What does a graph representing Charles’s law show?

Final answer:

The period of time in London known for cold temperatures is referred to as the Little Ice Age, which spanned from 1550 AD to 1850 AD, and included the Maunder Minimum with exceptionally low temperatures in Europe.

Explanation:

The period of time in London known for its cold temperatures was the Little Ice Age, which occurred between 1550 AD and 1850 AD. The Maunder Minimum, part of the Little Ice Age, was a time of exceptionally low temperatures in Europe, specifically during the seventeenth century. Europe experienced harsh winters with the River Thames freezing and low summer temperatures led to poor harvests. The impact of the Sun's activity on Earth's climate during this period remains a topic of debate among scientists.

The notable climatic anomalies during the Maunder Minimum underscore the intricate interplay between solar activity and Earth's climate, prompting ongoing scientific discourse and investigation into the complex mechanisms influencing historical temperature variations.

When baking soda, (a base) and vinegar (a acid) are mixed together, there is a chemical reaction, taking place, making the two diferent substances, one substance, that is now neutral.

A nuclear reaction is at its most basic nothing more than a reaction process that occurs in an atomic nucleus. They typically take place when a nucleus of an atom gets smacked by either a subatomic particle (usually a "free neutron," a short-lived neutron not bound to an existing nucleus) or another nucleus

but alot of things happen to be honest to much to put down but the basic is a blast of energy that is super heated by friction that is followd by nuclear after fall and this can be very deadly even miles away

hope this helps

Final answer:

In a nuclear reaction, the nucleus of an atom undergoes a change, often transforming into a different element or isotope and releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This energy, derived from the nuclear binding energy, is much greater than energy changes in chemical reactions.

Explanation:

A nuclear reaction is a process where the nucleus of an atom changes. This change can result in the transformation of elements through a process known as transmutation or the conversion of atoms into various isotopes. Unlike chemical reactions, where electrons are transferred or shared between atoms, nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus and typically release far greater amounts of energy. This energy comes from the nuclear binding energy, which binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Two primary types of nuclear reactions are nuclear decay reactions and nuclear transmutation reactions. In decay reactions, an unstable nucleus emits radiation to form a more stable nucleus, while transmutation reactions occur when nuclei or subatomic particles collide and transform into a different element or isotope. These processes often produce energy orders of magnitude greater than that produced by chemical reactions, highlighting the immense power of nuclear changes.

Answer:

Some of the causes of eutrophication of seawater are: high concentrations of inorganic matter, sudden changes in temperature, changes in the pH of water and the ability of some organisms to adapt to adverse conditions.

Explanation:

Eutrophication is the process through which lakes, streams, or bays become overloaded with nutrient-rich water. When this occurs, large blooms of algae are produced and when the algae die, microorganisms in the water feed on the remains and consequently use up the available oxygen in the water. This leaves little oxygen for fish and other aquatic animals, resulting in the suffocation of aquatic life. Some of the responsables are:

Eutrophication in seawater is primarily caused by excessive nutrient inputs, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, from human activities.

These nutrients can come from various sources such as agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, industrial waste, and atmospheric deposition. Here's a breakdown of the main factors contributing to eutrophication in seawater:

Agricultural Runoff: Fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus are commonly used in agricultural practices. When it rains, these nutrients can be washed off the fields and enter nearby water bodies, including the ocean.

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Answer: exothermic

Explanation: It is a combustion reaction with methane.

The given chemical equation is representing the exothermic type of reaction. Therefore, option (C) is correct.

An exothermic process can be demonstrated as a thermodynamic reaction that emits energy from the system to its surroundings, generally in the form of heat, light, or sound.

While an endothermic process is defined as an opposite of an exothermic process where the heat gets energy in the form of heat. The chemical bond energy in chemical reactions is transformed into thermal energy.

In exothermic reactions, the change in the kinetic energy of molecules when the heat is liberated. The electronic transition from one energy level to another causes light to be released.

The combustion reaction is the exothermic reaction therefore, the combustion of methane liberates heat along with carbon dioxide and water. When methane reacts with oxygen gas, it produces energy along with the other products of the combustion reaction.

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Answer:

= 1.271 J/g°C

Explanation:

Heat released by the metal sample will be equivalent to the heat absorbed by  water.

But heat = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

Thus;

Heat released by the solid;

= 225 g × c ×(67 -53) , where c is the specific heat capacity of the metal

= 3150 c joules

Heat absorbed by water;

= 25.6 g × 4.18 J/g°C × (53-15.6)

= 4002.0992  joules

Therefore;

3150 c joules = 4002.0992 joules

c =4002.0992/3150

  = 1.271 J/g°C

Answer;

12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms.

Explanation:

Using a balanced chemical equation we can identify the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in sugar.

CxHyOn + 12O₂  → 11 H₂O + 12CO₂

When an equation is completely balanced, then the number of each atom of an element is equal on the reactant side and the product side.

Therefore;

For carbon; x = 12

For Hydrogen; y = (11×2) = 22

For Oxygen; n + (12×2) = 11 + (12×2)

                    = n + 24 = 11 + 24

                        n = 11

Therefore the sugar has, 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms.

Thus the balanced equation would be;

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + 12O₂  → 11 H₂O + 12CO₂

Answer:

Explanation: .

Answer:

1 is true

I haven't read the rest!

A Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is a convenient way to see the relationship between the luminosity and the brightness of stars. This statement is true.

The H-R diagram, also known as the HR diagram or HRD, is a scatter plot of stars that shows the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities and their stellar classifications or effective temperatures.

373.15Kelvin = 100°Celsius, 0 Kelvin = -273.15°Celsius 273 Kelvin = -0.15°Celsius.

In the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) Diagram, each star is corresponded by a dot.

All stars start in the upper left corner and travel through each region until they reach the bottom right corner.

The Sun is near the center of the main sequence, and stars spend the majority of their lives there.

The red-giant region is located in the upper right-hand corner of the H-R diagram, where these stars can be found (and Supergiant region). There are no red giants within 5 pc of the Sun, but many of the brightest stars in the sky are red giants.

A star’s spectral class is most dependent on its color and temperature.

A star's absolute magnitude, then when you compare it to calibration stars, you can find its distance. Its distance = 10(apparent magnitude - absolute magnitude + 5)/5.

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Answer:

1.12dm³

Explanation:

The reaction is a decompositon reaction. It is expressed below:

Mg(HCO₃)₂ + Heat → MgCO₃ + H₂O + CO₂

This is the balanced reaction equation.

We have 1 mole of Mg, 2 mole of H, 2 mole of C, 6 mole of O on both sides of the reaction.

To calculate the volume of CO₂ gas evolved at S.T.P:

We work from the known to the unknown.

The known is Mg(HCO₃)₂ and the unknown is CO₂

1. Find the number of moles of Mg(HCO₃)₂ from the given mass

2. Since we know that chemical reactions obey the law of conservation of mass. The balanced chemical reaction shows that, 1 mole of Mg(HCO₃)₂ would give 1 mole of CO₂

3. We use information from (2) to find the number of moles of CO₂. With the number of moles of CO₂ found, we use the formula below to find the volume evolved at S.T.P

Volume evolved =

number of moles of CO₂ x 22.4dm³mol⁻¹

Solution:

Given/known parameters:

Mass of Mg(HCO₃)₂ = 7.3g

Step 1:

Number of moles

of Mg(HCO₃)₂ = mass/molar mass

Molar mass of Mg(HCO₃)₂ :

Atomic mass of Mg = 24gmol⁻¹

H = 1gmol⁻¹

C = 12gmol⁻¹

O = 16gmol⁻¹

Molar Mass Mg(HCO₃)₂

= [24 + 2{1 + 12 + (16 x3)} ]

= 24 + 2(1 +12 + 48)

= 24 + 122

= 146gmol⁻¹

Number of moles of

Mg(HCO₃)₂ = 7.3g/126gmol⁻¹ = 0.05mol

Step 2:

We know from the balanced equation that:

1mole of Mg(HCO₃)₂ = 1 mole of CO₂

So: 0.05mol of Mg(HCO₃)₂ = ?

This would also produce 0.05mol of CO₂

Step 3:

Volume of CO₂ evolved =

number of moles of CO₂ x 22.4dm³mol⁻¹

= 0.05 x 22.4

= 1.12dm³

The volume of CO₂ gas evolved at S. T. P is 1.12dm³

The volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved at STP by heating 7.3 gram of Mg(HCO3)2 will be 1.12 L or 1120 ml

The reaction is a decomposition reaction;

From the reaction

1 mole of Mg(HCO₃)₂ produces 1 mole of CO₂ after decomposition.

Therefore, to determine the volume of CO₂ produced by 7.3 grams of Mg(HCO₃)₂

Number of moles = Mass/relative formula mass

RFM of Mg(HCO₃)₂  =146.33868 g/mol

Therefor;

Number of moles = 7.3 g/146.33868 g/mol

                             = 0.04988

                             = 0.05 moles

From the equation;

1 mole of Mg(HCO₃)₂ produces 1 mole of CO₂ after decomposition.

Therefore;

Moles of carbon dioxide produced is 0.05 moles

From molar gas volume;

1 mole of  CO₂  at STP occupies 22.4 L

Thus;

0.05 moles will occupy;

= 0.05 × 22.4 L

= 1.12 L or 1120 mL

Therefore; volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved at STP by heating 7.3 gram of Mg(Hco3)2 will be​ 1.12 L or 1120 ml

Keywords; Decomposition reactions, molar gas volume, relative formula mass, moles

Learn more about:

Level: High school

Subject: Chemistry

Topic: Moles

Sub-topic: Molar gas volume

0.688 would be the correct answer!

Answer:

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of the gas above it.The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to one atmosphere 760 degrees

Explanation:

The atmospheric pressure when a liquid is boiling at its normal boiling point equals 1 atmosphere (atm) or 101.3 kilopascals (kPa). This is the point where the vapor pressure of the liquid matches the external atmospheric pressure.

The atmospheric pressure when a liquid is boiling at its normal boiling point is known as 1 atmosphere (atm) or 101.3 kilopascals (kPa). The concept here revolves around the boiling point of a liquid, which is the temperature at which its equilibrium vapor pressure equals the external pressure exerted on the liquid by its gaseous surroundings. This is usually the Earth's atmospheric pressure in open containers.

Hence, when a liquid reaches its normal boiling point, the external atmospheric pressure equals 1 atm or 101.3 kPa. This means that at a liquid's normal boiling point, the vapor it produces has just enough energy to break free from the surface of the liquid without the help of further heating. For instance, the normal boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius, and this occurs at 1 atm of pressure.

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Answer: the answer is a fixed shape

Explanation:

Hope this helps

In the gas phase, a sample of molecules will have low density.

According to the question;

The gas phase of matter has some peculiar characteristics which include;

As a consequence of the properties above; Although the mass of the molecules is constant, their volume increases drastically consequently rendering the density lower.

a

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Answer:

1. 6.45 L

2. 1.76 x 10²³ molecules

Explanation:

1. Avagadros law states that volume of gas at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the amount / number of moles of that gas

we can use the following equation

v1/n1 = v2/n2

where v1 is volume and n1 is number of moles at first instance

and v2 is volume and n2 is number of moles at second instance

at the first instance - n1 = 0.218 mol

second instance - n2  = 0.218 mol + 0.075 mol  = 0.293 mol

substituting the values

4.8 L / 0.218 mol = v2 / 0.293 mol

v2 = 6.45 L

new volume is 6.45 L

2. 1 mol of any substance is made of 6.022 x 10²³ units. These units could be atoms making up elements or molecules making up a compound.

therefore if 1 mol consists of 6.022 x 10²³  molecules

then 0.293 mol consists of - 6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mol x 0.293 mol = 1.76 x 10²³ molecules

therefore there are 1.76 x 10²³ molecules now in the cylinder

Answer:

The volume of hydrochloric acid increases.

Explanation:

will increase the the concentration of the products side, so the reaction will be shifted to the left side (backward) to suppress the increase in the concentration of water vapors by addition.

So, The volume of hydrochloric acid increases, the rate of backward reaction increases, the rate of forward reaction decreases, and the volume of chlorine decreases.

So, the right choice is: The volume of hydrochloric acid increases.

Answer:

4.09

Explanation:

Answer:

4.09

Explanation:

Answer:

2. ∆ T =  10.8 ˚C

3. q =  45,187.2 J

4. q =  7506 J

5. q (rxn) = - 52,693.2 J

6. This calculation shows that burning 1.11  grams of methane [takes  in/gives off] gives off energy.

7.  The number of moles  of methane burned in the experiment = 0.069 mol.

8. Experimental molar heat of combustion = - 761,462.4 J/mol = - 761.5 kJ/mol

9. This may be attributed to experimental error occurring like thermometers misreading , heat loses to surrounding (as the efficiency of any calorimeter doesn't reach 100 % ), and poor lab technique.

10. % Error = 14.4 %

============================================

Explanation:

Firstly, from the given information  

for water:

Initial temperature = T₁ = 24.85 °C

Final temperature = T₂ = 35.65 °C

So, the the change in temperature can be calculated

ΔT = Final temperature - Initial temperature

For calorimeter:

The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 695 J/ °C

============================================

2. ΔT = T₂ - T₁  = 35.65 °C - 24.85 °C = 10.80 °C

============================================

3. The heat absorbed by the water can be calculated from

q(water) = m • c • ΔT

where,

m =mass of water = 1000 g

C = The specific heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g °C

So,

q(water) = m • c • ΔT = 1000 g * 4.184 J/g °C * 10.80 °C

q(water) = 45,187.2 J

============================================

4. To calculate the heat absorbed by the calorimeter,

one can use the formula

Where,

C = The heat capacity of Calorimeter = 695 J/ °C

So, Using the above formula

============================================

5. The total heat of combustion reaction can be calculated  using the formula

∵ Amount of heat released by the reaction = - [Amount of heat absorbed by Calorimeter + Amount of heat absorbed by Water]

 q (rxn) = -[q(cal) + q(water)

]

∴ q (rxn) = -[7,506 J + 45,187.2 J

]  = - 52,693.2 J

That means that this is an exothermic reaction.

============================================

6. By evaluating the above information one can complete the following sentence:

This calculation shows that burning 1.11  grams of methane [takes  in/gives off] gives off energy.

============================================

7. To calculate the number of moles  of methane burned in the experiment

No. of moles = (mass / molar mass) = (1.11 g / 16.04 g/mol) =  0.069 mol

============================================

8. The experimental molar heat of combustion can be calculated from the following:

∴ Experimental molar heat of combustion = (q (rxn) / no. ofmoles of methane)

  Experimental molar heat of combustion = (-52,693.2 J / 0.069 mol)

                                                                         = - 761,462.4 J/mol

                                                                         = - 761.5 kJ/mol.

============================================

9. The accepted value for the heat of combustion of methane is -890 KJ/mol.  Explain why the experimental data might differ from the theoretical value.

This may be attributed to experimental error occurring like thermometers misreading , heat loses to surrounding (as the efficiency of any calorimeter doesn't reach 100 %),and poor lab technique.

============================================

10. Calculate the percent error for the experiment.

Given the formula below:  

% Error = [Theoretical value - Experimental value) /Theoretical value] ×100

one can Calculate the percent error for the experiment

where

Theoretical value = - 890 KJ/mol.

Theoretical value = - 761.5 KJ/mol.

% Error = [Theoretical value - Experimental value) /Theoretical value] ×100

% Error = [(-890) - (-761.5) /(-890)] ×100

= 14.4 %

============================================

Answer: general representation of a secondary amine is [tex]R_2NH[/tex] .

Explanation: Ammonia is [tex]NH_3[/tex] . When one or more H atoms of ammonia molecule are replaced by alkyl groups then the newly formed compounds are known as amines.

If one of the H atom from ammonia molecule is replaced by an alkyl group then we call it primary amine. It's written as [tex]RNH_2[/tex] .

If two H atoms of ammonia molecule are replaced by same or different alkyl groups then we call it secondary amine. It's written as [tex]R_2NH[/tex]  and if all the three H atoms of ammonia molecule are replaced by same or different alkyl groups then we call it tertiary amine. It is written as [tex]R_3N[/tex] .

So, the general representation of a secondary amine is [tex]R_2NH[/tex] .

A general representation of a secondary amine is R₁-N(R₂)-R₃

Organic substituents R₁ R₂ , and R₃ are hydrogen atoms that are joined to the nitrogen atom (N).

Two organic substituents (R₁ and R₂), as well as one hydrogen atom (R₃), are attached to the central nitrogen (N).

A nitrogen atom is joined to two carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom to form the secondary amine family of chemical molecules. They are referred to as "secondary" amines because the nitrogen has two organic substituents (R₁ and R₂) bonded to them. While there is three organic substituents connected to the nitrogen in tertiary amines, there is only one organic substituent attached to the nitrogen in primary amines.

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The answer is:

We have that there were produced 0.120 moles of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]

[tex]n=0.120mol[/tex]

We are asked to calculate the number of moles of the given gas, also, we  are given the volume, the temperature and the pressure of the gas, we can calculate the approximate volume using The Ideal Gas Law.

The Ideal Gas Law is based on Boyle's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law, Charles's Law, and Avogadro's Law, and it's described by the following equation:

[tex]PV=nRT[/tex]

Where,

P is the pressure of the gas.

V is the volume of the gas.

n is the number of moles of the gas.

T is the absolute temperature of the gas (Kelvin).

R is the ideal gas constant (to work with pressure in mmHg), which is equal to:

[tex]R=62.363\frac{mmHg.L}{mol.K}[/tex]

We must remember that the The Ideal Gas Law equation works with absolute temperatures (K), so, if we are given relative temperatures such as Celsius degrees or Fahrenheit degrees, we need to convert it to Kelvin before we proceed to work with the equation.

We can convert from Celsius degrees to Kelvin using the following formula:

[tex]Temperature(K)=Temperature(C\°) + 273K[/tex]

So, we are given the following information:

[tex]Pressure=760mmHg\\Volume=2.965L\\Temperature=25.5C\°=25.5+273K=298.5K[/tex]

Now, isolating the number of moles, and substituting the given information, we have:

[tex]PV=nRT[/tex]

[tex]n=\frac{PV}{RT}[/tex]

[tex]n=\frac{PV}{RT}[/tex]

[tex]n=\frac{760mmHg*2.965L}{62.363\frac{mmHg.L}{mol.K}*298.5K}[/tex]

[tex]n=\frac{760mmHg*2.965L}{62.363\frac{mmHg.L}{mol.K}*298.5K}\\\\n=\frac{2242mmHg.L}{18615.355\frac{mmHg.L}{mol.}}\\\\n=0.120mole[/tex]

Hence, we have that there were produced 0.120 moles of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]

[tex]n=0.120mol[/tex]

Have a nice day!

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{ \text{8.40 g}}[/tex] 

Explanation:

The half-life of K-40 (1.3 billion years) is the time it takes for half of it to decay.  

After one half-life, half (50 %) of the original amount will remain.  

After a second half-life, half of that amount (25 %) will remain, and so on.  

We can construct a table as follows:  

 No. of                                 Fraction

half-lives          t/yr             Remaining  

      0               0                          1

      1                1.3  billion              ½

      2              2.6                          ¼

      3              3.9                          ⅛

We see that after 2 half-lives, ¼ of the original mass remains.

Conversely, if two half-lives have passed, the original mass must have been four times the mass we have now.

Original  mass = 4 × 2.10 g = [tex]\boxed{ \text{8.40 g}}[/tex]

Answer:

8.40 is correct

Explanation:

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Because is other stuff can form from sediments then why can't glaciers

Answer:

Explanation:

A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions molecules that enables the formation of chemical compound.

Answer:

Explanation:

Okay I just took this test and I will just tell you now

D is not the answer.

Sorry I couldn't be more help

Answer:

B

Explanation:

There is less air pressure outside the door than inside the door.

NO!

Crocodiles do not eat Plovers. They only prey on larger birds like the Maribou Stork, or birds that are not quick enough to realize that they are being stalked.

So yes, A.

It is a mutualistic relationship because both animals benefit; neither animal is harmed. Therefore, the correct option is option A.

Any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic creatures (Kingdom Animalia). It is assumed that they developed separately from unicellular eukaryotes. Animals vary fundamentally from participants in two major kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms, plants (Plantae) and fungus (Mycota), in form and physiology.

In Africa, as the crocodile lies with its mouth open, the plover, or crocodile bird, flies into its mouth and feeds on bits of meat stuck in the crocodile’s teeth. The crocodile does not harm the plover. The plover gets a meal and the crocodile gets his teeth cleaned.  It is a mutualistic relationship because both animals benefit; neither animal is harmed.

Therefore, the correct option is option A.

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Answer: A sulfur-30

Explanation: for Plato it’s right soo

After 10 seconds sulfur-30 would have decayed more because it has the least half-life.

The half life of an element is the time taken for the element to decay to half of its original mass.

Sulfur-30 would have decayed by 10/1.18 s times. This will approximately 8.5 times.

Thus, after 10 seconds sulfur-30 would have decayed more because it has the least half-life.

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im not quite understanding your question but, What you place in water depends on the mass of the object and its boincy. some rocks have so much air in them they can actually float but usally all rocks sink to the bottem. Thinks like plastics, styrofoams and paper can usally float on the surface of the water.

Answer:

The correct answer is thermophiles.

Explanation:

Thermus aquaticus are heat resistant bacteria because these bacteria can survive under adverse environmental conditions like high temperature.

These bacteria belong to one of the most heat-loving groups of extremophiles that are thermophiles. Thermophiles are present in volcanic soil, geysers and around deep-sea vents where the temperature is extremely high.

Thermus aquaticus bacteria is used to manufacture an enzyme called Taq DNA polymerase, which is heat resistant and also an important factor in molecular biology.

Answer:

thermophiles is correct on edge

Explanatio

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\text{0.118 mol/L}}[/tex]

Explanation:

[tex]\text{Molar concentration } = \dfrac{\text{moles}}{\text{litres}}\\\\\text{c} = \dfrac{n}{V}[/tex]

1. Convert grams to moles.  

[tex]\text{Moles AgNO}_{3} = \text{10.0 g AgNO}_{3} \times \dfrac{\text{1 mol AgNO}_{3} }{\text{169.87g AgNO}_{3} } = \text{0.058 87 mol AgNO}_{3}[/tex]

2. Convert moles to litres  

[tex]\text{V = 500. mL} \times \dfrac{\text{1 L}}{\text{1000 mL}} = \text{0.5000 L}[/tex]

3. Calculate the molar concentration

[tex]c = \dfrac{\text{0.058 87 mol}}{\text{0.5000 L}} = \text{0.118 mol/L}[/tex]

The molar concentration of AgNO₃ is [tex]\boxed{\textbf{0.118 mol/L}}[/tex].

The molarity of a solution in which 10.0g of AgNO₃ is dissolved in 500. mL of solution is 20M.

Molarity of any solution is define as the number of moles of solute present in per liter of solution.

M = n/V, where

n = moles of solute AgNO₃ = 10g

V = volume of solution = 500mL = 0.5L

On putting values on the above equation, we get

M = 10/0.5 = 20M

Hence required molarity of solution is 20 M.

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A hypothesis is tested by conducting an experiment.

Answer: The correct answer would be A. Conducting Observation

Explanation:

Because....

If you don't conduct an experiment then how will you know if your hypothesis was true or not. So a hypothesis is tested by Conducting Observation.

* Hopefully this helps:) Mark me the brainliest:)!!

The answer is B.) T /12

Answer: [tex]t_\frac{1}{2}[/tex]

Explanation:-

1. Activation energy is the extra energy required by the reactants to cross the energy barrier and convert to products. It is designated by the symbol [tex]E_a[/tex].

2. Half life is the time taken by a reactant to reduce to its original concentration. It is designated by the symbol [tex]t_\frac{1}{2}[/tex].

3. Alpha decay: In this process, alpha particles is emitted when a heavier nuclei decays into lighter nuclei. The alpha particle released has a charge of +2 units.

[tex]_Z^A\textrm{X}\rightarrow _{Z-2}^{A-4}+_2^4\alpha[/tex]

4. Beta-decay: In this process, a neutron gets converted into a proton and an electron releasing a beta-particle. The beta particle released carries a charge of -1 units.

[tex]_Z^A\textrm{X}\rightarrow _{Z+1}^A\textrm{Y}+_{-1}^0\beta[/tex]

I think this is how to do it. but I'm sorry if it's not exactly right

Answer : The potential energy diagram is shown below.

Explanation :

Activation energy : The energy required to initiate the reaction is known as activation energy.

Or, it is the amount of energy required to reach the transition state.

Or, It is the minimum amount of energy that is absorbed by the reactant molecules so that their energy becomes equal to the threshold energy.

Or, the difference between the reactant and the transition state.

Enthalpy of a reaction : It is the energy change which takes place when the reactants go to the products. It is represented as, [tex]\Delta H[/tex]

Or, we can say that the difference between the product and the reactant.

If the heat is absorbed during the reaction then the enthalpy of reaction is positive and the reaction endothermic reaction.

If the heat is released during the reaction then the enthalpy of reaction is negative and the reaction exothermic reaction.