Answer:
The increasing order of masses of molecule ions:
118 g/mol(75.8%) , 120 g/mol(24.2%)
Explanation:
Chlorine occurs as 35-Cl (75.8%) and 37-Cl (24.2%).
Atomic mass of 35-Cl = 35 g/mol
Atomic mass of 37-Cl = 37 g/mol
Mass of Chlorocyclohexane in which 35-cl is present as a chlorine atom: [tex]C_6H_{11}Cl[/tex]
[tex]=6\times 12 g/mol+11\times 1 g/mol+1\times 35 g/mol=118 g/mol[/tex]
Mass of Chlorocyclohexane in which 37-Cl is present as a chlorine atom: [tex]C_6H_{11}Cl[/tex]
[tex]=6\times 12 g/mol+11\times 1 g/mol+1\times 37 g/mol=120 g/mol[/tex]
The increasing order of masses of molecule ions:
118 g/mol(75.8%) < 120 g/mol(24.2%)
Calculate the energy required to heat 406.0mg of cyclohexane from 33.5°C to 38.9°C .
Assume the specific heat capacity of cyclohexane under these conditions is 1.85·J·g−1K−1 . x
Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
Answer:
We need 4.06 J to heat of 406.0 mg of cyclohexane
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
Mass of cyclohexane = 406.0 mg = 0.406 grams
The initial temperature = 33.5 °C
The final temperature = 38.9 °C
The specific heat of cyclohexane = 1.85 J/g*K
Step 2: Calculate the energy required to heat
Q = m*c*ΔT
⇒ with m = the mass of cyclohexane = 0.406 grams
⇒ with c = the specific heat of cyclohexane = 1.85J/g*K
⇒ with ΔT = The change of temperature = T2 - T1 = 38.9 - 33.5 = 5.4
Q = 0.406 g * 1.85J/g*K * 5.40
Q = 4.06 J
We need 4.06 J to heat of 406.0 mg of cyclohexane
A chemist adds of a iron(III) bromide solution to a reaction flask. Calculate the mass in kilograms of iron(III) bromide the chemist has added to the flask. Round your answer to significant digits
Answer:
0.246 kg
Explanation:
There is some info missing. I think this is the original question.
A chemist adds 370.0mL of a 2.25 M iron(III) bromide (FeBr₃) solution to a reaction flask. Calculate the mass in kilograms of iron(III) bromide the chemist has added to the flask. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
We have 370.0 mL of 2.25 M iron(III) bromide (FeBr₃) solution. The moles of FeBr₃ are:
0.3700 L × 2.25 mol/L = 0.833 mol
The molar mass of iron(III) bromide is 295.56 g/mol. The mass corresponding to 0.833 moles is:
0.833 mol × 295.56 g/mol = 246 g
1 kilogram is equal to 1000 grams. Then,
246 g × (1 kg/1000 g) = 0.246 kg
Rank the following solutes in order of increasing entropy when 0.0100 moles of each dissolve in 1.00 liter of water.(a) NaBr(b) Cr(NO3)3(c) CaCl2(d) C6H12O6
Answer:
The rank is: C₆H₁₂O₆ < NaBr < CaCl₂ < Cr(NO₃)₃
Explanation:
To take into account, the greater the number of ions that are produced in a solution, the entropy will be greater. In this case, we have that the number of ions of each compound is:
Cr(NO₃)₃ → Cr³⁺ + 3NO⁻₃ (it has 4 ions)
CaCl₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ (it has 3 ions)
NaBr → Na⁺ + Br⁻ (it has 2 ions)
C₆H₁₂O₆ (does not ionize)
Element "Z" has 2 naturally occurring isotopes with the following masses and natural abundances:
a. Z-45 44.8776 amu 32.88%
b. Z-47 46.9443 amu 67.12%
c. Calculate the atomic mass of Z.
Answer: the atomic Mass of Z is 46.26
Explanation:Please see attachment for explanation
Consider a compound that is 31.17% C, 6.54% H, and 62.29% O by mass. Assume that we have a 100 g sample of this compound. What are the subscripts in the empirical formula for this compound?
Answer: the empirical formula is CH3O and the subscripts are 1, 3, 1
Explanation:Please see attachment for explanation
An ideal gas, initially at 30°C and 100 kPa, undergoes the following cyclic processes in a closed system: (a) In mechanically reversible processes, it is first compressed adiabatically to 500 kPa, then cooled at a constant pressure of 500 kPa to 30°C, and finally expanded isothermally to its original state.
Answer:
a) compressed adiabatically:
T2 = 576.8 K
ΔU = 3422 J/mol
b) cooled at P contant to 30°C:
Q = - 5965.04 J/mol
c) expanded isotermally to P=100 KPa:
W = - 4054.403 J
Explanation:
ideal gas in a mechanically reversible process:
∴ T1 = 30°C = 303 K
∴ P1 = 100 KPa
a) compressed adiabatically to 500 KPa:
ΔU = Q + W ∴ Q = 0⇒ ΔU = W = CvΔT.....(1)
∴ Cv = (3/2)R = 12.5 J/K.mol
∴ W = - PδV........(2)
(1) = (2):
⇒ [(R+Cv)/R] Ln (T2/T1) = Ln (P2/P1)
∴ R+Cv/R = 5/2
⇒ (5/2) Ln(T2/T1) = 1.6094
⇒ LnT2 - LnT1 = 0.64376
⇒ LnT2 = 0.64376 + 5.7137 = 6.3575
⇒ T2 = 576.8 K
⇒ ΔU = W = (12.5 J/K.mol)(576.8 - 303 ) = 3422 J/mol
b)n cooled at constant P = 500KPa to 30°C:
∴ T2 = 303 K
∴ T1 = 576.8 K
∴ ΔU = Q + W
⇒ Q = CpΔT
∴ Cp = (5/2)R = 20.8 J/K.mol
⇒ Q = (20.8 J/K.mol)(303 - 576.8)
⇒ Q = - 5695.04 J/mol
c) expanded isothermally a P=100 KPa
∴ ΔU = 0
∴ T = 303 K
∴ P1 = 500 KPa
∴ P2 = 100 KPa
∴ W = nRT Ln(P2/P1)......assuming n = 1 mol
⇒ W = (1 mol)(8.314 J/K,mol)(303 K) Ln(100/500)
⇒ W = - 4054.403 J
This student's question concerns physics and thermodynamic cycles. It describes an ideal gas's behavior when it undergoes adiabatic compression, isobaric cooling, and isothermal expansion in a closed system.
Explanation:Let's break these down:
Adiabatic process: In this method, the gas is compressed in such a way that no heat is exchanged with its surroundings. The gas is compressed, raising its pressure and temperature. Isobaric process: During this constant pressure cooling process, as the gas cools, its volume decreases but the pressure stays the same.Isothermal process: In this part, the gas expands and returns to its original state while maintaining a constant temperature.In the entire cycle, the work done by the gas or on the gas depends on the path the gas follows during each process.
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Nitrogen fixation is the
conversion of gaseous nitrogen into an organism friendly form (ammonia (NH4 ). preplanned setting of atmospheric levels of nitrogen at 78% stabilizing elemental nitrogen into a gaseous two-atom molecule (N2) the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to gaseous nitrogen. the repair of D.N.A. by adding nitrogen to the organism's diet
Answer:
Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of gaseous nitrogen into an organism friendly form (ammonia) .
Explanation:
Nitrogen fixation -
It is very important and necessary process by which the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere gets converted to nitrogen derivatives like ammonia in the soil , is referred to as the process of nitrogen fixation.
This occurs due to the reason , that the derivatives of nitrogen are of much more importance than the molecular nitrogen.
Biologically the process is done by the rhizobium bacteria .
Hence ,
From the question,
The correct option is a.
How many simple distillation columns are required to purify a stream containing five components into five 'pure"products? Sketch all possible sequences.
Answer: one simple distillation column is required to separate the stream into five pure products. With four different flat bottom flask, for collection of the distilled products
Explanation: simple distillation works with the difference in boiling points of the liquid to be separated. For the separation of five different constituent to be possible, we have to know the boiling points of the constituents.
For your understanding, let's define constituents in the liquid to be A, B, C, D, E. And the boiling points increases respectively. Start by heating the liquid to the boiling point of A to extract A. After a while check if the constituents A is still dropping in the flat bottom flask, if it has stopped dropping, it simply means that we have extracted all A constituents in the liquid, label the Flask A. Get another flask to extract constituent B.
Heat the mixture to the boiling point of B, after a while check if constituent B is still dropping in the flat bottom flask, if it has stopped dropping,it means that we have extracted all B constituent in the liquid, label the Flask B. Get another flask for C.
Repeat the same process for C and D.
After Extracting D we don't need to distillate E because we already have a pure form of E inside to the conical flask.
SEE PICTURE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT A SIMPLE DISTILLATION LOOKS LIKE
Predict the major product obtained upon radical bromination of t-butylcyclohexane.
3-bromo-1-tert-butylcyclohexane
4-bromo-1-tert-butylcyclohexane
2-bromo-1-tert-butylcyclohexane
1-bromo-1-tert-butylcyclohexane
1-bromo-1,1-dimethylethylcyclohexane
Answer:
1-bromo-1-tert-butylcyclohexane
Explanation:
The parent compound comprises of a cyclohexane to with a tertiary butyl carbon attached. We have been told that the reaction occurs by radical mechanism hence we must recall the order of stability of radicals: tertiary>a secondary> a primary. This implies that the reaction will occur at carbon 1 of the cyclohexane which is a tertiary carbon atom. This leads to the formation of a radical at the 1-position and bromination at that position hence the answer chosen above.
The radical bromination of t-butylcyclohexane favors the formation of 1-bromo-1-tert-butylcyclohexane due to the stability of the tertiary radical intermediate formed during the reaction.
The major product obtained upon radical bromination of t-butylcyclohexane will most likely be 1-bromo-1-tert-butylcyclohexane. This is because radical bromination is highly selective for the most stable radical intermediate, which forms at the position with the greatest number of accessible hydrogens. In the case of t-butylcyclohexane, the tertiary carbon adjacent to the t-butyl group will form the most stable tertiary radical upon abstraction of a hydrogen, which leads to substitution by a bromine atom to form the final product.
The solubility of calcium chromate in water is 4.16 grams per liter. If a calcium chromate solution has a concentration of 4.16 grams per liter, is the solution saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?
Answer:
The concentration is 4.16 grams per liter, we call the solution saturated.
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
The solubility of calcium chromate in water is 4.16 grams per liter.
Saturated Solution : A solution with solute that dissolves until it is unable to dissolve anymore, leaving the undissolved substances at the bottom.
Unsaturated Solution: A solution (with less solute than the saturated solution) that completely dissolves, leaving no remaining substances.
Supersaturated Solution: A solution (with more solute than the saturated solution) that contains more undissolved solute than the saturated solution because of its tendency to crystallize and precipitate.
Step 2:
If the calcium chromate solution has a concentration of 4.16 grams per liter.
If the concentration is less than 4.16 grams per liter, we call it unsaturated.
If the concentration is more than 4.16 grams per liter, we call it supersaturated.
The concentration is 4.16 grams per liter, we call the solution saturated.
Final answer:
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a specific temperature.
Explanation:
The solution is saturated because the concentration of calcium chromate in the solution is equal to its solubility in water, which is 4.16 grams per liter.
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
Saturated solutions are in a dynamic equilibrium where the rate of dissolution is equal to the rate of precipitation.
Collision theory states that the rate of a reaction depends on the number of collisions between molecules or ions, the average energy of the collisions, and their effectiveness. Does the general effect of concentration on reaction rate support the collision theory?
Explanation:
According to the collision theory the rate of chemical reaction directly proportional to number of reaction between the reactant molecules. More the number of collision between the reactant molecules, more would be the changes of reaction to occur that reactant converting into product.
Moreover, with an increase in concentration of reactant molecules, the chances of collision between the molecules increase and hence the rate of reaction also increase. Thus, we can say higher the concentration higher will be the rate of reaction.
The quantity of particles increases as that the concentration of those same reacting species increases. Whenever there are more particles, there seems to be a greater chance that they will collide, and therefore more collisions result in an improvement or enhancement throughout the response rate.
Thus the above response about the theory is correct.
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State whether the following statements are true or false (with justification). (a) 1 mol of N2 has more molecules than 1 mol of Ar. (b) 1 mol of N2 has more mass than than 1 mol of Ar. (c) The molar mass of N2 is greater than the molar mass of Ar
Answer:
A. False.
Every substance contains the same number of molecules i.e 6.02x10^23 molecules
B. False.
Mass conc. = number mole x molar Mass
Mass conc. of 1mole of N2 = 1 x 28 = 28g
Mass conc. of 1mol of Ar = 1 x 40 = 40g
The mass of 1mole of Ar is greater than the mass of 1mole of N2
C. False.
Molar Mass of N2 = 2x14 = 28g/mol
Molar Mass of Ar = 40g/mol
The molar mass of Ar is greater than that of N2.
Explanation:
Almost all elements and compounds can be a solid liquid and gas under special circumstances. What do you think might change the state of an element or compound?
Answer:
The state of the element or compound decided by two forces mainly:
The force of the attraction
The Kinetic(thermal) energy between the molecules of the element.
Explanation:
Kinetic Energy depends upon the temperature , and on increasing the temperature the kinetic energy also increases.
Force of attraction between the particles is increased by applying pressure to the substance.
When the substance is in solid state then , the force of attraction between the particles is much more then the thermal energy of the particles.
The thermal energy or kinetic energy reduces the force of attraction between the particles.Hence if the kinetic energy is increased then the substances goes from solid to liquid state.
Thus on, increasing the temperature the substance changes the state from solid to liquid
[tex]Solid\rightleftharpoons Liquid[/tex]
If you increase further , the kinetic energy then the substance goes from liquid to gaseous state again.
[tex]liquid\rightleftharpoons Gases[/tex]
Role of Kinetic energy : The kinetic energy separate the particles further to large distance.Hence they become far apart result in change in state.
Affect of increasing pressure produce the reverse products.
[tex]Gas\rightleftharpoons liquid\rightleftharpoons Solid[/tex]
2. At the molecular level, speculate on some ways that the environment might have an influence on DNA and its packaging
Answer: Histones, DNA methylation
Explanation:
The double stranded DNA are wrapped twice around a histone protein and depending on how loosely or tightly DNA are wounded around histion, DNA can be either read or not. The nature of histones have the ability to control which sections of DNA get copied and expressed. Histone synthesis stops when DNA synthesis ceases, histone are modified by acetylation, methylation ADP--ribosylation and phosphorylation. It has shown that environmental factors such as diet can have an effect on protein structure. Alteration of the histone protein structure can affect the expression of some genes.
DNA methylation can also inhibit the expression of some genes, which can be caused by environmental factit's.
Environmental factors can influence DNA and its packaging at the molecular level through epigenetic regulation and histone modification.
Explanation:Environmental factors can have an influence on DNA and its packaging at the molecular level. One way is through epigenetic regulation, where environmental factors can cause chemical modifications to DNA and histone proteins. For example, certain environmental factors can lead to the addition of methyl groups to specific cytosine nucleotides in DNA, which can affect gene expression. Another way is through the modification of histone proteins, such as acetylation and deacetylation, which can influence the packaging state of DNA and its accessibility for transcription.
A chemist prepares a solution of aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4) by weighing out 116.0 g of aluminum sulfate into a 450. mL volumetric flask and filing the flask to the mark with water Calculate the concentration in g/dL of the chemist's aluminum sulfate solution. Round your answer to 3 significant digits
The concentration of the aluminum sulfate solution is calculated to be 25.8 g/dL by dividing the mass of the aluminum sulfate (116.0 g) by the volume of the solution (4.5 dL).
Explanation:The concentration of a solution is given by the ratio of the mass of the solute to the volume of the solution. In this case, we have 116.0 g of aluminum sulfate dissolved in a solution whose total volume is 450.0 mL. To convert this volume to deciliters (dL), we remember that 1 L = 10 dL and 1 L = 1000 mL. Therefore, the volume of the solution is 450.0 mL * (1 L / 1000 mL) * (10 dL / 1 L) = 4.5 dL. The concentration of aluminum sulfate in the solution is thus 116.0 g / 4.5 dL = 25.8 g/dL.
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Draw a structure for a compound that meets the following description: An optically active compound, C5H10O with an IR absorption at 1730 cm-1.
Question: A optically active compound, C5H10O, exhibits IR absorption at 1730 cm-1.
Its carbon NMR shifts are given below. The number of hydrogen's at each carbon, determined by DEPT, is given in parentheses after the chemical shift.
13C NMR: δ 22.6 (3), 23.6 (1), 52.8 (2), 202.4 (1)
Draw the structure of this compound in the window below
Explanation:
3-methylbutanal is a butanal substituted by the methyl group at the 3rd position. It is a volatile constituent in the olive. Also, it is used as a flavoring agent and a plant metabolite, it is also a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is also called as the Isovaleraldehyde organic compound. The liquid is colorless at STP, and also found in very low concentrations. It is also seen to be produced commercially for different use. Mostly used compound reagent in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
A real gas is in a regime in which it is accurately described by the ideal gas equation of state. 27.1 g of the gas occupies 50.0 L at a pressure of 0.500 atm and a temperature of 449 K. Identify the gas.
The gas is accurately described by the ideal gas equation. Calculations reveal that the given conditions match Argon (Ar) most closely. Thus, the correct option is B) Ar.
To identify the gas accurately, we can use the ideal gas equation: PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
First, let's calculate the number of moles (n) using the given mass (m) of the gas and its molar mass (M). The molar mass of the gas is necessary for this step.
[tex]\[ n = \frac{m}{M} \][/tex]
For this calculation, we need to know the molar mass of each gas option. The molar masses are approximately:
- CO2: 44.01 g/mol
- Ar: 39.95 g/mol
- Ne: 20.18 g/mol
- N2: 28.02 g/mol
Let's go through the calculations step by step.
Given values:
- Mass (m) = 27.1 g
- Volume (V) = 50.0 L
- Pressure (P) = 0.500 atm
- Temperature (T) = 449 K
1. Calculate moles (n) using the given mass:
[tex]\[ n = \frac{m}{M} \][/tex]
For CO2: [tex]\( n_{\text{CO2}} = \frac{27.1 \, \text{g}}{44.01 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 0.616 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
For Ar: [tex]\( n_{\text{Ar}} = \frac{27.1 \, \text{g}}{39.95 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 0.679 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
For Ne: [tex]\( n_{\text{Ne}} = \frac{27.1 \, \text{g}}{20.18 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 1.342 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
For N2: [tex]\( n_{\text{N2}} = \frac{27.1 \, \text{g}}{28.02 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 0.968 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
2. Use the ideal gas equation to calculate moles (n):
[tex]\[ n = \frac{PV}{RT} \][/tex]
Substitute values:
[tex]\[ n = \frac{(0.500 \, \text{atm} \times 50.0 \, \text{L})}{(0.0821 \, \text{L}\cdot\text{atm/mol}\cdot\text{K} \times 449 \, \text{K})} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ n \approx \frac{25}{36.8029} \approx 0.681 \, \text{mol} \][/tex]
3. Compare the calculated moles:
- [tex]\( n_{\text{CO2}} \approx 0.616 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
- [tex]\( n_{\text{Ar}} \approx 0.679 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
- [tex]\( n_{\text{Ne}} \approx 1.342 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
- [tex]\( n_{\text{N2}} \approx 0.968 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex]
The closest match is [tex]\( n_{\text{Ar}} \approx 0.679 \, \text{mol} \)[/tex], so the gas is likely Argon (Ar). Therefore, option B) Ar is the correct answer.
Complete question :- A real gas is in a regime in which it is accurately described by the ideal gas equation of state. 27.1 g of the gas occupies 50.0 L at a pressure of 0.500 atm and a temperature of 449 K. Identify the gas.
A) CO2
B) Ar
C) Ne
D) N2
Which of the following would be expected to form hydrogen bonds with water? Choose all that apply.
(A) methylamine
(B) N-methylpropanamide
(C) acetaldehyde
(D) cyclopentane
(E) None of the Above
Answer: C
Explanation:
N-methylpropanamide and methylamine are the compounds that posses hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen bonds are formed when hydrogen is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but they significantly impact on the chemistry of the molecules in which they occur.
Primary, secondary and tertiary amines all form hydrogen bonds. The compounds that has hydrogen bonds are;
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The solubility of sodium chloride in water is 35.7 g per 100 ml at 0. What is the maximum amount of sodium chloride that will dissolve in 250 ml of water
Answer:
89.52 gm
Explanation:
35.7 gm of NaCl , dissolves in 100ml of water.
Then amount of NaCl dissolved in 1 ml water = 35.7/100= 3.75 gm
therefore, sodium chloride dissolved in 250 ml of water
= 3.75×250= 89.25 gm
The maximum amount of sodium chloride that will dissolve in 250 ml of water is 89.25 g.
Explanation:The solubility of sodium chloride in water is 35.7 g per 100 ml at 0°C. To find the maximum amount of sodium chloride that will dissolve in 250 ml of water, we can set up a proportion using the solubility values:
35.7 g / 100 ml = x g / 250 ml
Cross-multiplying and solving for x, we get:
x = (35.7 g * 250 ml) / 100 ml = 89.25 g
Therefore, the maximum amount of sodium chloride that will dissolve in 250 ml of water is 89.25 g.
Ammonium perchlorate is a powerful solid rocket fuel, used in the Space Shuttle boosters. It decomposes into nitrogen gas, chlorine gas, oxygen gas and water vapor, releasing a great deal of energy. Calculate the moles of ammonium perchlorate needed to produce of water. Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if necessary, and round it to significant digits.
Final answer:
To calculate the moles of ammonium perchlorate needed to produce a certain amount of water, use the balanced chemical equation and the mole ratio between ammonium perchlorate and water.
Explanation:
To calculate the moles of ammonium perchlorate needed to produce a certain amount of water, we need to use the balanced chemical equation. From the equation 10Al(s) + 6NH4C1O4(s) → 4Al2O3 (s) + 2AlCl3 (s) + 12H₂O(g) + 3N2 (8), we can see that for every mole of NH4C1O4, 12 moles of H₂O are produced. Therefore, the moles of ammonium perchlorate needed can be calculated by multiplying the given moles of water by the ratio of moles of NH4C1O4 to moles of water, which in this case is 6.
Predict the reactants of this chemical reaction. That is, fill in the left side of the chemical equation. Note: you are writing the molecular, and not the net ionic equation.
→ CaCl2(aq) + H20(l)
Answer:
Ca(OH)₂ and HCl(aq)
Explanation:
We have the products of a reaction, CaCl₂ and H₂O. Since the products are a salt and water, this is likely to be a neutralization reaction. In such a reaction, an acid and a base react to form a salt and water.
The acid provides the anion of the salt. Since the anion is Cl⁻, the acid is HCl(aq).The base provides the cation of the salt. Since the cation is Ca²⁺, the base is Ca(OH)₂(aq).The complete molecular equation is:
Ca(OH)₂ + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl₂ + 2 H₂O
Cryolite, Na3AlF6(s), an ore used in the production of aluminum, can be synthesized using aluminum oxide. Balance the equation for the synthesis of cryolite.
Equation: Al2O3(s) + NaOH(l) + HF(g) --------> Na3AlF6 + H2O(g)
1. If 15.8 kg of Al2O3(s), 55.4 kg of NaOH(l), and 55.4 kg of HF(g) react completely, how many kilograms of cryolite will be produced?
Answer: The mass of cryolite produced is 65.06 kg
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex] .....(1)
For aluminium oxide:Given mass of aluminium oxide = 15.8 kg = 15800 g (Conversion factor: 1 kg = 1000 g)
Molar mass of aluminium oxide = 102 g/mol
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of aluminium oxide}=\frac{15800g}{102g/mol}=154.9mol[/tex]
For the given chemical reaction:
[tex]Al_2O_3(s)+6NaOH(l)+12HF(g)\rightarrow 2Na_3AlF_6+9H_2O(g)[/tex]
As all the reactants are getting completely utilized. So, the amount of product can be determined by any 1 of the reactant.
By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
1 mole of aluminium oxide produces 2 moles of cryolite
So, 154.9 moles of aluminium oxide produces = [tex]\frac{2}{1}\times 154.9=309.8mol[/tex] of cryolite
Now, calculating the mass of cryolite by using equation 1, we get:
Moles of cryolite = 309.8 moles
Molar mass of cryolite = 210 g/mol
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]309.8mol=\frac{\text{Mass of cryolite}}{210g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of cryolite}=(309.8mol\times 210g/mol)=65058g=65.06kg[/tex]
Hence, the mass of cryolite produced is 65.06 kg
What is the name of the structures that help move substances across a tract surface?
Answer:
cilia and flagella
Explanation:
In prokaryotic species , cilia are present , and in eukaryotic species , flagella is present .
Cilia and flagella both have same function , i.e. , to enable the movement of the cell , along with the movement of some substance and direct the flow of these substance along the tracts.
Cilia and flagella are composed of basal bodies.
Hence , from the given statement of the question,
The correct term is cilia and flagella .
Cilia are the structures that help move substances across the surface of a tract. They are primarily found in certain types of cells such as those in the respiratory tract and the oviducts.
Explanation:The structures that assist in moving substances across a tract surface are primarily called cilia. In biology, cilia are tiny hair-like structures that line certain types of cells, especially those in the respiratory tract and the oviducts. They work much like oars on a boat, moving in coordinated waves to propel substances (like mucus or egg cells) along the surface of the tract they occupy. They are responsible in movement of substances across tract.
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Many drugs are sold as their hydrochloric salts (R2NH2+Cl−), formed by reaction of an amine (R2NH) with HCl. Part 1 out of 4 Draw the major organic product formed from the formation of acebutolol with HCl. Acebutolol is a β blocker used to treat high blood pressure. Omit any inorganic counterions.Figure:a structure of Acebutolol is shown in the figure
Answer:
Hi
Acebutolol hydrochloride is the form of the hydrochloride salt of acebutolol, a synthetic derivative of butyranide with a hypotensive and antiarrhythmic activity. Acebutolol acts as a cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with very little effect on bronchial receptors, having intrinsic sympathomimetic properties. Acebutolol is used in ventricular arrhythmias. Other indications may include hypertension, alone or in combination with other drugs. The salt scheme is found in the attached file.
Explanation:
An igneous rock that contains quartz and potassium feldspar would have a mineralogic content placing it in the range of __________.
Answer:
The answer is granitic or felsic rocks
Explanation:
Felsic is a term used in geology applied to silicate minerals, magmas and rocks, rich in light elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium and potassium (describs igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz). This term is a combination of the words "feldspar" and "silica". Felsic minerals are generally light in color and have a specific gravity of less than 3. The most common felsic minerals are quartz, muscovite, alkaline feldspars (eg orthoclase) and feldspars from the plagioclase series. The most common felsic rock is granite. At the opposite end of the rock spectrum are mafic (rich in iron) and ultramafic (rich in magnesium) rocks and minerals.
Final answer:
An igneous rock with quartz and potassium feldspar has a felsic mineralogic content, rich in silica and light-colored minerals, and typically has a lighter color due to low ferromagnesian content.
Explanation:
An igneous rock containing quartz and potassium feldspar would most likely be classified within the range of felsic igneous rocks. Felsic rocks are rich in silica and characteristically contain light-colored minerals such as quartz and feldspar. Specifically, the presence of quartz, a pure silica mineral, and potassium feldspar, which includes silica along with aluminum and potassium, indicates a felsic composition.
These rocks generally have high silica content (65-75%), and they also commonly include minor amounts of mafic minerals such as biotite mica and amphibole.
Felsic igneous rocks can be further understood by their mineral proportions which can include around 25% K-feldspar and 30% quartz, with additional albitic plagioclase and biotite or amphibole. Their color is generally lighter due to the predominance of light-colored minerals and their low content of ferromagnesian components like iron and magnesium.
Which of the following represents a propagation step in the monochlorination of methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)?a. CHCl3 + Cl. Right arrow .CCl3 + HCl.b. CHCl2 + Cl2 right arrow CHCl3 + Cl..c. CH2Cl + Cl2 right arrow CH2Cl2 + Cl..d. CHCl2 + Cl. Right arrow CHCl3
Answer:
B = CHCl2 + Cl2 --> CHCl3 + Cl
Explanation:
Free radical halogenation is a chlorination reaction on Alkane hydrocarbons. This involves the splitting of molecules into radicals/ unstable molecules in the presence of sunlight/ U.V light which ensures bonding of the molecules.
Free radical chlorination is divided into 3 steps which are:
The initiation step
The propagation step
The termination step
So in reference to the question, propagation step involves two steps.
The first step is where the molecule in this case the methylene chloride(CH2Cl2) loses a hydrogen atom and then bond with a chlorine atom radical to give a nethylwnw chloride radical and HCl.
The second step involves the reaction of this methylene chloride got in the first step with chlorine molecule to form trichloride methane and a chlorine radical.
You would find in the attachment the 2 step mechanism.
The propagation steps in the monochlorination of methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) are option b and d. Propagation steps are characterized by the reaction of two radicals to form a non-radical species and a new radical, which will then enter the chain cycle. These steps occur after initiation and before termination in a radical chain reaction.
Explanation:The question asks which options represent a propagation step in the monochlorination of methylene chloride (CH2Cl2). The correct answer is option b and d. These steps depict the reaction of CHCl2 with Cl2 with chlorine radical (.) or molecular chlorine (Cl2) to generate either CHCl3 and Chlorine radical (.) in option b or CHCl3 in option d, which are required for the propagation process in a halogenation reaction. It is essential to distinguish between initiation, propagation and termination steps in radical chain reactions, like this one, where a hydrogen atom on the methylene chloride is replaced by a chlorine atom.
Propagation steps are the 'middle' steps of these reactions. They are characterized by two radicals reacting to form a non-radical species and a new radical, which re-enters the propagation cycle. Both initiation and termination steps involve either the creation or removal of radicals, respectively. Radical chain reactions, halogenation, and methylene chloride are key concepts for understanding this question.
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How many grams of an 8% w/w progesterone gel must be mixed with 1.45 g of a 4% w/w progesterone gel to prepare a 5.5% w/w gel?
0.87 grams of an 8% w/w progesterone gel must be mixed with 1.45 g of a 4% w/w progesterone gel to prepare a 2.32 g of 5.5% w/w gel
Let x represent the number of grams of an 8% w/w progesterone gel must be mixed with 1.45 g of a 4% w/w progesterone gel to prepare a (x + 1.45)g of 5.5% w/w gel
Hence:
(x * 8%) + (1.45 * 4%) = (x + 1.45) * 5.5%
0.08x + 0.058 = 0.055x + 0.07975
0.025x = 0.02175
x = 0.87 g
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To prepare a 5.5% w/w progesterone gel, you should mix 4.383 g of an 8% progesterone gel with 1.45 g of a 4% progesterone gel.
Explanation:A weight/weight percent (w/w%) refers to the amount of a substance (in this case, progesterone) contained in a total solution. The equation we want to use here is 'mass of solute/mass of solution = concentration'. We know the concentrations of the individual gels and that of the final gel we want to achieve. We need to find out the amount of 8% gel to mix with 1.45 g of 4% gel to get a 5.5% gel.
This would be solved as follows:
Let's denote the weight of the 8% gel as x. The contribution of progesterone from the 8% gel is 0.08x, and from the 4% gel is 0.04*1.45 = 0.058 g. The total weight of the final gel solution is x+1.45 g. The total amount of progesterone is 0.08x + 0.058 g. To get a 5.5% solution, we set up the equation 0.08x + 0.058 / 1.45 + x = 0.055. Solving for x gives us 4.383 g.
Therefore, the answer is that 4.383 g of an 8% progesterone gel should be mixed with 1.45 g of the 4% gel to obtain a 5.5% gel.
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At 298 K, the Henry's law constant for oxygen is 0.00130 M/atm. Air is 21.0% oxygen.
1. At 298 K, what is the solubility of oxygen in water exposed to air at 1.00 atm?
Answer:
0.000273 M
Explanation:
Henry's states that at constant temperature the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure in of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
Pressure of Oxygen = mole fraction of Oxygen × 1.00 atm
Mole fraction Oxygen = 21/100 × 1.00atm = 0.21 atm
Molar solubility of Oxygen = KH × PO2 = 0.0013 × 0.21 = 0.000273 M
The amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. Solubility of oxygen in water exposed to air at 1.00 atm is 0.000273 M.
Henry's Law:
It states that at constant temperature the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.
C = k P
Where,
C = concentration of a dissolved gas
k = Henry's Law constant = 0.0013 M/atm.
P = partial pressure of the gas = [tex]\bold {\dfrac {21}{100} \times 1.00\ atm = 0.21\ atm}[/tex]
Put the values in the formula,
[tex]\bold {C = 0.0013 \times 0.21 = 0.000273\ M }[/tex]
Therefore, solubility of oxygen in water exposed to air at 1.00 atm is 0.000273 M.
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What are the strengths, weaknesses, and implications of the precautionary principle as a method for deciding whether a technology should be used?
Answer:
The precautionary principle would prevent the implementation of technologies that possess a risk to humans, animals, and the environment. The strengths are that it will definately save the population and planet from a new technology that could cause long-term harm.
The weakness is that this principle may inhibit new technologies that are needed to help under-developed countries from preventing diseases. The precautionary principle states that technologies should entirely risk-free.
Explanation:
A solution is made by mixing 30.0 mL of 0.150 M compound A with 25.0 mL of 0.200 M compound B. At equilibrium, the concentration of C is 0.0454 M. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for this reaction.
Final answer:
To calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction A(aq) + 2B(aq) ⇒ 2C(aq), we can use the concentrations of A, B, and C at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction is approximately 5.07 x 10^-3.
Explanation:
To calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction A(aq) + 2B(aq) ⇒ 2C(aq), we need to use the concentrations of A, B, and C at equilibrium. Given that the equilibrium concentration of C is 0.0454 M, and the initial concentrations of A and B are 0.150 M and 0.200 M respectively, we can set up an expression for K.
The mathematical expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, is given by:
Kc = [C]² / ([A] * [B]²)
Substituting the given equilibrium concentration and initial concentrations into the expression, we get:
Kc = (0.0454)² / (0.150 * (0.200)²) = 5.06666667 x 10^-3
Therefore, the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction is approximately 5.07 x 10^-3.