Answer:
The germ theory of disease was given by Louis Pasteur. The theory states that pathogen or microbe is the cause of any disease. This pathogen can be isolated from the infected organism and must be grown in pure culture.
This pure culture must cause disease when it is injected into a healthy organism. Then the same bacteria must be isolated from the second host.
This theory is helpful in knowing the cause of disease and finding the prevention and cure of the disease.
The germ theory expresses that microorganisms are the reason for some infections. It supplanted before hypotheses like miasma and prompted critical progressions in clinical works on, including disinfection and immunization.
Before the rise of this hypothesis, illnesses were accepted to begin from miasma, or terrible air exuding from deteriorating natural matter. The discovery of microorganisms in the 17th century gave rise to the theory. In the 19th century, scientists like Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, who is frequently referred to as the "father of germ theory," further developed and strengthened it. Pasteur's trials showed the way that microorganisms could over-indulge food and cause sickness in people, giving significant proof on the side of the hypothesis. This hypothesis is crucial for the therapy of irresistible illnesses since it supports present day clinical works on, including disinfection, the utilization of anti-microbials, and immunization.Ovulation typically produces just one egg per cycle. Why does ejaculate contain more than just one sperm?
Explanation:
The female reproductive system produces one egg cell every month but males can ejaculate about 50 million sperm cells to fertilise one egg cell as:
1. The sperms released from the males are killed by the acidic nature of the cervix due to the acidic secretion of the female reproductive structure.
2. The sperms get trapped in the structure of the cervix which reduces the chances of reaching the egg cell.
3. only a few sperms reach the egg cell out of which only one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell and the rest are degraded by the system.
Thus, male ejaculate a large number of cells.
Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the ___ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.
Answer: Optic Disc
Explanation:Optic Disc is a portion of the eye,it can be seen as black spot on the eye,it doesn't contain rods. Optic disc is the point of exit for optic nerve.
The optic disc is also known as the optic nerve Head,it is made up of connective and elastic tissue, it is the passage to the nerve fibre bundles and retinal blood vessels it also maintain intra-ocular pressure against a gradient between the intra-ocular and extra-ocular spaces.
Answer:Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the optic disc and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.
Explanation: The eye is part of the sense organs which is used for visual purposes. It is made up if different parts that aid to achieve its visual functions, they include:
Lens, retina, optic nerve, cornea and many among others.
The images that are reflected through the len on the retina is converted into a set of electrical signals, and these signals are transmitted to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain.
The optic nerve is made up of ganglion cell axon while the optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. I hope this helps, thanks.
According to the __________ strategy, fertility is a pattern of behavior tied closely to the institutional and organizational structure of society. Select one: a. family planning b. societalist c. coercion d. developmentalist
The typical dosage of statin drugs for the treatment of high cholesterol is 10 mg.Assuming a total blood volume of 5.0 L and the density of blood in healthy individuals is approximately 1.05 g/mL, report the concentration of drug in units of ppm.
Answer:
1.904 ppm
Explanation:
Concentration of drug in units of ppm = mass of solute ÷ (mass of solution ) × 1000000
mass of blood = density of blood × volume = 1.05 g / ml × 5000 ml = 5250 g
mass of solution = mass of blood + mass of solute ( statin) = 5250 + 0.01 g = 5250.01 g
Concentration of drug in units of ppm = (0.01 g / 5250.01 g) × 1000000 = 1.904 ppm
Vitreous humor Select one: a. is produced on a daily basis. b. is less viscous than aqueous humor. c. does not contribute to intraocular pressure. d. helps to hold the lens and retina in place. e. is located in the anterior chamber.
Answer: d. helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
Explanation:
The vitreous humor is a clear and colorless fluid which helps in filling up the space between the lens and retina of the human eye.
The composition of the vitreous humor consists of 99% of water, rest composition includes the proteins, sugars and salts. It has a jelly like appearance. The vitreous humor remains in contact with the retina. The pressure created by the vitreous humor keeps the retina and lens at it's place.
Thus option d is correct.
A message to drink is sent when Select one: a. too little ADH is detected by the kidneys. b. the kidneys detect too much glycogen. c. ADH is detected by the hypothalamus. d. angiotensin is detected by the hypothalamus.
Answer: d. angiotensin is detected by the hypothalamus.
Explanation:
Angiotensin is a hormone which causes the narrowing of the blood vessels. This helps in maintaining the blood pressure and also maintains the fluid balance in the body. The hormone acts on the brain. This hormone binds to the hypothalamus gland of the body, it stimulates the thirst and increases the demand for water intake. It also stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone by the pituitary gland to increase the concentration of urine by preventing water loss.
A person weighs 150.0 lb, and the correct dosage of a drug is given as 1.50 mg per kilogram of body weight. How many milligrams of the drug should be given? (2.20 lb = 1 kg)
Answer: The amount of drug that must be given is 102.3 grams
Explanation:
We are given:
Weight of the person = 150.0 lb
Converting this weight into kilograms, we use the conversion factor:
1 kg = 2.20 lb
So, [tex]150.0lb\times (\frac{1kg}{2.20lb})=68.2kg[/tex]
Applying unitary method:
For 1 kg of body weight, the correct dosage of the drug is 1.50 mg
So, for 68.2 kg of body weight, the correct dosage of the drug will be [tex]\frac{1.50mg}{1kg}\times 68.2kg=102.3mg[/tex]
Hence, the amount of drug that must be given is 102.3 grams
The amount of drug in milligrams that must be given will be "102.3 mg".
Mass and weightAccording to the question,
Person's weight = 150.0 lb
We know that,
2.20 lb = 1 kg
then, = 150.0 × ([tex]\frac{1 \ kg}{2.20 \ lb}[/tex])
= 68.2 kg
For one kilogram of body weight
Dosage of a drug = 1.50 mg
Now,
For 68.2 kg body weight,
The correct dosage will be:
= [tex]\frac{1.50 \ mg}{1 \ kg}[/tex] × 68.2 kg
= 102.3 mg
Thus the above approach is right.
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Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common? Select one: a. simple squamous epithelium b. simple columnar epithelium c. reticular fibers d. elastic fibers
The common tissue characteristic between the skin, the lung, and the walls of blood vessels is simple squamous epithelium. This tissue facilitates processes such as filtration and diffusion. Hence, it aids in the efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste materials. So, the correct option is a.
Explanation:The skin, lung, and blood vessel walls all have the tissue characteristic of simple squamous epithelium in common. This type of tissue is made up of a single layer of flat cells that have a smooth surface appropriate for reducing friction, and enhancing the process of filtration and diffusion. It's the kind of tissue that lines the alveoli in the lungs, capillaries and other small blood vessels, and the skin. This makes it an ideal tissue for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste materials.
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Match the horn with its vaguely defined function ___ Dorsal horn A. Somatic Motor ___ Ventral horn B. Sensory ___ Lateral Horn C. Autonomic nervous system
Dorsal horn – Sensory
Ventral horn – Somatic motor
Lateral horn – Autonomic nervous system
Explanation:
The dorsal horn is composed of the cell bodies of the sensory neurons. The sensory information which enters the spinal cord is received by the dorsal horn. It conveys sensory signals like touch, vibration etc.
The ventral horn is composed of the cell bodies of the motor neurons. The axons of these motor neurons extend into the skeletal muscles and innervate them. Muscular contractions are controlled by these neurons in the ventral horn. Somatic reflexes of the spinal cord are associated with the ventral horn.
The lateral horn is composed of the cell bodies of the visceral neurons or the sympathetic nervous system (of autonomic nervous system). It is found only in the thoracic segment.
Listed below are blood types for several children and their mothers. Give all possible genotypes and blood types for the father of each child. Child's blood type Mother's blood type a. A A b. O B c. AB A d. B AB
Answer:aaa then b
Explanation:because yourwelcom
What effect will the calcitonin injections have on the calcitonin-treated rat’s vertebral bone density?
Answer:
The answer is - The calcitonin injections will increase the rat's vertebral bone density (indicated by a less-negative T score)
Explanation:
Calcitonin is produced in the thyroid gland by the parafollicular cells. It is a hormone which prevents the development of osteoporosis by reducing bone resorption and is known to increase bone density. Administering calcitonin to the rats resulted in their T score becoming less negative compared to the control rat therefore showing that it reduced the progression of osteoporosis.
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
Original Source Material
Student Version
The philosophical position known as constructivism views knowledge as a human construction. The various perspectives within constructivism are based on the premise that knowledge is not part of an objective, external reality that is separate from the individual. Instead, human knowledge, whether the bodies of content in public disciplines (such as mathematics or sociology) or knowledge of the individual learner; is a human construction.
References:
Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Constructivist philosophers assert that knowledge is made by humans themselves. Knowledge is not "out there" in some external reality separate from us. It is we humans who create the content in disciplines such as math and biology. That knowledge would not exist without people making it.
References:
Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
Answer:
This is not plagiarism
Explanation:
This example of a comparison between the original version and the student's version does not show any kind of plagiarism. A text is plagiarized when the author uses the exact sentences without giving credit to the original sources, it is important to use the techniques that we have in this student's version such as quotations and references.
The Student Version above is paraphrasing plagiarism. Paraphrasing plagiarism is when someone takes the ideas of another person and expresses them in their own words.
While this may seem less serious than word-for-word plagiarism, it is still considered a form of plagiarism.
In the Student Version example, the student has taken the ideas of the original source material and expressed them in their own words. However, they have not properly cited the source material, so the reader cannot tell that the ideas are not the student's own.
Here are some tips for avoiding paraphrasing plagiarism:
Always cite your sources, even if you are paraphrasing.Put the ideas of the original source material into your own words. Do not simply rephrase the same sentences.Be honest about which ideas are yours and which ideas are from your sources.For such more question on Student
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Cochlea implants could consist of: Select one: a. a percutaneous plug b. both a percutaneous plug and magnetic couplings c. magnetic coupling d. isometric coupling
Answer:Cochlea implants could consist of both a percutaneous plug and magnetic couplings. Correct option is B.
Explanation: Cochlea implants are hearing aids which are surgically implanted to provide a person with moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss, a modified sense of sound. The implant has two components:
- percutaneous plug: This makes up the outside component which is generally worn behind the ear.
-magnetic couplings. This makes up the inner component which is generally implanted inside the skull.
Hope this helps. Thanks.
A beer koozie is designed to keep a beer cold. The koozie is effective at blocking heat transfer from your warm hand into the cold beer and it also prevents condensation from forming on the side of the beer. Why does preventing condensation on a beer bottle keep the beer cool on a hot humid day?
Answer:
Water-vapour molecules give of their heat to convert into liquid water which is absorbed by the surface on which they condense.
Explanation:
Preventing condensation on the surface of a cold beer container will prevent the heat gain by the beer by absorbing the energy from the surrounding molecules of the water vapour present in the air in the form of humidity.When water vapour of the atmosphere which is present in the form of humidity condenses on the cold surface it releases the latent heat of vapourization to the cold surface of the container which is directly in contact with the beer which further absorbs the heat form the container.We know that the latent heat of vapourization of water is [tex]2260\ kJ.kg^{-1}[/tex] . This amount of heat is very high and can lead to gain of temperature considerably.Answer:
Water-vapour molecules give of their heat to convert into liquid water which is absorbed by the surface on which they condense.
ack, age 55, comes to the office with a blood pressure of 144/98 mm Hg. He states that he did not know if it was ever elevated before. When you retake his blood pressure at the end of the exam, it remains at 144/98. What should your next action be
Answer:
One more reading will be taken to find the accuracy of reading and diagnose high blood pressure.
Explanation:
Every time we measure blood pressure, it is recommended to take two or three readings. If possible readings shall be taken in morning before eating and in evening to measure variations in blood pressure. Many people have postural hypertension and may have low or high BP upon rising or waking up.
The nursing instructor is pointing out the various complcations which can occur during pregnancy in women with diabetes mellitus. The instructor determines the session is successful after the students correctly choose which complication that can occur if the diabetes is not kept under control
Answer:
The nursing instructor is pointing out the various complcations which can occur during pregnancy in women with diabetes mellitus. The instructor determines the session is successful after the students correctly choose which complication that can occur if the diabetes is not kept under control?
A. hydramnios
B. hypotension
C. Placenta previa
D. Cerebral Vascular accident
Explanation:
Out of control diabetes can result in hyperglycemia which tend to lead to excessive amniotic fluid( hydramnios or poly hydramnios) because of Osmotic presure fluid shifts. A small placenta is more common than placenta previa. the woman may experience hypertension verus hypotension if the diabetes is not controlled. cerebral vascular accidents are usually not related to diabetes but to circulatory issues.
The characteristic of cancer cells that enables the other hallmarks of cancer is ___________
Answer:
The answer is "Genomic instability".
Explanation:
The greater mutation rate in the downstream cell genome leads to the genome's heterogeneity, which becomes genetic heterogeneity or molecular disturbance. These changes can include alterations to the nuclear acid chain, genetic rearrangement or aneuploidy.
It's also known as hereditary cancers, that sometimes defined by genetic variations in genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, MSH2, MYH, they lead to genomic disruption in the maintenance genes.
A person who visits the eye doctor is often given eye drops containing the drug atropine to dilate the pupils. A side effect of this drug is paralysis of the ciliary muscle, an effect called cycloplegia. Will a person with cycloplegia have difficulty with near vision or distance vision? Explain
Answer: the person with cycloplegia will have difficulty with near vision.
Explanation: Cycloplegia is the paralysis of the ciliary muscle which leads to loss of accommodation ( that is, loss in the ability to focus on an object as the distance varies) this occurs with topical application of atropine. Ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle at the vascular layer of the the eye that controls the shape of the lens.
Atropine is a cycloplegic drug that is used by eye doctors during eye examination to:. - better visualize the retina and to
-determine the true refractive error of the eye. This application by the doctor wears off with hours after the eye examination.
Paralysis of this muscle can lead to inability to adjust the curvature of the lens to focus on nearby objects. I hope this helps. Thanks.
The [α] of pure quinine, an antimalarial drug, is −165. If a solution contains 69% quinine and 31% of its enantiomer (ee = 38%), what is [α] for the solution?
Answer: The required [a] for slotion will be -62.7
Explanation:
The specific rotation of pure quinine= -165
% of pure quinine= 69%
% of its enantiomer=ee=31%
Enantiomer excess =(ee)=excess of a single enantiomer/entire mixture×100
Now,
Excess of a single enantiomer=69% - 31%=38%
Entire mixture=69% + 31%= 100%
(ee)=38/100 × 100
=38%
Net rotation= 0.69-0.31=0.38
Hence, [a] for solution will be = -0.38×165= -62.7
Which organization is responsible for the continuation of defining, explaining, classifying, and researching summary statements about health problems related to nursing?
Answer:
The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association-International (NANDA-I)
Explanation:
NANDA International (formerly the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) is a professional organization of nurses interested in standardized nursing terminology, that was officially founded in 1982 and develops, researches, disseminates and refines the nomenclature, criteria, and taxonomy of nursing diagnoses.
You are testing a new drug for weight loss. You find that the drug does in fact statistically show a weight loss. Do you market the new drug? Why or why not?
Answer:no
Explanation: Many drugs would work for weight loss adderall,vyvanse EXT. You would need to do more research on other negative heath effects the drug could give people.
Why is physical treatment of the wastewater important as a treatment prior to chemical or biological treatment?
Answer:
The most common method of treatment of wastewater is known as the biological method of wastewater.
The biological method of waste is performed in three stages called treatment in which the primary treatment is known as physical treatment.
During the physical treatment, the wastewater is treated physically by making a slope with the filters. The filters remove the large-sized debris and the plastic waste from the wastewater which does not become a problem during the biological treatment.
Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback? Select one: a. Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin. b. The near waterproof secretions of glycolipids that is released by cells in the stratum granulosum. c. The secretion of antibacterial compounds in sebum. d. Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat.
Answer:
Option A, Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light will increase the production of melanin.
Explanation:
Negtaive feedback mechanism of homeostasis maintains the stability of any internal condition or function through lessening of output of a system or through slow down of a functional system.
Here in this case the keratinocytes function is reduced by damaging them on exposure to UV light which further triggers the release of chemicals that enhance the production of melanin.
Hence, option A is correct
An example that illustrates homeostasis maintained by negative feedback is the removal of nitrogenous compounds within sweat.
Explanation:The correct answer is d. Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat.
In homeostasis, the body maintains a stable internal environment. Negative feedback is a mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by responding to a deviation from a set point and reversing the direction of change. In this case, the removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within sweat is an example of homeostasis maintained by negative feedback.
When there is an increase in body temperature, such as during exercise, the sweat glands produce sweat that contains nitrogenous compounds like urea. This helps to cool down the body by evaporating from the skin's surface. As the body temperature decreases and returns to the set point, the production of sweat and nitrogenous compounds decreases as well, restoring homeostasis.
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What is the active functional group on the drug that is most responsible for its potency? How does artemisinin achieve selectivity between healthy cells and pathogen infected cells?
Answer:
The active functional group of a drug is that one that has the most prominent quality of adherence to the corresponding group on the target site and this selective binding of the group gave the property of targeted therapy and action. The pharmacophore modelling is done to ensure the design success of a drug but real life circumstances are mostly unpredictable. By this specific targeted action a drug acquires the property of differentiating between healthy and infected cells. Infected cells always have something different in their functional group expression as compare the the healthy cells. This helps the drug to differentiate between them.
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. A. Each cardiac muscle cell is innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate. B. The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction. C. The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle. D. The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
Answer:
Option-D
Explanation:
The myocardial cells form the cardiac muscle present in the heart. The heart receives its signal from the autonomic nervous system but not all the cells receive the signals.
The SV and AV node present in the upper heart produces the potential for the contraction. The action potential gets transferred through the cell and finally reach the lower ventricle through Purkinje fibres.
This allows the contraction of both the ventricles simultaneously and sows that the heart cells contract simultaneously.
Thus, Option-D is the correct answer.
Myocardial cells are the muscle cells that make up the heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all. So option d is correct.
Muscle cell are striated, like skeletal muscle cells, but they have a different electrical and contractile properties.
Myocardial cells are innervated by the autonomic nervous system, but they are not directly controlled by individual nerve endings. Instead, the heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which releases hormones that affect the heart.
The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much shorter than that in cardiac muscle because cardiac muscle cells need to be able to contract rapidly and repeatedly, as the heart needs to pump blood continuously.
The influx of calcium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction. This is different from skeletal muscle, where the influx of sodium ions is the initiating event.
So the correct statement is D that the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
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In which of Kubler-Ross's stages would someone who feels exhausted and has a sense of futility be? denial anger bargaining depression
Considering the symptoms described (exhaustion and sense of futility), the person would likely be in the Depression stage of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying. This stage is characterized by a sense of resignation and despair upon realization of the inevitability of demise.
Explanation:The person described in your question, who is feelings of exhaustion and a sense of futility, would likely be in the Depression stage according to the Kubler-Ross model. This model is characterized by five stages a person goes through when facing the prospect of death: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.
In the Depression stage, a person often feels a sense of hopelessness and resignation as they begin to truly accept the inevitable outcome. Their mood lowers to the point of exhaustion, leading to inactivity and worsening health conditions. This is as a result of realization of the inevitability of demise without any hope of prevention.
Of course, not everyone experiences these stages in the same order or even experiences them all. It's important to understand the general framework, while recognizing individual variation. A person's cultural, psychological, and personal background can greatly affect their response to the prospect of death.
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The antidepressant fluoxetine (or Prozac) has a half-life of about days. What percentage of a dose remains in the body after one day?
The complete question is :
The antidepressant fluoxetine (or Prozac) has a half-life of about 3 days. What
percentage of a dose remains in the body after one day
Answer: 79.4 per cent.
Explanation:
Half life of a substance can be defined as the amount of time taken to degrade it half or it can be defined as the time which is required by the substance to become half of its original amount.
Here we need to find the half life of a medicine fluoxetine.
The equation which can be written for the question is :P(t) which will provide the information about the amount of medicine left in the body after one day or time (t)
Since the half-life is 3 days, P(t) = 2 −t/3.
Then P(1) = 2 −1/3 ≈ 0.794 = 0.794*100=79.4% is the amount of substance left in the body after one day.
Which opiate causes euphoria, relaxation, drowsiness, and detachment from reality and has possible effects on the pregnancy, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature rupture of membranes?
Answer:
Heroin (opiate) causes euphoria, relaxation, drowsiness, and detachment from reality and has possible effects on the pregnancy, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature rupture of membranes.
Explanation:
OPIATES are a group of CNS drugs which include :
1) Heroin.
2) Meperidine.
3) Methadone.
4) Codeine.
5) Buprenorphine.
They act on number of receptors in order to produce their effects especially analgesia.
Heroin can cause following signs and symptoms :
1) Analgesia ( relief from pain ) : by increasing pain tolerance and decreasing pain perception.
2) Euphoria and relaxation : Heroin changes back to morphine in the brain , acts on opiod receptors and produce euphoria and relaxation.
3) Detachment from reality : As the prolonged use of heroin can change the functional level of the brain, it causes detachment from reality.
Effects on pregnancy ( Preeclampsia , intrauterine growth restriction and premature rupture of membranes ) : These effects occur with heroin because it crosses the placental membrane and causes the relaxation ( inhibition of uterine contractions ) and also causes respiratory depression in the newborn. Hence opiates are strongly prohibited in pregnancy.
A farmer's long-term exposure to pesticides has made the cells in his alveoli and bronchial tree susceptible to malignancy. Which of the following processes has taken place in the farmer's lungs?A) PromotionB) ProgressionC) InitiationD) Differentiation
Answer: Initiation
Explanation:
The farmers cell has be initiating its susceptibility towards the pesticides. The farmer if continues working in the field then he will develop the disease.
This susceptibility has developed because the cell has been in long term exposure to the pesticides as he works in the field.
The cells of the body lacks natural and fresh environment which is replaced with dirty and pesticides.
A pharmaceutical company is conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of a tricyclic antidepressant.
Which of the following, if true, would indicate that the experimenters used a placebo?
A. The participants were assigned to the experimental or control groups by drawing lots.
B. The participants were informed about the medication they would be taking and its possible side effects before starting the treatment.
C. The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment.
D. The research assistants who administered the drugs were asked to establish rapport with the participants.
A placebo experiment is one that does no harm or good. A lot of the time researchers will have a. placebo group and a another control group with the actual treatment. The key in placebo is that no one knows if they have it or not. C
A placebo is a substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control in testing new drugs. In the context of the question, the statement 'The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment' would indicate the use of a placebo. This is due to the practice of 'blinding' in a placebo-controlled trial.
Explanation:In conducting a medical experiment, especially involving pharmaceutical drugs, a placebo is often used. A placebo is a substance with no therapeutic effect that is used as a control in testing new drugs. The use of a placebo helps to isolate the effects of the actual medication being tested.
In the context of your question, option C: 'The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment,' would indicate that a placebo was used. This is because one of the key features of a placebo-controlled trial is that the participants do not know whether they are receiving the real medication or the placebo, which is known as blinding. This is done to prevent potential bias in the results based on the participants' expectations or perceptions.
So, in the case of an experiment testing the effectiveness of a tricyclic antidepressant, if a placebo was used, the participants in both the experimental and control groups would be 'blind' as to whether they were receiving the antidepressant or the placebo.
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