Explain how the quantum mechanical model of the atom describes the electron structure of an atom

Valence electrons are termed to be the electrons that are located at the outermost shell of an atom.

The number of valence electrons for an atomic element can be determined by the group into which the atomic element falls in the periodic table with the exception of transition metals located between group 3 - group 12.

Valence electrons are important in chemistry for the determination of the formation of chemical bonding between atoms because they help to explain information about the properties of the atom such as:

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The balanced equation for the reaction of sodium metal with water is 2Na (s) + 2H₂O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H₂ (g), where sodium and water react to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of sodium metal with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas is:

2Na (s) + 2H₂O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H₂ (g)

This equation indicates that two moles of solid sodium (Na) react with two moles of liquid water (H₂O) to produce two moles of aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and one mole of molecular hydrogen gas (H₂). It is important to note that hydrogen gas is always produced as diatomic molecules, hence H₂(g), not H(g).

Upon dissolving in water, sodium hydroxide disassociates into sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH−), increasing the concentration of OH− ions in the solution, making it a strong base.

Answer:

blue red yellow

Explanation:

One molecule of ALPO4 contains a total of 6 atoms, including one aluminum, one phosphorus, and four oxygen atoms.

The question asks, How many total atoms are found in one molecule of ALPO4? To answer this, we need to understand the composition of the compound ALPO4, which stands for aluminum phosphate.

This compound is made up of one aluminum atom (Al), one phosphorus atom (P), and four oxygen atoms (O). Therefore, to find the total number of atoms in one molecule of ALPO4, we add up these atoms:

Thus, one molecule of ALPO4 contains a total of 6 atoms (1 Al + 1 P + 4 O = 6).

Phosphorous has 5 electron
1 bond is double bond. 2 electrons are requred for it

Another 3 electrons can form 3 bonds

SO total number of bonds formed = 4 (3 single bond + 1 doble bond)

Hence hybridization will be SP3

Answer is sp3

Phosphorus exhibits 5 electrons, 1 bond is double bond, and for that two electrons are needed. Another three electrons can produce three bonds.

Therefore, the total numbers of bonds formed will be 4, that is, 3 single bond and  1 double bond. Hence, the hybridization will be SP₃.

A significant loss of sample during the heating of a hydrate will result in the calculated waters of hydration being too low. Heating involves breaking intermolecular forces to cause water to evaporate, hence an incorrectly lesser mass used in calculations due to sample splatter will lead to a lower value of water of hydration.

If a significant amount of the hydrate sample is lost during heating, the calculated waters of hydration will be too low. This is because the loss of the hydrate due to splattering during the heating process results in a smaller-than-actual mass being used in the calculations for the determination of waters of hydration. To calculate waters of hydration, the mass difference between the unheated and heated samples is divided by the molecular weight of water. A lost sample will cause a smaller mass difference, thus leading to a lower calculated value of water hydration.

Heating a hydrate involves breaking of the intermolecular forces between the water molecules and the ionic compound, causing the water to evaporate, hence it requires a significant amount of heat. If during this process, the sample splatters, the mass measured after heating will be less than expected. This is why a larger sample size and gentle heating procedures are preferred to minimize this error.

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Covering the specimen with a securely held cover slip where with drop slides the cover slip is not used but with conventional microscope slides which will make viewing more difficult.

Optical microscope is also known as light microscope which is defined as the type of microscope that typically uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. The term compound refers to the use of more than one lens in a microscope where compound microscope is one of the types of optical microscope while the other type of optical microscope is a simple microscope.

This instrument is used as a laboratory instrument, which is used to examine objects that are too small to be visible to the uncovered eye. Microscopy is define as the science of examining small objects and structures using a microscope, where the word microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

Thus, covering the specimen with a securely held cover slip where with drop slides the cover slip is not used but with conventional microscope slides which will make viewing more difficult.

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Explanation:

It is known that the boiling point of pure water is [tex]100^{o}C[/tex]. But when an impurity or a solute has been added into the water then there occurs an elevation in the boiling point of water.

As a result, addition of a solute into the water will lead to an increase in the boiling point of water.

For example, if common salt (NaCl) is added into water then it will completely dissolve in water leading to the formation of a cleat solution. But when we boil this solution then its boiling point will be greater than [tex]100^{o}C[/tex].

This will prove that it is a salt solution and not a colorless liquid.

Thus, we can conclude that by boiling the given colorless liquid we can determine whether it is a pure water or a salt solution.

To determine if a colorless liquid is pure water or a salt solution, you can perform a conductivity test.

A way to determine whether a colorless liquid is pure water or a salt solution is by performing a conductivity test. Pure water has very low conductivity, while a salt solution will have higher conductivity due to the presence of ions. To conduct the test, you can use a conductivity meter or a simple circuit with a bulb and two electrodes.

Start by connecting the circuit and immersing the electrodes into the liquid. If the bulb lights up brightly, it indicates that the liquid is a salt solution. If the bulb remains dim or does not light up at all, it suggests that the liquid is pure water.

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Answer:

c)heat and pressure is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Rock change into a metamorphic rock by heat and pressure.

Metamorphic rocks are formed due to physical and chemical change by heat and pressure of existing rocks. The magma heat warms the enclosing rocks making them change.

The rocks buried underground in the Earth, when they are subjected to heat and pressure these rocks change into metamorphic rocks.The pressure crushes the rock to produce metamorphic rock.

Dark lines are observed in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen atom.

Further explanation:

Electronic transition:

An electronic transition is a process that occurs when an electron undergoes emission or absorption from one energy level to another energy level.

When an electron undergoes a transition from lower energy level to the higher energy level then it requires energy to complete the process. This transition is an absorption process.

When an electron undergoes a transition from higher energy level to lower energy level then it emits energy to complete the process. This transition is an emission process.

A hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. This single electron will be present in specific energy level. The atomic number of hydrogen atom is 1 so it has only one shell and every orbital in this shell have the same energy. The range of energy levels starts from n =1 and can reach up to infinity.

The formula to calculate the energy levels for hydrogen is as follows:

[tex]{E_n}=-\frac{{{R_H}}}{{{n^2}}}[/tex]                                                                                 ...... (1)

Here,

[tex]{E_n}[/tex]  is the energy of the nth orbital.

n is the principal quantum number.

[tex]{R_H}[/tex]  is the Rydberg constant.

The energy that is associated with the transitions is the energy difference between the two levels in which the transition takes place.

The formula to calculate the difference between two energy levels of the hydrogen atom is,

[tex]\Delta E={R_{\text{H}}}\left({\frac{1}{{{{\left({{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}}} \right)}^2}}}-\frac{1}{{{{\left({{{\text{n}}_{\text{f}}}}\right)}^2}}}}\right)[/tex]

Where,

[tex]\Delta E[/tex] is the energy difference between two energy levels.

[tex]{R_{\text{H}}}[/tex] is a Rydberg constant.

[tex]{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}}[/tex] is the initial energy level of transition.

[tex]{{\text{n}}_{\text{f}}}[/tex] is the final energy level of transition.

The gaseous hydrogen molecule dissociates when electric discharge through it. The lines that are produced due to the emission from [tex]{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}}[/tex] equal to 2 appear in the emission spectrum.

The emission spectrum of hydrogen shows 4 lines. One line is in the higher range that is [tex]656\;{\text{nm}}[/tex] and the other three lines in the range of  [tex]400 - 500\;{\text{nm}}[/tex] .

Since hydrogen is present in the first shell, it will always absorb some amount of energy to reach the higher levels. So absorption spectrum is observed in hydrogen atom. Absorbed photons show black lines. The absorbed photons show black lines in the spectrum. In such photons, energies of particular wavelengths are absorbed, but these are not visible and therefore absorption spectrum is just the opposite of emission spectrum.

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Atomic structure

Keywords: transition, hydrogen atom, Rydberg constant, absorption spectrum, electronic transition, initial energy level, final energy level, RH, ni, nf, energy difference between two levels.

The atomic weight of Magnesium (Mg) is about 24.305 g / mol.

Magnesium when forms an ion can donate two electrons hence forming Mg2+. Since it can donate two electrons, therefore it has an equivalence of 2 equivalence per mole, therefore:

equivalent weight = (24.305 g / mol) * (1 mol / 2 equivalence)

equivalent weight = 12.1525 g / equivalence

Final answer:

In a salt solution, sodium and chloride ions dissociate from each other and become electrolytes, capable of conducting an electrical current in solution.

Explanation:

In a salt solution, sodium and chloride ions dissociate from each other. When table salt (NaCl) is mixed in water, the positive and negative regions on the water molecule attract the negative chloride and positive sodium ions, pulling them away from each other. These ions are electrolytes, capable of conducting an electrical current in solution.

Atoms of dissimilar element can not have same atomic number because only similar  atoms combine to form element. Therefore, rubidium atom  requires the least amount of energy to remove its valence electron.

Element generally consist of atoms or we can atoms combine to form element. Atoms of an element is always same, means all the features of all atoms of one type of element is same. Two or more than two atoms with dissimilar physical or chemical properties can not combine together to form an element.

For neutral atoms, ionization energy is positive, indicating that ionization is indeed an endothermic process. The higher the ionization energy of an atom, roughly speaking, the nearer the outer electrons are to nucleus. Rubidium atom  requires the least amount of energy to remove its valence electron.

Therefore, rubidium atom  requires the least amount of energy to remove its valence electron.

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distributaries ithink

ANSWER: D) distributaries

EXPLANATION: When a deposition causes the main channel of a stream to divide into several smaller channel it is called a distributary. They are a common feature of river deltas and is also known as river bifurcation. A distributary generally occurs near a lake or ocean and can also occur near a confluence of large stream. This is popularly also known as arm or channel.

the answer is 5 atoms

The highest electronegativity difference is between (d) O-H.

The pair of atoms with the highest electronegativity difference is O - H, with a difference of 1.4. This indicates a polar covalent bond. Electronegativity measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons in a bond.

The question asks which pair of atoms has the highest electronegativity difference. Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly an atom can attract electrons in a bond. Here, we compare the electronegativity differences of several atom pairs:

H - S: The electronegativities are H (2.1) and S (2.5) with a difference of 0.4.

H - Cl: The electronegativities are H (2.1) and Cl (3.0) with a difference of 0.9.

N - H: The electronegativities are N (3.0) and H (2.1) with a difference of 0.9.

O - H: The electronegativities are O (3.5) and H (2.1) with a difference of 1.4.

C - H: The electronegativities are C (2.5) and H (2.1) with a difference of 0.4.

Thus, the pair with the highest electronegativity difference is O - H, with a difference of 1.4. This significant difference indicates a polar covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen.

When barium acetate, a strong electrolyte, is dissolved in water, it dissociates entirely into its ions. The reaction is: Ba(C2H3O2)2 (s) -> Ba2+ (aq) + 2 C2H3O2- (aq). The ions separate due to water molecules surrounding and solvating them, thus reducing strong electrostatic forces.

The compound barium acetate is a strong electrolyte, which means it dissociates into its ions when dissolved in water. The equation for this reaction is: Ba(C2H3O2)2 (s) -> Ba2+ (aq) + 2 C2H3O2- (aq). This process is known as dissociation.

In this case, barium acetate is a soluble salt and thus it dissociates completely in water. This dissociation process reduces the strong electrostatic forces between ions, with water molecules surrounding and solvating the ions.

For context, barium is a heavier alkaline earth metal that reacts vigorously with water. However, many alkaline earth metal salts, unlike barium acetate, are insoluble in water due to their high lattice energies.

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Final answer:

Solid barium acetate dissociates into barium ions and acetate ions in water as it is a strong electrolyte. The chemical equation for this process is: Ba(C2H3O2)2 (s) → Ba^2+ (aq) + 2 C2H3O2^- (aq).

Explanation:

The reaction when solid barium acetate is put into water involves the compound dissociating into its constituent ions because it is a strong electrolyte. The chemical equation representing this process is:

Ba(C2H3O2)2 (s) → Ba^2+ (aq) + 2 C2H3O2^- (aq)

This indicates that barium acetate separates into barium ions (Ba^2+) and acetate ions (C2H3O2^-) when it dissolves in water.

25 grams of glucose  is contained in a 500 ml of 5% (m/v) solution.

A percent solution is an amount or volume of substance present in 100 ml of solution.It provides a relative expression of mass of solute to the mass of solvent.

They are an easy way to record concentration of solutions.The advantage of percent solutions  is that the molecular weight of compound is not identified in the percentage of a required solution.

There are three types of percent solutions:

1) percent mass by volume

2) percent volume by volume

3) percent mass by mass

The given problem is of percent mass by volume type. Herein,volume of solution =500 ml and percent of solution=5%

To find out mass of solute, percent of solution is multiplied by volume of solution and then divided by 100 to get the mass of solute.

mass=5×500/100=25 g

In percent volume by volume , two volumes are present one of solute and one of solution.In percent mass by mass, two masses are present one of which is solute and other is of solution.

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Final answer:

The chemical formula for copper(I) acetate is CuC₂H₃O₂, formed by combining copper with a +1 oxidation state and the acetate ion CH₃COO- in a 1:1 ratio.

Explanation:

The chemical formula for copper(I) acetate is CuC₂H₃O₂. In this compound, copper(I) has a +1 oxidation state and is paired with the acetate ion, whose formula is CH₃COO- (also written as C₂H₃O₂-). Since the charge of the acetate ion is -1 and copper(I) has a +1 charge, they combine in a 1:1 ratio to form copper(I) acetate. It's important to note the difference between copper(I) and copper(II) compounds, as the latter has an oxidation state of +2 and would form different compounds, such as copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄).