in phenotype.
D) Neutral variation should decrease.
E) Genetic polymorphisms should increase.
Answer:
C) Members of a breeding population should become more uniform in phenotype.
Explanation:
The blending hypothesis was the accepted theory during the time of Charles Darwin and the Gregor Mendel.
The blending hypothesis suggested that the traits which arise in the offspring is the intermediate form of the mother and father that is if short male crossed with a tall female then will result in the intermediate height of the offspring.
This theory has many limitations as the evidence does not support the theory and also the next generation formed will be more uniform than the previous generation.
Thus, Option-C is correct.
Enzyme _________ decreases or stops the synthesis of an enzyme when the enzyme is not needed, whereas enzyme ___________ initiates the synthesis of an enzyme only when it is needed (the substrate is present).
Answer:
Repression; InductionExplanation:
A red blood cell placed in a medium that is hypertonic relative to its cytoplasm will _____. Multiple Choice expand and burst shrink have no change in shape become a white blood cell
Answer: shrink
A red blood cell placed in a medium that is hypertonic relative to its cytoplasm will shrink
Explanation:
Since the hypertonic medium has a higher concentration than the red blood cell, water will move out of the cell membrane of the red blood cell into the hypertonic medium.
Thus, after a while the continuous loss of water will cause the red blood cell to shrink (reduce in size)
When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of:___________.A) cancer.B) cell constraint.C) density-dependent inhibition.D) cell division repression.E) growth factor desensitization.
Answer:
The arrest of the division that occurs when animal cells that are growing in a Petri dish and form a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish is an example of density-dependent inhibition (option C).
Explanation:
The animal cell must divide in order to form a tissue or repair it in case of being damaged, counting on regulation mechanisms that allow an adequate and sufficient growth.
Density-dependent inhibition is a mechanism for controlling cell growth that limits cell reproduction to a certain point. When cells are cultured, they can be seen to grow by covering the bottom of the Petri dish, but their division ceases when they occupy the available space. This implies that the agglomeration of cells prevents them from continuing to divide.
The amount of nutrients needed for cell culture growth limits this growth, since cell division depends on the amount of resources available to support a given cell population, which explains the density-dependent inhibition.
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Density-dependent inhibition is the reason why animal cells stop dividing when they form a single layer in a petri dish.
Explanation:The arrest of division in animal cells grown in a petri dish once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish is an example of density-dependent inhibition.
This means that the cells stop dividing when they come into contact with each other, as the close proximity of other cells signals to them that there is no more space for growth.
This mechanism helps maintain tissue homeostasis and prevents cells from overcrowding, which can lead to disorderly growth and potentially cancerous conditions.
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If one identical twin suffers from anorexia nervosa, the other twin will develop this disorder in as many as _____ percent of cases. On the other hand, the concordance rate for fraternal twins is around 20 percent.
Final answer:
For identical twins, if one sibling has anorexia nervosa, there is up to a 50-75% chance the other will as well, in contrast to a 20% chance for fraternal twins, highlighting a genetic component in the disorder's development.
Explanation:
If one identical twin suffers from anorexia nervosa, the likelihood that the other twin will develop this disorder is significantly higher than in fraternal twins. While the exact percentage can vary, studies have shown a higher concordance rate among identical twins compared to fraternal twins, with rates up to 50-75% in identical twins and around 20% in fraternal twins for eating disorders like anorexia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight and a severe restriction of food intake which can lead to extremely low body weight and a distorted body image. Treatment aims for recovery, which includes establishing normal eating habits and reaching a healthy weight. Genetic factors, along with environmental influences, play a critical role in the development of anorexia nervosa, and this is partly illustrated by the differences in concordance rates between identical and fraternal twins.
Biodiversity hotspots: Select one: a. house only 10% of all species of vascular plants. b. are home to nearly 20% of the world's population. c. are all located in tropical regions. d. contain few endemic species. e. all of these choices are correct
Answer:
The correct answer: B. are home to nearly 20% of the world's population.
Explanation:
Biodiversity hotspots are regions with important levels of biodiversity (meaning there are a lot of species on it) that are threatened by human habitation.
For a region to be considered a biodiversity hotspot, it must contain at least 1500 species of endemic vascular plants (this means that these species are unique to that place) and has to have lost around 70% of its primary vegetation. Unfortunately, many species are in biodiversity hotspots, as they are home to 20% of the world's population.
Biodiversity hotspots are all around the world, not just in tropical regions.
Answer:
B. Home to nearly 20% of the world's population.
Explanation:
According to Myers edition of hotspot maps, it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation. Biodiversity hotspots host their diverse ecosystems on just about 2.4% of the planet's surface.
In summary, biodiversity hotspot is defined as a biogeographic region that is a significant reservoir of biodiversity. The term biodiversity hotspot specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70% of their original habitat. It was estimated in 1995 that more than 1.1 billion people, nearly 20% of world population, were living within the hotspots, an area covering about 12% of Earth's terrestrial surface.
The Krebs cycle involves the aerobic breakdown of glucose for energy. In the first reaction of the Krebs Cycle, the enzyme Aconitase converts Citric acid to its isomer, the molecule isocitrate. The Keq’ for this reaction is approximately 0.1. ∆G°' for this reaction is therefore ____ and the reaction is ____.
Answer:
The reaction is at equilibrium
Explanation:
The Krebs cycle is an aerobic pathway because the final electron acceptor required is oxygen.
The most common situation leading to a disruption in the function of Krebs cycle is the lack of oxygen to accept electrons in the electron transport chain.
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate (isomerization), is catalyzed by the enzyme, aconitase (also known as aconitate hydratase). The hydroxyl (alcohol) group of citrate is moved to an adjacent carbon so that it can be oxidized to form a keto group.
This reaction involves generation of an enzyme-bound intermediate, cisaconitate. At equilibrium, there exists 90% citrate, 3% cisaconitate, and 7% isocitrate; hence the equilibrium of aconitase lies toward citrate formation.
Although the aconitase reaction does not require cofactors, it requires ferrous (Fe2+) iron in its catalytic mechanism. This Fe2+ is involved in an iron–sulfur center, which is an essential component in the hydratase activity of aconitase.
According to Gibb's free energy:
ΔG = 0 - Reaction at equilibrium.
ΔG > 0 - non-spontaneous reaction.
ΔG < 0 - spontaneous reaction.