can anyone help me in biology evolution ?

Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities

Wheezing

Chest tightness

Having to clear your throat first thing in the morning, due to excess mucus in your lungs

A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow or greenish

Blueness of the lips or fingernail beds (cyanosis)

Frequent respiratory infections

Lack of energy

Unintended weight loss (in later stages)

Swelling in ankles, feet or legs

The warning signs of COPD include shortness of breath, a chronic cough producing mucus, frequent respiratory infections, wheezing, and chest tightness. These symptoms develop slowly and often worsen over time, significantly affecting daily activities.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease that includes conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The warning signs of COPD include:

Many individuals mistake these symptoms for normal signs of aging or lack of physical activity, which can delay diagnosis and treatment. COPD develops slowly and symptoms tend to worsen over time, severely limiting the ability to perform routine activities. While there is no cure, treatments such as bronchodilators and lifestyle changes can help manage the disease. It is crucial to avoid smoking, exposure to pollutants, and to stay current with vaccinations to prevent complications.

Answer:

Ach/NE

Explanation:

Autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic nervous system and para sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system controls the emergency response of the body.

Acteylcholine is used as a neurotransmitter for the cholinergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system.  Norepinephrine is used as a neurotransmitter for adrenergic receptor for the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system.

Thus, the correct answer is option (C).

Answer:

c.Ach/NE

Explanation:

The sympathetic division uses Ach as a neurotransmitter for cholinergic receptors and NE for adrenergic receptors.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Splitting of an ATP molecule into ADP occurs through hydrolysis. It is an exergonic reaction that breaks the phosphate bond of ATP to release terminal phosphate. The energy released during breaking the bond is used to drive other endergonic processes.

However, ATP hydrolysis is independent of the presence of oxygen. This means that splitting of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate does not require the presence of oxygen.

I think the answers are b. greater cornua and d lesser cornua

Final answer:

The hornlike processes that serve as attachment sites are the b. Greater cornua and d. Lesser cornua, which are part of the hyoid bone in the neck, distinct from the mandibular structures such as the ramus, mental protuberance, and coronoid process.

Explanation:

The two hornlike processes that serve as attachment sites are the b. Greater cornua and d. Lesser cornua. The greater and lesser cornua are prominent features of the hyoid bone, a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. Unlike the other options, which include the ramus and coronoid process related to the mandible, and the mental protuberance related to the chin's projection, the greater and lesser cornua specifically refer to structures designed for muscle and ligament attachments that support the tongue and larynx.

Answer:

Synaptic cleft

Explanation:

Synapse is the region where the impulse is conducted between two neurons. This occurs because two neurons are in maximum possible proximity to each other at the synapse.

However, there is no physical contact between two neurons even at the synapse. And a small space is present between two neurons at synapse. This gap is called the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters are released in this cleft.

The small gap at the synapse is called the synaptic cleft. It is where a neurotransmitter diffuses from the presynaptic element to the postsynaptic element, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell.

The small gap at the synapse is called the synaptic cleft. It is the space between the presynaptic element (the transmitting neuron) and the postsynaptic element (the receiving neuron or target cell). In this narrow junction, a neurotransmitter diffuses from the presynaptic element to the postsynaptic element, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell.

The synaptic cleft is indeed a small gap or space that separates the presynaptic element (ending of the neuron sending the signal) from the postsynaptic element (receiving neuron or target cell). This gap is a crucial part of the synaptic junction.

In this gap, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This binding triggers a cascade of events that can lead to the generation of a new electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to be transmitted from one neuron to the next.

Understanding the function of the synaptic cleft is key to comprehending the process of synaptic transmission, which is fundamental to how nerve cells communicate with one another in the nervous system.

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Answer:

G= 22%

A=28%

T= 28%

Explanation:

Given that percentage of cytosine content (C) = 22%

Since C pairs with G, percentage of guanine content (G) would also be = 22%

Hence, G+C = 22+22 = 44%

This means that A+T = 100-44= 56%

Since adenine pairs with thymine so, percentage of A= percentage of T

Hence percentage of Adenine (A)= 56/2 = 28%

And percentage of Thymine (T) = 28%

Answer:

The correct option is D.

Explanation:

Primates refer to an order of animals that include: apes, monkeys, bush babies, etc. The group is very diverse and include up to 350 different species. The smallest primate is mouse lemur while the biggest is wild gorilla. Generally, primate have pairs of prehensile hands and feet, flexible shoulders and hips and well developed brains. They also have hands that are sensitive to touch. Primates have different foraging methods, which they use to acquire their foods.

Primates gain their food through a diverse range of food-foraging strategies, including using tools, cooperating with kin groups, and adapting their strategies based on available resources. Each species has developed its own unique ways of obtaining food based on its habitat and physical adaptations.

Primates obtain their food through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies. These strategies are dependent on their environment, species-specific behaviors, and physical adaptations. For example, some primates such as chimpanzees and orangutans use tools like sticks or stones to obtain insects, honey, or nuts. They may also combine their foraging efforts in cooperation with kin groups.

There are others like the gorillas that predominantly eat vegetation and have developed strategies to find the best leaves, stems, and fruits in their habitat. Hunting of smaller mammals can also occur, primarily in some larger primates, but this is not the main strategy for most. Therefore, the versatility in foraging strategies of primates is what makes their diet varied and balanced.

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Answer:

Left side of brain

Explanation:

Stroke is an injury caused to brain. As brain is the main part of the body, it controls everything; communicating, eating, walking etc. Stroke can cause damage to communications if the left part of the brain is damaged, as this side is associated with communication and language. That is why the person with stroke does not speak clearly in response.

Answer:

See below

Explanation:

Dominance:  One trait is dominant to another, this trait is expressed.  For example: DD - two (identical) dominant traits, dominant trait expressed.  Dd - One dominant trait, dominant trait is still expressed.  dd - recessive traits, this is the only case where a recessive trait can be expressed since there is no dominant trait to block it.  

This is what happens most of the time, with some exceptions (explained below)

However:

Co-dominance: Two dominant traits, both are expressed.  For example, this is seen in the roan coat color in animals such as cattle and horses.  Both the red and white coat colors of the parents are expressed (the coat visibly contains both red and white)

Incomplete dominance: The dominant trait doesn't completely override the recessive trait.  For example, this is seen in some types of flowers.  Imagine the parent plants of a plant produce red and white flowers respectively, but the plant that they produced has pink flowers.  Incomplete dominance results in a "blending", but neither trait is fully expressed

Hope this helps!

Source: this is very similar to how my biology teacher explained it.  

Answer:

1. Dominance (complete dominance) would be a case in which 1 allele is always dominant over the other(s).

Example: we could see this clearly when breeding to homozygous dominant organisms (offspring are always dominant).

2. Co-dominance would be a case in which a combination of alleles is always dominant over the other combination(s).

Example: we could see this when breeding to dalmatian dogs, where both black and white colours are dominant.

3. Incomplete dominance would be a case in which it is not a fully dominant allele but it is still more dominant than the other allele(s).

Example: we could see this when breeding a red (dominant) and white (recessive) rose. The outcome will be pink, because red isn't dominant enough to make the outcome red.

Hope it helped,

BiologiaMagister

Answer:

15 percent

Explanation:

Lymphatic vessels recover about  15 percent of the fluid filtered by capillaries. In addition, these vessels contain white blood cells that fight infections.

Lymphatic vessels recover approximately 15% of the fluid filtered by capillaries, which amounts to about 3.6 liters out of the 24 liters filtered daily.

Lymphatic vessels recover about 15% of the fluid filtered by capillaries. This process is a critical function of the lymphatic system, ensuring that plasma and other substances that have exited the cardiovascular system are returned to the circulation. Considering all the capillaries over the course of a day, approximately 24 liters of fluid are filtered from the capillaries into the interstitial space, of which 20.4 liters are reabsorbed by the blood capillaries.

The remaining fluid, which amounts to about 3.6 liters (15% of 24 liters), is then picked up by the lymphatic capillaries. The lymphatic capillaries have a unique structure with loosely fitted cells that allow them to absorb the excess interstitial fluid and transport it back into the venous blood circulation via the subclavian veins.

Answer:

The correct option is B.

Explanation:

Muscle tissues of the heart refers to a group of cells that are carrying out similar functions in the heart. There are three different types of muscles, these are skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. The cardiac muscles are found in the heart, they form the contractile wall of the heart. These muscle contract involuntarily ( that is, without any external stimulation) and they are single nucleus, striated and short.

Answer:

The correct answer is B. Single-nucleus, striated, branching cells.

Explanation:

This is because the heart has to communicate with itself, and to do that, it has to have branching cells. In addition, the heart has to continue pumping all of the time for many years, so the structure has to be thick and sturdy.

Hope this helps!

Answer:

The correct answer is C: natural selection

explanation:

According to the evolutionary mechanism, natural selection is a process by which the population of a species becomes adapted to its natural environmental conditions and reproduces in a most successful way.

If this process of natural selection continues generation after generation, then these traits will become more common and obvious in the upcoming population.

The population of species will adjust in a better way to the environment along with evolving and adapting themselves to favorable conditions.

Answer:

The bladder.

Explanation:

I believe this is correct. I hope it helps :)

Answer:

Axon

Explanation:

Soma or cell body is one of the parts of neurons, the cells of the nervous system. Several short and branched and one large extension arise from the soma.  

The single large extension of soma is called the axon. Axon is the part of the neuron that serves to carry the nerve impulse away from soma during conduction of the impulse.  

Answer:

Intramembranous ossification is a process in the human body by which the long bones, clavicles, flat bones, and the skull, are formed during the fetal development and also happens when there is a fracture of a bone.

In essence, this process determines the specification of mesenchymal stem cells into what will later on be known as osteoblasts and then osteocytes. Basically, what happens is that the mesenchymal cells, at a stimulus, begin to replicate and form what is known as a nidus. As these cells replicate, grow and specialize, they start to form the basic unit of bones, which are known as osteocytes. In order for this to happen, the mesenchymal cells will undergo several changes, and adaptations, to elongate, grow and then form the tissue. They will also become able to capture minerals, such as calcium, in order to finish their formation.

The transverse tubules (T-tubules) are incorrectly matched with the generation of ATP.

The correct answer for this question is b. transverse tubule - generate ATP.

The transverse tubules (T-tubules) are invaginations of the sarcolemma (muscle fiber plasma membrane) that play a role in transmitting electrical signals throughout the muscle fiber.

Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration, including in muscle cells, which is essential for muscle contractions.

Sarcomere is indeed the functional unit of the myofibril, composed of myofilaments that slide past each other during muscle contraction.

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The pair that is not correctly matched in the given list is 'transverse tubule - generate ATP'. Transverse tubules work to transfer electrical signals inside muscle fibers, not produce ATP.

The pairs listed in your question represent terms specific to the structure and function of muscle tissues in the field of Biology. Among them, the pair that is not correctly matched is b. transverse tubule - generates ATP. In reality, transverse tubules (T-tubules) are invaginations of the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber cells that allow electricity to pass deeper into them. They do not generate ATP. However, the mitochondria (pair c), are correctly identified as the sites of ATP production which is necessary for muscle contractions. So, the correct answer to your question is b. transverse tubule - generates ATP.

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Answer:

The eye-blink reflex.

Explanation:

Operates around 100 ms.

The semimembranosus is not part of the quadriceps group. The quadriceps group includes rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis. The semimembranosus is actually a hamstring muscle.(Option d)

The quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups play essential roles in the complex coordination of leg movement and stability. The quadriceps, composed of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis, are primarily responsible for knee extension and contribute significantly to activities such as walking, running, and jumping. Situated in the anterior thigh, the quadriceps provide crucial support and power during various lower limb movements.

In contrast, the semimembranosus, part of the hamstring trio along with the semitendinosus and biceps femoris, is positioned at the posterior aspect of the thigh. The hamstrings play a vital role in hip extension and knee flexion, complementing the actions of the quadriceps and contributing to the overall balance and stability of the leg. This interplay between the quadriceps and hamstrings is integral to the smooth execution of a wide range of physical activities, highlighting the intricacies of musculoskeletal function in the human body.

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Answer:

(C). calcitriol.

Explanation:

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a peptide hormone, synthesized and secreted by parathyroid glands. It helps in regulation of calcium level in blood by affecting intestine, bones, and kidneys.

PTH increases blood calcium by promoting synthesis of calcitriol hormone, which represents an active form of vitamin D.

Calcitriol increases calcium level in blood by increasing calcium absorption in intestine, increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys, decreasing calcium, and by activating osteoclats (bone cells) to release calcium.

Thus, the correct answer is option (c).

PTH integrates with the kidneys to promote the formation of calcitriol (the active form of Vitamin D). This process boosts the absorption of calcium from the food we eat, aiding in maintaining calcium homeostasis.

PTH (parathyroid hormone) primarily integrates with the kidneys to promote the formation of calcitriol, which is essentially the active form of Vitamin D. The process works in a way that PTH signals the kidneys to convert inactive vitamin D into calcitriol. Consequently, calcitriol works in the body to increase the absorption of calcium from the food we eat, which collaborates with PTH to maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood. So the correct option is C. calcitriol.

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Answer:

RpPp x RpPp

Explanation:

For the recessive trait to be expressed, both parents should have at least 1 allele for the recessive trait. Now you can see that both recessive traits were expressed in at least one of the off-springs, this means that both parents had the allele for each recessive trait.

The probable genotypes of the parent chickens are RrPp for the walnut-combed parent and rrPp for the pea-combed parent, resulting in the observed offspring ratios.

In chickens, comb shape is an example of a trait that follows Mendelian inheritance with interactions between multiple genes. To determine the probable genotypes of two parent chickens that produce offspring with a mix of comb shapes, we must consider both loci involved in the phenotype. Given the offspring consist of 3/8 walnut, 3/8 pea, 1/8 rose, and 1/8 single combs, the parent phenotypes are a walnut comb (R_ P_) and a pea comb (rr P_). The genotypes of the parents must be RrPp for the walnut and rrPp for the pea. A Punnett square analysis would result in a 3:3:1:1 ratio of walnut:pea:rose:single comb phenotypes, matching the offspring ratios provided in the question.

Glycolysis is the eukaryotic cell process taking place in the cytosol. The other processes indicated occur instead within the mitochondria.

The process that takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell among the choices given is glycolysis. In the cytosol, glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate during glycolysis. The other processes—electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, ATP production by ATP synthase, and acetyl CoA formation—occur in the mitochondria. Specifically, the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis occur in the mitochondrial inner membrane, while the citric acid cycle and acetyl CoA formation occur in the mitochondrial matrix.

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Among the options given, glycolysis is the only process that takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell. The other processes primarily occur in the mitochondria.

In a eukaryotic cell, the process that occurs in the cytosol is glycolysis. Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. During glycolysis, glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is broken down into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar.

This process produces ATP and is anaerobic, meaning it does not need oxygen. The other options listed—electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, ATP production by ATP synthase, and acetyl CoA formation—primarily occur in the mitochondria not the cytosol.

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Answer:

Orbicularis oris

Explanation:

Orbicularis oris muscle is present in the lips. These muscles may lie horizontally or vertically with other muscles.

Orbicularis oris is the circular muscle that encircles the mouth. This muscle is also known as kissing muscle. Orbicularis oris muscle originates from the maxillae and mandible and innervated by the facial nerve. This muscle inserts in the lips margin.

Thus, the correct answer is option (B).

Answer:

I believe it's A and B

Explanation:

Hope my answer has helped you!

Answer:

the types of bone that present in the human body is flatbone , short bone,long bone, sutural bone, irregular bone , and sesamoid bone .

Explanation:

Answer:

The normal ejection fraction of heart is 55% to 75%

Explanation:

Ejection fraction may be defined as the amount of blood pumped in the left and right ventricle  during the normal heart beat. The main pumping chamber of heart is left ventricle.

55% to 75% is the normal ejection fraction of the heart. The normal ejection fraction of heart refers the normal pumping ability of heart. The ejection fraction range below or above the normal may indicate the improper functioning of heart.

The normal ejection fraction (EF) of the heart ranges from 55-70 percent, representing the percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each contraction. EF is calculated as (SV / EDV) ×100. Assessing EF is important for diagnosing and monitoring heart function.

The ejection fraction (EF) is a measurement used to assess how well the heart is pumping blood. It refers to the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the heart's ventricles with each contraction.

Answer:

(a). prophase.

Explanation:

Mitosis is a type of cell division, by which one parent cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells. Prophase represents the first stage of mitosis, during which nuclear envelope starts to disintegrate and nucleolus break down.

During late prophase, chromosomes become condensed, nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears and mitotic spindles are formed.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Answer:

wefd

Explanation:

Answer:

E... 126

Explanation:

The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult