Answer:
The process by which activities are initiated, coordinated and progress to meet the physical or psychological needs of an individual is known as Motivation
Needs the request for essential materials or resources which are paramount for organisms survival and existence. examples of theses Materials are -water, air.
Drives:The possession of basic needs by an organism, causes physiological and physical arousal that prompts the organism to behave in a such a way to achieved these basic needs thus defusing the tension.
The maintenance of relatively constant internal environments of an organism is called Homeostasis. It is a natural compensatory mechanisms of multi-cellular organisms which maintains fluctuations in physiological mechanisms of the body.
Explanation:
Final answer:
The biological aspects of motivation deal with how internal processes such as needs and drives, based on the body's quest for homeostasis, can steer behavior. Drive theory explains that physiological imbalances create needs that become psychological drives, prompting actions aimed at restoring balance.
Explanation:
Biological Underpinnings of Motivation
The discussion of the biological underpinnings of motivation includes needs, drives, and homeostasis. The drive theory suggests that when an imbalance such as a drop in blood sugar occurs, it leads to a physiological need which in turn creates a psychological drive, like hunger, that motivates behavior aimed at reducing the need and restoring balance. Additionally, the concept of homeostasis plays a central role in motivation, as it refers to the body's automatic process to maintain a stable internal environment. Once a physiological need is satisfied, habits formed during this process can influence future behavior when faced with similar physiological needs.
Examples of Drive Theory
For instance, the need for food results from a drop in blood sugar levels, creating a hunger drive that motivates individuals to seek out and eat food. Similarly, the need for water arises from dehydration, prompting the drive to drink. After the consumption of food or water, homeostasis is achieved as blood sugar levels and hydration return to their optimal states.
Most cells are quite small. Limits on cell size are related to limits on the rate of movement of "good stuff in" and "bad stuff out" across cell membrances. Movement rates are greatly influecnced by the surface area-to-volume ratio
Answer:
Hi
The cell size ranges between 0.3 μm for the smallest and 100 μm for the largest. The lower limit of the sale given by the minimum volume necessary to house all the biochemical machinery that is essential to maintain the vital state. The upper limit is explained by understanding the extent to which the size of the affected cells increases the surface/volume ratio and the effectiveness of the exchange of substances with their environment, which is important for cell nutrition.
Explanation:
You are looking at chromosome 1 in a human being. Assuming there is no crossing over, what is the source of all the genes on this chromosome?
Final answer:
The source of genes on chromosome 1 in a human being, assuming no crossing over, is one of the individual's parents. Each parent contributes one set of 23 chromosomes, and the combination of genes from these chromosomes determines the individual's characteristics and traits.
Explanation:
If you are looking at chromosome 1 in a human being and assuming there is no crossing over, then the source of all the genes on this chromosome is either the individual's mother or father. Each parent contributes one set of 23 chromosomes at conception, when the sperm (from the father) and the oocyte (from the mother) combine. Chromosome 1 is one of those 23 chromosomes. The genes located on chromosome 1 determine a variety of characteristics and traits, with alleles for these genes possibly varying between the two parental chromosomes.
Each copy of the homologous pair of chromosomes originates from a different parent, leading to variation in individuals within a species. The specific combination of the genes inherited from both parents causes this variation. Beyond this, certain traits, such as blood type, are determined by which specific versions of a gene are inherited from each parent.
Furthermore, genes on the same chromosome are linked, and their alleles usually segregate together during meiosis, unless separated by crossing over. Therefore, in the absence of crossing over, all the genes on chromosome 1 come from the same parent and are likely to be inherited together.
What unusual ability do sea cucumbers and polychaete worms have at this depth to help them find food
Answer:
Bioluminescence
Explanation:
In the deep oceans, the sea cucumbers and polychaete worms use the bioluminescence for defense against predators and to find or attract prey by glowing so the predator can easily see it's glowing skin.
Final answer:
Sea cucumbers and polychaete worms utilize bioluminescence to navigate, communicate, and find food in the deep-sea's perpetual darkness, using a chemical reaction involving luciferin, luciferase, and ATP.
Explanation:
Sea cucumbers and polychaete worms found in the deep sea have an unusual ability to emit light through a process known as bioluminescence. This remarkable feature is utilized to find food in the perpetual darkness of their environment. For example, the anglerfish, which lives between 1000 and 4000 meters below sea level where no sunlight penetrates, has a rod-like structure with a glow-in-the-dark tip to lure prey. In similar fashion, Deep-sea organisms like sea cucumbers and polychaete worms may use bioluminescence to attract or detect prey, or for other reasons that are still being researched by scientists.
Bioluminescence involves a chemical reaction that includes a light-emitting molecule called luciferin, an enzyme called luciferase, and ATP which provides the energy for the reaction. The ability to create light is especially advantageous in the deep sea, allowing these organisms to navigate, communicate, or deter predators in an environment devoid of natural light sources.
When we study the effects of chronic stress on human health, most of our chronic stress is imaginary, meaning, it's made up by our imagination and conscious thought, created by the Frontal lobe. Discuss, why frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress like that?
Answer:
Reasoning and understanding is performed by the Pre-frontal cortex which is the part of the frontal lobe where is the other major part that deals with the implementing and planning approaches performed by the dIPFC.
Prefrontal cortex which is the part of the frontal lobe is not present in lizards and frogs, as they have limbic system which is phylogenitcaly very primitive.
Frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress due to their brain structure and physiological processes.
Explanation:Frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress like humans do because they do not possess the same complex brain structure as humans. The frontal lobe, responsible for creating stress through imagination and conscious thought, is not present in frogs and lizards. Additionally, the physiological and hormonal processes related to stress are different in these animals compared to humans.
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Rabbits, turtles, fish, humans, and whales all share certain characteristics but also differ from each other. All of these species have cells with nuclei. Other characteristics that all of these organisms share is the fact that they must consume plants and/or other organisms to get their energy.
A. What level(s) of classification do all of these organisms share?
The levels of organisation are
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum :Chordata
Explanation:
They all share these levels of organisation because;
for the Domain Eukarya, they have;
→multi-cellular cells containing nucleus; and other membrane bound organelle.e.g Mitochondrial.
→their DNA located in the nucleus packaged as linear chromosomes bounded by histone proteins.
→mode of reproduction which is sexual.
They share Kingdom Animalia because;
→they have multi-cellular, specialised cells, bounded by plasma membranes.
→they have specialized tissues, organs, and system.
→they all undergo heterotrophic mode of nutrition as evident in the question 'that they must consume plants and animals as source of energy'
→they exchanged communication by nervous ssytem and
→ use homeostatic mechanisms to regulate water balance of the body through the kidney.
→Humans,Rabbits,and whales are VIVIPAROUS; they give birth to young ones alive.
→Most fishes lay eggs to reproduce, they are said to be Ovoviviparous.
They belong to phylum Chordata because ;
→they all have noto chord; which serve as template for axial skeleton.
dorsal hollow nerve cord -template for the brain and spinal cord
→pharyngeal slits- templates for gill aches in bony fishes and components of inner ear in land animals.
→ tail length varies in these organisms.
Which of the following is NOT a property of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Which of the following is NOT a property of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? steroid hormone synthesis stores steroid hormones stores calcium forms transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatus In liver cells, it contains detoxifying enzymes.
Answer: D - forms transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatus
Explanation:
The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER) varies, depending on cell type.
1. SER is important in the synthesis of lipids, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, which form all the membranes of the organism. In some cells, such as those of the adrenal gland and certain other endocrine glands, it plays a key role in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol.
2. In the liver, enzymes in the SER catalyze reactions that render drugs, metabolic wastes, and harmful chemicals water-soluble, thereby contributing to their detoxification, or removal, from the body. The SER also plays a role in the conversion of glycogen to glucose, with glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme present in SER, catalyzing the final step in glucose production in the liver.
3. In skeletal muscle cells, SER occurs as a specialized membrane structure known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a critical storage site for calcium ions, taking up the ions from the cytoplasm. It also releases calcium ions when the muscle cell is triggered by nerve stimuli, resulting in muscle contraction. In this way, the sarcoplasmic reticulum helps regulate calcium ion concentrations in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is also found in smooth muscle cells, though in a more loosely organized form than in skeletal muscle.
Answer:
The SER does not form transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatus.
Explanation:
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum carried out varries functions such as the synthesis and storage of steroid hormones, the regulation of calcium by sequestering it. SER also contains detoxifying enzymes that detoxifies a wide range of drugs and poisons.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not form transport vessicles but it is the rough endoplasmic reticulum that does, because the RER is the site for protein synthesis and then it's transport to the golgi apparatus and other destinations.
The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity.
A) stomach and liver: superficial
B) heart and lungs: anterior
C) digestive viscera: inferior
D) kidneys and spleen: deep
Answer:
B Thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs and is anterior/in front of the vertebral cavity
Explanation:
The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs, and it is found anterior to the vertebral cavity.
The thoracic cavity, a crucial anatomical region, houses the heart and lungs, playing a pivotal role in circulatory and respiratory functions. Positioned anteriorly to the vertebral cavity, it lies in the upper part of the trunk and is bound by the rib cage. This anatomical arrangement protects and supports vital organs within the thoracic cavity. The heart, a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, is centrally located, while the lungs flank it on either side, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The anterior positioning of the thoracic cavity implies its presence towards the front of the body, emphasizing its strategic role in bodily functions. This anatomical knowledge is foundational for understanding physiological processes and aids in clinical contexts, guiding medical professionals in diagnosis and treatment.
Therefore, the correct answer is B) heart and lungs: anterior.
Glucagon excess may also be as important as insulin insufficiency of diabetes. Glucagon: Stimulates lipolysis. Stops the release of amylin. Increases somatostatin production. Decreases ghrelin levels.
Answer: Glucagon stimulates lipolysis and decrease ghrelin levels.
Explanation:
Glucagon is an hormone that is secreted in the pancrease which convert stored glycogen to glucose that is released in the blood. High blood glucose increase insulin levels. Too much of glucagon can cause diabetes. Glucagon stimulate lipolysis which provide fatty acids to tissues to be use as fuel. Glucagon decrease the ghrelin levels. Glucagon stimulates amylin secretion.
If you could measure the resting metabolic rate of the following animals, which would most likely have the lowest mass-specific (or relative) metabolic rate?
A. 100 Kg Horse
B. 100 Kg Shark
C. 10 g Mouse
D. 10 g Fish
The horse and mouse are endotherms among them rat will have high mass-specific metabolic rate.
The shark and fish are endotherms among them fish will have high mass-specific metabolic rate.
Explanation:
The endotherm (heat requires in them to maintain internal temperature of the body) organism have high metabolic rates to maintain homeostasis, this requires the large amount of energy. Smaller animals have the greater surface area to volume ratio, hence more heat loss and higher metabolism. In larger animals body volume increases, surface area increase is also very slow, hence less heat loss and lower Metabolic rate. Smaller animals exchange oxygen to tissues at a high rate.
Same goes with ectotherms the larger the animal the smaller is the metabolic rate. During winters their activity slows down as they cannot adjust with the temperature of the surrounding.
However metabolic rates of ectotherm and endotherm cannot be compared.
The organism that will have the lowest mass-specific metabolic rate is the 100 kg shark.
Metabolic rates simply refer to how sugar is broken down to keep the cells of an organism running. Different organisms have different metabolic rates.
It should be noted that bigger animals have lower metabolic rates As the body volume of an organism increases, the surface area increases slowly. From the organisms, the 100 kg shark will have the lowest metabolic rate.
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Study the cladogram below. Which statement is true regarding the organisms on the cladogram?
Group of answer choices
The salamander has lungs, but not claws or nails.
These organisms do not have a common ancestor.
The salmon is more closely related to the hamster than the lizard.
The chimpanzee is more closely related to the salamander than the lizard.
Answer:
The answer is A.
Explanation:
In the answer choices A. is the only one that matches the cladogram.
A point restricted rabbit was mated with a chinchilla rabbit. The two offspring were albino and chinchilla.
What were the genotypes of the parents?
Answer:
The result shows that the parents innately is able to bread an albino,
Let's assume they both have a Can the allele or albinism.
One is plain color that is CCa
and the other is light gray so it has to be CchCa.
Outlined below are the possibilities of the offspring of the cross
Plain coloured offspring: CCch, CCa
Light gray: CchCa
Albino: CaCa
This explains that the offspring are possible and we are likely to have the outcomes linking to the parental genotypes.
Explanation:
The genotypes of the parents can be determined by analyzing the phenotypes of the albino and chinchilla offspring. One parent must have the genotype cc, while the other parent must have the genotype cchech or chcch.
Explanation:The genotypes of the parents can be determined by analyzing the phenotypes of the offspring. In this case, the offspring were albino and chinchilla.
Since one of the offspring was albino, which is expressed as white fur, this means that one of the parents must have had the genotype cc, as the albino phenotype is only expressed in individuals with two recessive alleles.
Since the other offspring was chinchilla, which is expressed as black-tipped white fur, this means that the other parent must have had the genotype cchech or chcch, as the chinchilla phenotype is dominant over albino and Himalayan, and incompletely dominant over Himalayan. The chinchilla phenotype requires at least one dominant allele for its expression.
The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle yields ___mol of NADH, ____mol of FADH2, and ___mol of ATP (or GTP).
A. 3; 2; 0
B. 4; 2; 1
C. 4; 1; 1
D. 3; 1; 1
E. 2; 2; 2
Answer: Option C.
4 mol of NADH, 1 mol FADH2 and 1 mol of ATP.
Explanation:
Pryruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA by a process called private decatboxylation. This take place in the mitochondria. Pyruvate dehydrogenase convert 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of Co2.
Critic acid cycle or kreb cycle is the series of reaction that produce energy through the oxidation of acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate dehydrogenase conversion in living organisms. Citric acid cycle produce ATP and reduced form of 1 mol of FADH2 and 4 mol of NADH.
Protists are very diverse, and many different classification schemes have been used to define relationships between the protists. Traditionally, protists have been classified by their source of energy and nutrients, while newer classification schemes use mode of locomotion. How are amoeboids classified using both of these schemes?
A. photosynthetic, cilia
B. heterotrophic by absorption, nonmotile
C. heterotrophic by ingestion, nonmotile
D. heterotrophic by ingestion, pseudopods
Answer:
D. heterotrophic by ingestion, pseudopods
Explanation:
Protists are generally classified as all eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals or fungi. Example is amoeba, paramecium etc.They may be unicellular or multi cellular in nature.Most exist in colonies.
Their mode of nutrition can be photosynthetic or hetrotrophic. Hetrotrophic protists can be divided into phagotrophs and osmotrops/saprotrophs. The phagotrophs makes use of the cell body to engulf the food materials as in amoeba ,carry out extracellular digestion before swallowing it.
Osmotrops absorbed dissolved food from surrounding liquid environments directly. (Some photosynthetic protists can also be heterotrophic.
Amoeboid movement is the mode of locomotion of protists and some other eukaryotes. It involved the protrusion of cytoplasm, which exert pressure on the cell membrane to form pseudopodia and the posterioly evolved Uropods.
Sol-gel theory has been proposed to expalin this movements, The ectopalsm of amoeba is gelly-like , while the endiplams is less viscpus and said to be sol. The interchange of the cytoplasmic fluis between the endo-and ecto plasm gives the SOL-GEL propulsion of the protopalms for the amoebic moveemnts .
The false feet(psuedopodium) drags the amoeba along in the direction of the flow of the cytoplasm.
Therefore option D is the right option
Identify true statements regarding DNA. Check all that apply.
(1) It constitutes our genes.
(2) It is copied into RNA that is then passed on to future generations.
(3) It assembles amino acids in the right order to produce each protein.
(4) It gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins.
Answer:
(1) It constitutes our genes.
(4) It gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins.
Explanation:
DNA stores the genetic information in its nucleotide sequence. It carries the information to code for all the proteins present in the organisms. The nucleotide sequence of DNA serves as a template for synthesis of RNA which in turn is translated into the proteins. In this way, DNA molecules instruct for the synthesis of proteins with specific amino acid sequences. A gene is a DNA segment that codes for a particular polypeptide. Therefore, all the genes are made up of DNA.
DNA constitutes our genes and provides the instructions for synthesizing all body proteins. However, it does not assemble amino acids directly to form proteins, nor is it directly copied into RNA and passed onto future generations.
Explanation:Among the four statements provided about DNA, the following three are true:
It constitutes our genes. DNA is the hereditary material in humans and most other organisms. Most DNA is located in the nucleus, and a small amount can be found in the mitochondria.It is not directly copied into RNA that is then passed onto future generations. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which further undergoes translation to form proteins. This RNA is not passed on to future generations, only DNA is.It does not directly assemble amino acids to produce each protein. However, it carries the genetic instructions for the sequence of amino acids required to build a specific protein. The actual assembling of amino acids is done by the ribosomes, using the instructions translated from DNA to RNA.It gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins. The information stored within DNA sequences is like instructions, and these 'instructions' determine the type of protein to be synthesized.Learn more about DNA here:https://brainly.com/question/32215555
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A basic truth of inheritance that had been known well before Darwin's time was that Select one: a. Offspring inherit genes from their parents. b. selective breeding improves domesticated plants and animals c. Offspring frequently resemble their parents AND they inherit genes from their parents d, Offspring frequently resemble their parents.
Answer: d. Offspring frequently resemble their parents.
Explanation: Before Darwin's postulation on evolution, Lamarck talked about the inheritance of characteristics from parents to Offsprings. That is, Phenotypically, and genetically Offspring resembles the parents.
Final answer:
A fundamental truth of inheritance before Darwin's time is that offspring often resemble their parents, encompassing the concept that traits are passed down through generations. Darwin's Theory of Evolution iterates that along with resemblance, inheritable genetic variation is critical to natural selection, influencing survival, reproduction, and potential species evolution over time.
Explanation:
A basic truth of inheritance known well before Darwin's time was that offspring frequently resemble their parents. This acknowledges the fact that most characteristics of an organism are inherited, though the specific mechanics of inheritance were not understood until later. During Darwin's era, breeders already used artificial selection to improve domesticated plants and animals, exploiting the fact that offspring could inherit certain beneficial traits. Darwin extended this concept to natural populations, proposing that natural selection acts upon variations so that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these favorable variations to their offspring.
Through observing artificial selection, Darwin knew that offspring can exhibit chance variations which could be inherited. Moreover, the fitness of an organism, determined by its ability to survive and produce fertile offspring, is a primary factor in natural selection. Both artificial and natural selection can lead to changes in species over time, with natural selection potentially resulting in new species emerging from accumulated changes.
The cornerstone of the Theory of Evolution is the observation that offspring not only resemble their parents but that they inherit genes - the units of inheritance - from them. This principle is supported by centuries of observable evidence from selective breeding and the study of natural populations. Consequently, Darwin's Theory of Evolution is fundamentally grounded in the inheritability of traits and the natural variation within a population, which natural selection acts upon to drive evolutionary change.
1. How many different combinations do you think are possible for a cell like ours with 3 pairs of chromosomes using only random alignment?
Answer:
Eight
Explanation:
The arrangement of chromosomes shall be governed by the principle of independent assortment which allows each chromosome to assort independently. If we follow the general rule of pairing, the number of chromosome pair formed depends of the number of different types of chromosome denoted by “n”. Total number of chromosome pair would be 2 raised to the power n. Therefore, if n is equal to three, then total eight pairs would be formed.
For instance if (P, p), (Q,q), (R,r) are three set of chromosomes, then the eight pairs would be as follows –
• P Q R
• P Q r
• P q r
• P q R
• p Q R
• p Q r
• p q R
• p q r
Assume that a cross is made between two organisms that are both heterozygous for a gene that shows incomplete dominance. What genotypic ratio is expected in the offspring?
Answer:
Genotypic ratio: 1 homozygous for parental trait : 2 heterozygous : 1 homozygous for other parental trait
Explanation:
Incomplete dominance is a non-mendelian type of inheritance in which one allele of a gene portrays Incomplete dominance over the other allele, hence, they combine to form a third phenotype that is a blending of both parental phenotypes. A very good example of incomplete dominance gene is that of flower colour in snapdragon plants.
One allele of the flower colour gene codes for RED while the other codes for WHITE. However, an heterozygous intermediate phenotype (PINK) is formed as F1 offspring when both parents are crossed.
If the F1 heterozygous offsprings are self-crossed i.e. two heterozygous offsprings, four possible offsprings will be produced with the genotypic ratio 1:2:1, which means that 1/4 of the offsprings will be homozygous for one of the parental traits, 2/4 will be heterozygous for both alleles, 1/4 will be homozygous for the other parental trait.
The branch of biology which deals with the study of genes and inheritance is called genetics. In genetics, there are two types of alleles present in an organism. These alleles are as follows:-
Dominant Recessive
Gregor John Mendel is the father of genetics and describes the functioning of the gene in an organism.
Let's assume the gene of the parents, The genes are as follows:-
Mother - TtFather - TtThese different type of genes is known as Heterozygous genes. If we cross both the parents together, the gamete formed is "T" and "t".
After crossing the genes, the genotype of the offspring will be "TT", "Tt", "tt".
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Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?
a. thoracolumbar origin, long preganglionic fiber, NE release at ganglion, short postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector
b. craniosacral origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, ACh release at effector
c. thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector
d.craniosacral origin, long preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, short postganglionic fiber, ACh release at effector
Answer:
Answer is C.
Explanation:
The sympathetic pathway is the pathway of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system , that comprises of neurons regulating the body's involuntary actions. It is also regarded as the pathway by which organisms respond to stress, because it prepares the body for stress.
The sympathetic nervous system help the body to respond to stress by increasing the rate of the heart beat, activating the release of adrenaline among others.
The other part of the autonomic nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system, which brings the body to the state of calmness and relaxed feeling after a stressful event. This is done by slowing down the heart rate and increasing the rate of digestion.
1. Which of the following processes will most likely occur when you transfer a bacterial culture from 37 °C to 10 °C?
a) the bacteria will start synthesizing cholesterol
b) the bacteria will remove cholesterol from their membranes
c) the bacteria will reduce the number of unsaturated bonds in the fatty acid tails of their phospholipids
d) the bacteria will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with very long fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes
e) the bacteria will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes
2. Following up on question 1, which of the following best describes what would happen to a culture of yeast cells that was shifted from 37 °C to 10 °C?
a) The cells will die because their plasma membrane will be leaky
b) The cells will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with long, saturated fatty acid chains
c) The cells will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with short saturated fatty acid tails
d) The cells will insert more cholesterol into their ER membrane
e) The cells will insert more ergosterol into their plasma membrane
f) The cells will remove phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails from their plasma membrane
Answers with Explanations:
1. Which of the following processes will most likely occur when you transfer a bacterial culture from 37 °C to 10 °C?
The answer is letter e, the bacteria will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes.
Explanation: Bacteria are capable of surviving different types of environments with varying temperatures. When it is exposed to a low temperature, as in the situation above (from 37 °C to 10 °C), it regulates its transition phase. Th cytoplasmic membrane of organisms plays a vital role when it comes to physiological environments.
When it comes to bacteria, their membrane is primarily composed of "phospholipids." It is said that the phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids have a transition that is lower to that of phospholipids with saturated fatty acids when it comes to temperature. Thus, the bacteria will have to increase the synthesis of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails and insert these into their membranes. This will help increase the membrane's fluidity, thus allowing it to survive in low temperatures.
2. . Following up on question 1, which of the following best describes what would happen to a culture of yeast cells that was shifted from 37 °C to 10 °C?
The answer is letter b, The cells will increase the synthesis of phospholipids with long, saturated fatty acids chains.
Explanation: The growth of yeast is affected by several factors, naming temperature as one. They are sensitive to temperature, such that they can be killed in water if it reaches a peak of 60°C.
At 10 °C, the yeast will continue its metabolic activity but with low growth rates. Its biological membrane now comes to play its part when it comes to regulation. The growth of temperature is directly related to the degree of the cell's lipid unsaturation. This means that when temperatures are lower, the saturation of lipids is low. So, the cells would most likely increase the synthesis of phospholipids with long, saturated fatty acid chains when the temperature is low.
Why might different cells of the same organism have cell cycles of different durations?
Answer:
Cell cycles:
The amount of time or the duration of time required to complete the development and maturation of the body cells. As the parent cells are present less in number and then through the process of cell division the cells divides and forms more like itself.
Explanation:
Duration of the cell cycle:
From the initial point to the last by means of the maturation of a single, there is a sequence or chain of phases through which the cell passes and they develop into a more complex form. But, some phases requires more time then the rest of the phases.
But, there is a difference in the duration of various phases during the development of cells of the same body, as they require time to complete certain tasks, as most of the time the focus is on the cell's proliferation rather then regulating the cell cycle. As different cell phases needs different duration's or timing to complete there growth.For example, during the different phases of the cell growth, there are various proteins involved and for that reason during each phase of the cell growth we analyze the dislocation of certain enzymes and protein. And obviously some of them needs to be produced first and then used by the cells so, it do takes some time to complete the whole process in general.Final answer:
Different cells of the same organism have cell cycles of different durations due to factors such as cell type, function, developmental stage, and various regulatory mechanisms. Division frequency can vary from hours in embryonic cells to never in mature neurons or heart cells, and is influenced by internal checkpoints and external signals.
Explanation:
Cells within the same organism have cell cycles of varying durations due to numerous factors including the cell type, function, stage of development, and internal and external regulatory mechanisms. For example, in humans, embryonic cells may divide every few hours, while epithelial cells usually require two to five days, and specialized cells like cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells may never divide again once they reach maturity. Furthermore, conditions such as the presence of growth-promoting hormones or cell crowding can also influence the length of the cell cycle.
The control of the cell cycle is an intricate process that involves both internal checkpoints and external signals, which coordinate the correct timing of cell growth and division. For instance, cells may receive signals to divide in response to the death of nearby cells or the release of hormones, and conversely, dense crowding of cells can inhibit cell division. Hence, the cell cycle length is tailored to the specific needs and context in which the cell operates, reflecting the complexity and adaptability of biological systems.
Which statement taken from a student’s logbook would beconsidered an experimental result?a.The speed of a snail isb.The average speed of the controlc.A mercury thermometerd.If temperatureaffected by temperature.group of snails is 2.4 cm/min.was used to measure temperature.increases, then the speed of the snail decreases
Answer:
A. The speed of a snail is
Explanation:
An experimental result, in this context, is the raw result (data) from the experiment. It has not undergone any modification, neither is it due to any other calculations. It is simply observed from the experiment. The speed a snail would be an experimental result.
The average speed is a calculation derived from several observations.
A mercury thermometer is an instrument used for measurement and not an experimental result .
An individual who shows similar symptoms or trends of metabolic syndrome but are in an acceptable body fat range could be also be called (select all that apply):
Answer:
Unmotivated, Skinny fat, mentally obese physically normal
Explanation:
Based on your understanding of nucleic acids, what type of bonds form between the CRISPR/guide RNA molecule and the target DNA? What type of bonds would an enzyme such as Cas9 affect?
Answer: Hydrogen bonds
Explanation: The CAS9 enzyme affect the bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate backbone of the PAM sequence in the target DNA
The type of bonds form between the CRISPR guide RNA molecule and the target DNA Hydrogen bonds. The CAS9 enzyme affect the bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate backbone of the PAM sequence in the target DNA.
What is nucleotides bases?The base pairing between nucleic acid strands (either DNA or RNA) is through hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases. In DNA, Adenine always forms two hydrogen bonds with Thymine, while Guanine always forms three hydrogen bonds only with Cytosine. Moreover, adjacent nucleotides in the same strand are covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds.
The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems make use of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that interact with DNA through hydrogen bonds. These sgRNAs have perfect complementarity to the target DNAs in order to bind them. On the other hand, Cas9 is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphodiester bonds in both DNA strands very precisely and accurately by using a sgRNA complementary to a specific DNA sequence.
Therefore, The CAS9 enzyme affect the bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate backbone of the PAM sequence in the target DNA.
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Autoimmunities are relatively uncommon. What usually happens to autoimmune antibody-producing clones during development
Answer
There is not enough antibody-producing clones during development therefore the immune system suffers.
In anabolic reactions that involve the synthesis of a large molecule from smaller precursor molecules, NADH and ATP are __________ when they provide the needed electrons or energy. a. Consumedb. Formed c. Degenerated d. Oxidized
Answer:
a. Consumed
Explanation:
Anabolic reactions mostly require the input of energy to form the complex molecules by binding the simpler ones together. Hydrolysis of ATP release the energy which is used during the anabolic reactions. Similarly, anabolic reactions mostly require an electron donor and NADH serves as the same. For example, glucose synthesis from CO2 is an anabolic pathway. It consumes the energy of ATP and uses NADPH as an electron donor. NADH is used during the synthesis of membrane lipids such as Plasmalogens.
Aniridia is a type of blindness due to a single dominant gene. Migraine headache is the result of a different dominant gene. A man with aniridia, but normal headaches whose mother was not blind, marries a woman who suffers from migraines and has normal vision but whose father did not have migraine headaches. What is the expected proportion of their children that would have both aniridia and migraines together
Answer:
[tex]\frac{1}{4}[/tex] = 25%
Explanation:
Aniridia is a type of blindness due to a single dominant gene---- Let Aniridia allele be A
Migraine headache is the result of a different dominant gene----- Let Migraine allele be M
Let normal headache allele be h
Let normal vision allele be v
If A man with aniridia, but normal headaches i.e Ah marries a woman who suffers from migraines and has normal vision i.e Mv
What is the expected proportion of their children that would have both aniridia and migraines together?
The punnet square for this cross is shown below as:
A h
M AM hM
v Av hv
The offspring traits are as follows (AM, hM, Av, hv)
AM----- Aniridia and Migraine
hM------ normal headache and Migraine
Av------- Aniridia and normal vision
hv------- normal headache and normal vision
The expected proportion of their children that would have both aniridia and migraine together is [tex]\frac{1}{4}[/tex] = 25%
Final answer:
With aniridia and migraines being dominant genetic conditions, and each parent carrying one dominant gene for one condition, the expected proportion of their children having both conditions is 25%.
Explanation:
The question asks what the expected proportion of children inheriting aniridia and migraines, both dominant conditions, would be when a man with aniridia but without migraines marries a woman with migraines but without aniridia.
Because aniridia and migraines are each caused by dominant genes, we can denote the gene for aniridia as 'A' (with 'a' being the normal gene) and the gene for migraines as 'M' (with 'm' being the normal gene). The man has genotype Aa (since his mother didn't have aniridia, he must have one normal 'a' gene), and the woman has genotype Mm (since her father didn't have migraines, she must have one normal 'm' gene).
To determine the expected proportion of their children having both conditions, we can draw a Punnett square. The possible genotypes of the offspring would be AM, Am, aM, and am. Each of these genotypes has a 1 in 4 chance of occurring. Since both conditions are independent and due to different genes, the probability of a child having both aniridia and migraines is the product of the individual probabilities, 1/2 chance for aniridia (A from the father) and 1/2 chance for migraines (M from the mother), which gives us 1/4 overall probability.
Therefore, the expected proportion of their children having both aniridia and migraines would be 25%.
Bird feathers are modified scales.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
A. True.
Explanation:
True. b is wrong
The statement Bird feathers are modified scales is a. True.
Bird feathers and reptile scales share a common evolutionary origin. Feathers are considered to be highly modified scales that have evolved over millions of years.
This evolutionary relationship is supported by both developmental and genetic evidence.
Feathers and scales are made of the same protein, beta-keratin, which is a protein unique to reptiles and birds.
The fundamental structure of feathers and scales is quite similar, with both composed of layers of beta-keratinized cells.
This similarity in composition and structure strongly suggests a common ancestry.
During embryonic development, both feathers and scales start as simple epithelial cells.
As development progresses, these cells differentiate and form either feathers in birds or scales in reptiles, depending on the genetic instructions within the organism.
The evolutionary transition from scales to feathers is thought to have provided advantages such as improved insulation, enhanced aerodynamics for flight, and eventually elaborate displays for courtship. Feathers underwent various modifications and specialized into diverse forms serving different functions, from flight feathers for flying to down feathers for insulation and display feathers for attracting mates.
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A "Cuckold bee" is a common term to describe several different kleptoparasitic lineages in Apoidea.
True or False?
Answer:
True
Explanation:
In biology or animal behavior, the term cuckold refers to the act of invading a strange net. The term might be applied to different species that parasite other species. A very well known example is the cuckoos bird.
The Cuckold bees or cuckoo bees are many parasitic species belonging to the Apoidea taxon that characterize for invading nests of other bees.
Females lay their eggs in the cells of the host nest. Depending on the species, the intruding female might kill the owner larvae of the cell, or the emerging parasitic larvae is the one that can destroy the host using their highly developed mandibles as weapons.
As they develope, foreign larvae feed on the foodstuffs that the female owners of the nests bring for their own offspring.
The term 'Cuckold bee' is true for describing kleptoparasitic bees in the Apoidea superfamily that lay their eggs in other bees' nests.
Explanation:The statement "A Cuckold bee is a common term to describe several different kleptoparasitic lineages in Apoidea" is True. The term 'Cuckold bee' is often used to describe the behavior of certain bees that lay their eggs in the nests of other bees, thereby having their offspring raised by the host bee.
This is indeed a form of kleptoparasitism, as the parasitic bee exploits the host both for its nest and the resources collected by the host bee, without providing any benefit in return. This behavior is exhibited by various lineages within Apoidea, which include bees, wasps, and ants.
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Which primates are included among the prosimians? Why is this taxonomic group problematic?
Answer:
The primates that are included among the prosimians are all the existing or extinct species of strepsirrhines. The taxonomic groups are problematic because they fail to mark specific distinctions between the species.
Explanation:
It is from 85 to 55 million years that the primates have been existing on the Earth. They emerged as small terrestrial animals and developed into some large ones through the continued evolution of species. Daubentoniidae, Tarsiidae, Lemuridae are some examples of primate families.Suppose a newborn baby was accidentally mixed up in the hospital. In an effort to determine the parents of the baby, the blood types of the baby and two sets of parents were determined. Baby 1 had type O Mrs. Brown had type B Mr. Brown had type AB Mrs. Smith had type B Mr. Smith had type B .
a. Draw Punnett squares for each couple (you may need to do more than I square/ couple)
b. to which parents does baby # I belong? Why? Hint you may want to refer to your Punnett squares.
Answer:a. Draw Punnett squares for each couple (you may need to do more than 1 square/ couple)
Baby 2 MUST belong to the Browns because Mr. Brown is the only parent with an A allele to
contribute… then the rest works out as follows:
b. To which parents does baby #1 belong? Why? Hint you may want to refer to your Punnett
squares.
Baby 1 must belong to the Smiths, because they are the only ones with the possibility of EACH
having a recessive allele to pass down to the baby, Mr. Brown has type AB blood and therefore
only has the dominant A and dominant B alleles – no recessive allele possible.
Explanation:
Baby I belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith.
Individuals Blood type Genotype Parents Name
Baby I O Smith Smith
Mrs. Brown B Bi
Mr. Brown AB AB
Mrs. Smith B Bi
Mr. Smith B Bi
The Punnett squares
[tex]\begin{matrix} & B & B \\ B & BB & \\ & & \end{matrix}[/tex] [tex]\begin{matrix} & B & B \\ B & BB & BB\\ i & Bi & Bi\end{matrix}[/tex]
[tex]\begin{matrix} & B & i \\ B & BB & Bi\\ i & Bi & ii\end{matrix}[/tex]
Since, baby I have O type of blood group, so the baby should have 'i' alleles from both parents. This can be true only when both the parents of the baby I have 'i' allele in their genotypeThus from the Punnett square diagram, we can say that baby I belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith.
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