During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is a. retained in the pyruvate. b. transferred directly to FADH2. c. transferred to ADP, forming ATP. d. stored in the ADP produced.
Answers
Answer:
a. retained in the pyruvate
Explanation:
Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate, releasing a modest amount of energy captured in two substrate-level phosphorylations and one oxidation reaction.
Following are the important enzymes in it :
HexokinasePhosphofructokinasePyruvate kinaseAerobic glycolysis yields 2ATP/glucose plus 2NADH/glucose but most of the energy is retained in pyruvate which is then converted into Acetyl-CoA and enters the kreb's cycle.
Most of the energy of glucose is : ( A ) retained in the pyruvate
Glycolysis is a process ( cytoplasmic pathway ) through which glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules and a little amount of energy generated during this process is released into the two-substrate level phosphorylations and an oxidation reaction.
Most of the energy is retained in the pyruvate during aerobic glycolysis and 2ATP / glucose is produced as well.
Hence we can conclude that most of the energy of glucose is retained in the pyruvate.
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Related Questions
Question 2
Camouflage and mimicry are examples of ____
a. competition.
b. perfection.
c. mutation.
d. adaptation.
Answers
Siamese cats are characterized by light and dark regions of fur. The darker parts occur on the cooler parts of the cat's body because the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the dark pigment is more active when cool. This example shows that enzymes are affected by .
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is : temperature.
Explanation:
Siamese cats are known and characterized on the basis of the regions that are light or dark on the part of the body of these cats as according the cooler part of the body.
It is influenced by the enzyme that is active due to low temperature that leads to the formation of the dark pigment in the cooler area and in the part of the body that are higher in temperature are lighter due to inactivity of the enzyme.
Thus, the correct answer is : temperature.
Answer:
Temperature
Explanation:
I did the study island and got it right : )
In addition to discrete, Mendelian traits, we have many traits that are influenced by genes on several different chromosomes. These are called ___________ traits:
Answers
Answer: Polygenic inheritance
Explanation: Polygenic inheritance is when a character is controlled by more than two genes. This inheritance includes skin color,eyes color,hair color,height non visual genes such as blood pressure,intelligence Autism and longevity.
The cytoplasm of a certain cell, such as a neuron, already has a high concentration of K ions. How can K ions continue to enter the cell and continue to increase in concentration
Answers
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:
A. endocytosis
B. active transport
C. facilitated diffusion
D. infusion
E. osmosis
Answer:
B. active transport
Explanation:
The neuron cell involves the influx and efflux of the sodium and potassium ions. These ions move through membrane proteins by facilitated diffusion and active transport.
The active transport allows the movement of ions against the concentration gradient that is even if the concentration of ions is higher.
In the given question, although the potassium ions are higher in the cytoplasm of the neuron, the potassium ions can enter the cell through active transport.
Thus, active transport is correct.
Despite a high concentration of potassium ions (K+) in a neuron, more K+ can continually enter the cell owing to a process called active transport, which uses energy to drive substances against their concentration gradient. Particularly, the Sodium-Potassium Pump helps maintain a high concentration of K+ ions inside the cells.
Explanation:This question pertains to cellular biology, which can be brought to light by the example of a neuron, a type of cell in our bodies. Even if the cytoplasm of a cell already contains a high concentration of potassium ions (K+), these ions can continue to enter the cell due to a process called active transport.
Active transport is a cellular mechanism that uses ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), an energy source, to move substances against their concentration gradient. Meaning, substances move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, which in most cases would require energy. In the case of a neuron, the Sodium-Potassium Pump, a crucial active transport mechanism, continuously moves K+ ions into the cell, ensuring that the cell maintains a high resting potential inside in relation to the outside of the cell.
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Almost half the birds in the yard were brown cardinals and the rest were bright red cardinals, so Jimmy perceived them as two distinct groups of birds. This best illustrates the principle of:__________.1. Connectedness2. Similarity3. Closure4. Relative clarity
Answers
Answer: Similarity
Explanation:
The similarity among the individuals can be defined as the principle in which the organism or object are separated based on criteria.
The criteria can be color, feature, similar process, et cetera. Here, the birds are separated based on the character of similarity on cardinal.
The similarity here is in the cardinal color of the bird. One of the cardinal color of birds is red and the other one is brown.
What is the difference between breathing and respiration
Answers
Answer:
Respiration is a chemical process while Breathing is a physical process.
Explanation:
Respiration can be said to be a continuous supply of oxygen molecules obtained from air or water. Oxygen here breakdown glucose in order to generate energy used by an organisms cell to function.
While Breathing is simply known to be an inhale and exhale process that takes place in the lungs.
Breathing refers to the physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide, while respiration is a cellular biochemical process that breaks down food substances to produce energy.
Explanation:Although breathing and respiration are often used interchangeably, they refer to two distinct biological processes. Breathing refers to the process of inhaling oxygen from the environment and exhaling carbon dioxide back, which is a physical process. It involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. This process is known as ventilation.
On the other hand, respiration is a chemical process that takes place in the cells. It involves a series of biochemical reactions that break down food substances to produce energy, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. This energy is used by cells to function and support growth and other bodily activities. It is crucial to note that respiration, unlike breathing, does not involve the exchange of gases; instead, it is about the chemical transformation within cells.
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Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n)
A) competitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
B) noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
C) allosteric activator of the enzyme.
D) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.
E) coenzyme derived from a vitamin.
Answers
Answer:
D) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.
Explanation:
Carboxypeptidase is an enzyme found in the digestive system whose function is to hydrolyze a peptide bond in the terminal carbon of a protein. Said enzyme contains a zinc atom in its active site and when losing a zinc atom it would lead to loss of the activity of the enzyme, making it of great importance for the activity of the enzyme.
When an E. coli cell is infected by multiple phages, what route of infection (lytic or lysogenic) will the phages take? Why?
Answers
Answer:
When an E.coli cell is infected by multiple phages,they will take either lytic or lysogenic pathway.
Explanation:
When lambda phage bacteriophage infects an E.coli,it can either undergo lytic cell growth and lyse the host cell or enter lysogenic pathway.
The operator region of lac operon in E.coli contain single repressor binding site whereas the lambda operators [tex]O_{L}[/tex] and [tex]O_{R}[/tex] each contains 3 repressor binding sites ([tex]O_{L_1} , O_{L_2},O_{L_3}[/tex] and [tex]O_{R_1},O_{R_2},O_{R_3}[/tex]) that are differently occupied under different conditions.
The differential affinity of lambda repressor for the three binding sites in these operators play an important role in the maintenance of lysogenic state of lambda prophage in E.coli.
The lytic development occurs in cells infected with lambda phage that carry [tex]C_1[/tex] gene.
In contrast,lysogeny will occur in bacteria that infected with lambda phage that harbor a deletion of Cro gene.
Ron works as a custodian's helper at a school, under the supervision of the custodian. Ron can read and write his name, and can read first-grade books. He moves slowly and sometimes with difficulty. Ron most likely suffers from?
Answers
Answer:
Moderate intellectual disability
Explanation:
Ron works as a custodian's helper at a school, under the supervision of the custodian. Ron can read and write his name and can read first-grade books. He moves slowly and sometimes with difficulty.
Ron most likely suffers from a moderate intellectual disability.
Such type of people can communicate in basic and simple ways. They may have physical signs of impairment.
Approximately 10% of people with intellectual disabilities fall into this category.
Cytokinesis in animal cells is accomplished by constriction of the cell along the plane of cell division (formation of a cleavage furrow). In plant cells, which have cell walls, a completely different mechanism of cytokinesis has evolved.
Which of the following statements are true of cytokinesis in plant cells? Select the two that apply.
After chromosome separation is complete, a network of microfilaments forms near the plane of cell division that will separate the two new cells.
The cell plate consists of the plasma membrane and cell wall that will eventually separate the two daughter cells.
The plasma membrane of the parent cell grows inward, eventually joining with the cell plate.
Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules, coalesce at the plane of cell division, and form a cell plate.
Answers
Answer:
option A and option D
Explanation:
cytokinesis in plant cells is aided by the formation of a cell plate. prior to cell plate formation which is situated at the middle, a complex network of microtubules, microfilaments, and endoplasmic reticulum elements assemble in two opposing groups perpendicular to the plane of the future cell plate during anaphase and telophase. this aids in the movement of vessicles coming from the golgi apparatus forming the cell plate.
10. In angiosperms, a _____ is contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the _____ consists of the rest of the plant. sporophyte; gametophyte gametophyte; sporophyte bryophyte; sporophyte sporophyte; bryophyte
Answers
Answer:
Gametophyte,sporophyte.
Explanation:
The gametes produce by gametophyte is contain in Anther and ovaries and sporophyte develops into zygote(plant).
Sporophyte through meiosis produces spores. Meiosis been a reductional process reduced the 2n to n(haploid chromosome).
The haploid spores formed germinate into haploid gametophyte.
Gametophyte at maturity produces gametes through mitosis. Two gametes from similar organism or organism of the same species then fuse together to produce zygote
In angiosperms, the ‘gametophyte’ is contained in the anthers or ovaries, where sexual reproduction occurs. The 'sporophyte' refers to the rest of the asexual plant that generates spores.
Explanation:In angiosperms, the term gametophyte refers to the sexual phase that is contained in the anthers, in the case of males, or ovaries, in the case of females. These gametophytes are where the production of gametes - sperm cell and egg cell - occurs. Conversely, the sporophyte consists of the rest of the plant like leaves, stems, and roots. This stage is asexual, and it generates spores that will grow into gametophytes.
So, the accurate pairing for your question would be 'gametophyte; sporophyte'.
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Since animals have nerve and muscle tissue and plants do not, which of the following events in earth’s history would be associated with adaptive radiation of many groups of animals, and not particularly that of plants?
A. increase in atmospheric O2
B. great increase in land mass area
C. changes in global ocean temperatures
D. meteorite impacts and volcanic eruptions
E. earthquake activity causing increased barrier formation
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is A) increase in atmospheric O2
Explanation:
The nerve cells and the muscle cells suggest that the the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere was an adaptive radiation which brought the existence of different animals. The conditions became favorable for different animals to survive on Earth only when the availability of oxygen improved in the atmosphere. As animal cells like the muscle cells require a constant supply of oxygen, we can hence say that increase in atmospheric oxygen was the adaptive radiation for supporting many group of animals.
Blood vessel walls contain elastin, a protein that allows the vessel to stretch under high pressure. Which type of blood vessel do you expect will have the highest concentration of elastin in its walls?
Answers
Answer: Artery
Explanation:
Artery is a type of blood vessel that carry blood (usually oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery) away from the heart to all parts of the body.
Since, blood from the heart is under high pressure due to the pumping action of the heart muscles, arteries possess elastin, that allows it to stretch under high pressure.
Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as __________.
Answers
Answer:
Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as lophophorates.
Explanation:
Answer:
lophophorates
Explanation:
Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as lophophorates
The event that gave rise to algae was the uptake of cyanobacteria that became chloroplasts. This process of engulfing microbes that then become parts of the eukaryotic cell is known as ______________ .
Answers
Answer:
Endosymbiosis
Explanation:
Endosymbiosis is a theory developed to explain the origin of eukaryotic cells from a prokaryotic origin. Organelles of the eukaryotic cells such as mitochondria and chloroplast were thought to have developed from this process.
According to this theory, a proto-eukaryote eats up or engulf a proto-mitochondrion or protochloroplast (in form of microbes) to become eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondrion and chloroplast respectively.
Endosymbiosis, a fundamental process in evolutionary biology, is the term for the uptake of cyanobacteria by eukaryotic cells, leading to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and eventually higher plants.
Explanation:The process by which algae arose due to the uptake of cyanobacteria, which then became chloroplasts, is known as endosymbiosis. This evolutionary event stems from a eukaryotic cell engulfing a photosynthetic cyanobacterium through phagocytosis. Over time, this became a mutualistic relationship where the cyanobacterium, rather than being digested, continued to live within the eukaryotic cell, providing it with energy through photosynthesis, and eventually becoming an integral part of the cell as the chloroplast. This process occurred not just once, but multiple times, allowing for diverse forms of algae, such as green algae, which gave rise to higher plants, as well as red algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids which acquired photosynthesis through secondary endosymbiosis involving the uptake of red or green algae.
Both the red and green algae are descendants from this primary endosymbiotic event, with their plastids containing two membranes: one from the cyanobacterial wall and another from the outer membrane of the host cell. In secondary endosymbiosis, an already symbiotic eukaryotic cell (one containing a chloroplast) is taken up by another eukaryotic cell, resulting in a complexity of membranes around the plastid and sometimes retaining remnants of the endosymbiotic algae's nucleus.
What is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?
Answers
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are inactive when the cell is not dividing, and they are turned on when the cell begins the cell cycle. What would happen if these proteins remain turned on indefinitely?
Answers
Answer:
If these proteins turned on indefinitely than the cell will divide uncontrollably and will become a cancerous cell.
Explanation:
The cell cycle is controlled by many proteins which helps in the regulation of cell cycle and cell cycle completion. So these proteins are inactive when cell is not dividing but become active when cell is dividing which means they are needed to be active to divide the cell.
Therefore if they remained turned on indefinitely than the cell will continue to divide indefinitely like cancerous cells and due to overproduction of cell it will cause tumors or cancer in the body.
Answer: Cells would divide uncontrollably and could become cancerous
Explanation: i took the test
"After glycolysis, the fate of pyruvate depends on whether or not the cell has access to oxygen. Discuss the potential fates of pyruvate in the presence and absence of oxygen."
Answers
Answer:
Fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen:
-conversion to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase (biotin).
-conversion to Acetyl-CoA by Pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen:
-conversion to lactate by lactic acid dehydrogenase.
Explanation:
Oxaloacetate can replenish the TCA cycle intermediates and be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
Acetyl-CoA, which is formed by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, is a major fuel used in the TCA cycle. Acetyl-CoA is also a building block for fatty acid synthesis.
Lactate, formed by the action of lactate dehydrogenase, is the final product of anaerobic glycolysis in eukaryotic cells. The formation of lactate is the major fate for pyruvate in the lens and cornea of the eye, kidney medulla, testes, leukocytes, and red blood cells, because these are all poorly vascularized and/or lack mitochondria.
Chronic fatigue syndrome results from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work and daily activities. a. True b. False
Answers
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Chronic fatigue syndrome refers to the condition of continuous or long term tiredness which is not corrected with the sleep.
There are many causes of such type of tiredness but the exact cause of the fatigue is not known as this symptom is common to many disorders. The main causes of chronic fatigue are the weak immune system, pathogens and the stress which is increasing with modernisation.
Since there are many causes of the fatigue syndrome therefore only repeated daily activities is not the only option and thus is false.
Thus, false is correct.
When comparing protein-coding DNA sequences of similar genes in related species, you see that some of the sequences are longer in one species compared to the other. Which of the following is the most likely number of extra bases that you would see
Answers
Answer:
Homolog genes with sequence identity often exhibit differences in length associated with size variations in the intronic sequences
Explanation:
In eukaryotic organisms, genes are composed by 1- coding sequences (i.e., exons) that are transcribed into precursor mRNAs, and 2-noncoding regions (or introns), which are not transcribed but contain sequences involved in the control of gene expression
A bacterial cell is suddenly expelled from a warm human intestine into the cold world outside. Which one of the following adjustments might the cell make to maintain the same level of membrane fluidity that the cell had in the intestine?a. increase the length of the hydrocarbon tails in its membrane phospholipids.
b. increase the proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in its membrane phospholipids.
c. increase the proportion of hydrocarbon tails with no double bonds in its membrane phospholipid.
d. decrease the amount of cholesterol in the membrane.
Answers
Explanation:
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with installed proteins, the plasma layer is specifically penetrable to particles and natural atoms and directs the development of substances all through cells. Plasma films must be truly adaptable so as to permit certain cells, for example, red platelets and white platelets, to change shape as they go through restricted vessels. The plasma membrane additionally assumes a job in securing the cytoskeleton to give shape to the phone, and in joining to the extracellular grid and different cells to help bunch cells together to frame tissues. The layer likewise keeps up the cell potentialHence the right answer is option b "increase the proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in its membrane phospholipids"In a sample of pond water, a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls, which join the cells together. Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Such an organism would most likely be classified as a
colonial photosynthetic eukaryote
Answers
Explanation:
Colonial protists are individual protists that form a colony and act as a larger, multicellular organism. This colony may consist of many individual protists of the same species, but what's really cool about them is that instead of acting as individuals they work together to function as one large group, benefiting from each other Most protists are unicellular, but some like kelp is multicellular organisms. Some, known as the plant-like protists photosynthesize, while others that do not photosynthesize are called animal-like protists. Others still are called fungi-like or slime molds because they somewhat resemble fungi, though again there is no evolutionary relationshipThe organism described in the question, containing 70 cells with mitochondria, chloroplasts, and rigid cell walls, would be classified as a colonial photosynthetic eukaryote.
Explanation:The organism described - composed of 70 cells, each with mitochondria and chloroplasts, and surrounded by a rigid cell wall - can be classified as a colonial photosynthetic eukaryote. The presence of rigid cell walls, mitochondria, and chloroplasts indicates that the organism is a eukaryote. Eukaryotic cells are complex and contain a nucleus and other organelles. Additionally, the fact that the cells have chloroplasts infers that the organism is capable of photosynthesis, fueling itself through sunlight. The structure itself, made up of several identical cells working together, implies that the organism is colonial in nature.
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Imagine that you are a cell and you want to join two low energy molecules together. They resist joining. What two special types of molecules would you need to supply to overcome this obstacle?
Answers
Answer:
an enzyme and ATP
Explanation:
An enzyme is the term that is used for the catalysts in the living system which work to lower the activation energy of a reaction and hence, accelerate the rate at which the chemical reactions can occur.ATP is an organic molecule - Adenosine triphosphate which is responsible for providing energy to drive different processes in the living organisms, and thus, is also known as the energy currency of the cell.In the given case, the molecules that are to be joined have low energy and a resistance to come together, in such a situation the ATP will provide the energy for the molecules to come together and the enzymes will help orient the molecules in a suitable manner and accelerate the rate of reaction to ultimately join them.Which gland produces T3 and T4?
Group of answer choices
Thyroid
Pituitary
Pineal
Adrenal
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Question 910 pts
The adrenal gland stimulates the release of the hormone that causes the fight or flight response
Group of answer choices
True
False
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Question 1010 pts
Which of the following symptoms is NOT correctly matched with the organ system
Group of answer choices
Anxiety - Nervous system
Nausea - Digestive system
Weight loss - digestive system
Joint pain - skeletal system
A negative feedback loop is one that accelerates the release of the hormone.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Answers
Answer:
1. The gland that produces T3 and T4 is the thyroid (first option).
2. True. The adrenal gland produces and allows the secretion of the hormone involved in the fight and flight response.
3.The symptom that is not correctly matched with the organ system is joint pain, which is related to the joint system, not the skeletal system.
4. False. Negative feedback loop inhibits the production and release of hormones.The symptom that is not correctly matched with the organ system is Joint pain - skeletal system
Explanation:
1. Thyroid gland is a small organ of no more than 30 grams found in the neck, in front of the trachea. This gland produces thyroglobulin, which when joined with iodine can synthesize triiodoythyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4).
The main function of the thyroid gland is the regulation of organic metabolism, while it can also mediate the body's response to other hormones.
2. Adrenal gland is located in the upper pole of each kidney and is responsible for the secretion of several substances that help with the body's activity.
In the gland's marrow, a substance called adenaline is produced, with properties such as hormone and neurotransmitter, one of the main substances produced to deal with stress and the adaptation response called fight and flight.
The adrenaline produced in the adrenal medulla can strengthen muscles, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and increase the body's resistance to the presence of stressors or threats to physical integrity.
3. Joint pain is related to inflammation of the joint soft tissues, which belong to the joint system. Unlike joint pain, bone pain occurs as a result of injury to the periosteum -the thin membrane that covers the bones- which is related to the skeletal system.
Painful inflammation of the joints is called arthritis, and is one of the main causes of disability to perform normal body movements.
4. Feedback is a control mechanism of the endocrine system. Negative feedback loop occurs in response to a stimulus, resulting in the inhibition of mechanisms that promote the synthesis and release of substances.
An example of negative feedback is the sufficient production of thyroid hormones, which sends a signal to the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits the production of TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone - at the level of the pituitary gland. If the pituitary does not release TSH, production of thyroid hormones ceases.
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Today, entire populations of frogs, toads, and salamanders are vanishing without a trace. Recent studies implicate a wide array of factors. What is the second greatest cause of decline for threatened species?
Answers
Answer: Pollution
Explanation:
There are many population that is about to extinct or has been entered into rare species because of the conditions around them.
The entire population of the organism such as salamanders, frogs are vanishing due to several factors. These factors are killing, invasive species and pollution, climatic conditions, et cetera.
The first factor is killing of organism due to various reasons and second important factor is pollution due to which their growth is decreasing and they are dying.
What is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is broadly divided into two phases. The one is the light-dependent or light reactions and other is the light-independent or dark reactions. Both these phases occur in the chloroplast of a plant cell.
Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid of the chloroplast. These reactions require light. The chlorophyll molecules absorb light and convert light energy into NADH and ATP. Light energy also breaks water molecules and releases oxygen.
Light-independent reactions do not require light and the reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. Using power (NADH and ATP) synthesized during light reactions, carbon dioxide is reduced into sugar molecules.
Which of the following places these items in the correct order for DNA-virus replication? 1. Maturation 2. DNA synthesis 3. Transcription 4. Translation
Answers
Answer:
2; 3; 4; and 1
The correct order for DNA-virus replication is DNA synthesis, transcription, translation, and maturation. This process begins with replication of the virus's DNA, then the creation of RNA from the DNA, followed by the production of proteins, and finally the assembly of new virus particles.
Explanation:The correct order for DNA-virus replication is 2. DNA synthesis, 3. Transcription, 4. Translation, and 1. Maturation. During DNA synthesis, the virus's DNA is replicated. Transcription is the next process where the viral DNA is transcribed into RNA, which happens in the host cell's nucleus. Next is translation, where the RNA is used as a template to produce virus proteins. Lastly, in the maturation step, new virus particles are assembled and often results in the host cell being lysed.
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Puberty is defined as _________. the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland the stage of identity versus role confusion the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak the time when a child becomes a teenager the time when an adolescent forms permanent relationships
Answers
Answer: the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
Explanation:
Puberty refers to the transition of a child into an adult. It is characterized by several physical changes induced mainly by hormones. These changes include:
- deep voice in males; high pitch voice in females
- growth of pubic hairs in males and females
- presence of thicker skin in males; delicate and lighter skin in females
- emergence of breast in females, broad chest in males etc
Puberty is defined as the period in which children go through hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity. It starts with the pituitary gland triggering the gonads with sex hormones and involves the development of sex characteristics and the ability to reproduce.
Puberty is a developmental period characterized by hormonal changes that result in physical alterations, signaling a child's progression into sexual maturity. This process begins when the pituitary gland stimulates the gonads—the testes in boys and the ovaries in girls—to produce sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. These hormones are responsible for the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and the reproductive capability.
During puberty, males and females experience the maturation of their primary sex organs, the development of secondary sex characteristics, and a significant growth spurt. The puberty onset is triggered by the hypothalamus releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones stimulate the development and hormone production of the gonads, leading to the other changes associated with puberty.
In electron micrographs of HSV infection, it can be seen that the intact virus initially reacts with cell surface proteoglycans, then with specific receptors. This is later followed by viral capsids docking with nuclear pores. Afterward, the capsids go from being full to being "empty." Which of the following best fits these observations? A) The viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid mediates entry into the nuclear membrane, and the genome is all that enters the nucleus. B) Only the genetic material of the virus is involved in the cell's infectivity, and is injected like the genome of a phage. C) The viral capsid mediates entry into the cell, and only the genomic DNA enters the nucleus, where it may or may not replicate. D) The viral envelope is not required for infectivity, since the envelope does not enter the nucleus.
Answers
Explanation:
The standards of nucleocytoplasmic transport, and afterward portray the various systems utilized by infections to convey their genomes into the host core. A portion of the developing instruments include: An atomic section during mitosis, when the atomic envelope is dismantledViral genome discharge in the cytoplasm followed by a passage of the genome through the atomic pore complex (NPC)Capsid docking at the cytoplasmic side of the NPC, trailed by genome dischargeAtomic section of unblemished capsids through the NPC trailed by genome dischargeAtomic passage by means of infection initiated disturbance of the atomic envelope. Which system a specific infection utilizes relies upon the size and structure of the infection just as the cell signs utilized by the infection to trigger capsid dismantling and genome discharge Hence, the right answer is option "A"
Final answer:
Option A correctly describes the HSV infection process: the viral envelope mediates cell entry, the capsid mediates nuclear entry, and only the genome enters the nucleus. The intimate interaction of the virus with the host cell's membrane and nuclear pores ensures viral nucleic acid's successful entry into the nucleus for replication.
Explanation:
Understanding HSV Infection and Viral Entry into Cells
Based on the observations described in electron micrographs of HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) infection, it is evident that the process involves several distinct steps. Initially, the intact virus binds to cell surface proteoglycans and then attaches to specific receptors on the host cell. Following this, the viral capsids dock with nuclear pores allowing entry into the nucleus. There is a notable change from 'full' to 'empty' capsids, suggesting the release of viral genetic material into the nucleus. From the given options, the best one fitting these observations is Option A: The viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid mediates entry into the nuclear membrane, and only the genome enters the nucleus. During the viral entry process, the envelope of some viruses can fuse directly with the cell membrane, delivering the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm, or the virus can be internalized through endocytosis. Regardless of the initial method of entry, the capsid generally undergoes degradation releasing the viral nucleic acid into the cell, where it can replicate and transcribe. The replication and synthesis of new viral components are heavily dependent on the type of viral genome and the specific strategy employed by the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery. Considering the multi-step process of virus-cell interaction, penetration, and uncoating, the journey from initial attachment to the virus's genetic material entering the nucleus is a complex and finely-tuned series of events that are crucial for successful viral infection and replication.
The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is "each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene".
Explanation:
In normal conditions, an individual has only two different alleles for a given gene: one inherited from his mother and the other from his father. However, this does not mean that among humans, there are only two different alleles for each gene. The major histocompatibility (MHC) genes are a clear example of this, since there are multiple combinations for each MHC class. For instance, there are 40 very similar alleles only for the HLA-B27 subtype.
Final answer:
An individual has a limited array of MHC molecules because they can inherit only two alleles at each MHC gene locus, one from each parent, despite the population having many alleles due to the high polymorphism of these genes.
Explanation:
The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because an individual can inherit a maximum of two alleles at each locus from their parents. The genes for MHC are highly polymorphic, with many possible alleles at each locus, but since only two alleles (one from each parent) can be present at each locus in an individual, the individual's MHC diversity is much less than that of the population.
The MHC genes are the most polymorphic genes in the human genome and are co-dominantly expressed, meaning the alleles inherited from each parent are both expressed. Nonetheless, despite the large number of potential combinations, a person's MHC genetic makeup is limited by the number of genes (loci) and the two alleles per locus they possess.
These MHC genes play a critical role in the immune system by presenting peptide fragments of pathogens to T-cells, and compatibility of these genes is crucial for successful organ transplantation. This is why finding a match for transplantation can be challenging and often a family genetic match is sought.