Answer:
In continuous reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.
Explanation:
According to behaviorist and psychologist B. F. Skinner, animals and humans have their behaviors conditioned by reinforcers. That is, a behavior can be encouraged or discouraged by the consequences that follow it. If a child is punished, she will probably stop the behavior that caused the punishment from happening in the future. If she is rewarded, she will most likely repeat the behavior.
If a reinforcer follows every correct response, that is, if it is given every single time the desired behavior takes place, then it is called continuous reinforcement. Intermittent or partial reinforcement (both names refer to the same thing) happen when the desired behavior is not reinforced every time it happens. Negative reinforcement happens when behavior is performed to avoid a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. Therefore, the best answer for the question is CONTINUOUS.
According to "How to Think Like a Researcher," a chapter from How to Find Out Anything, one should begin research by asking answerable questions rather than open-ended questions. Based on the guidelines in the text, which is an appropriate research question?
Answer: "What is the average income of a dentist in the United States?" is an appropiate research question.
Explanation: it is an appropriate research question because it has just one possible answer. The answer can either be gotten through calculation or it can be ascertained through deep inquiry.
The other questions, being open ended, gives room for different answers according to the replier's perception.
Research questions should be specific, empirical, and feasible to answer. An example of a strong research question is, 'What are the effects of remote learning on the academic performance of high school students?' This allows for focused and measurable research.
This helps in guiding the study in a focused manner. An appropriate research question should meet the following criteria:
Specific: The question should be narrowly focused rather than too broad. Example: Instead of asking, "How has the Internet changed communication?" you could ask, "How has social media influenced interpersonal communication among teenagers?"Empirical: The question should be based on observable and measurable evidence. Example: "What are the effects of daily exercise on mental health?" can be investigated through surveys, experiments, and data analysis.Feasible: Make sure that the question can realistically be researched given time, resources, and other constraints. Example: "What factors contribute to job satisfaction among remote workers?" is a feasible question as there are enough survey data and existing studies to draw from.Using these guidelines, an appropriate research question might be: "What are the effects of remote learning on the academic performance of high school students?" This question is specific, empirical, and feasible to answer.
Aristotle says that virtue is a "mean" between two extremes. For instance, the virtue of courage consists of the disposition to feel neither too much nor too little fear, but rather some appropriate amount in between. Is this consistent with his claim that some actions (such as stealing or adultery) are always wrong in all circumstances?
Explanation: Aristotle's statement applies only to virtues, not to traits or things that are wrong as such. So things like stealing or adultery are listed, but also all other wrong things like lying, cheating, etc, are these where there is no scale for the mean between the two extremes. This means it does not apply the "too much or too little" principle does not apply to wrong things. This principle, therefore, is based on real application, it is not about some irrational, imagined virtue, and it certainly depends on the actual situation and purpose. The real purpose of virtues is in fact the appropriate quantity of that virtue, which is rationally determined for the given situation, according to the already stated "neither too much nor too little".
This large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. This accessory organ is called the .__________
Answer: Pancreas
Explanation: The pancreas is a glandular organ that secretes both endocrine hormones and stomach related chemicals. As an endocrine organ, the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to manage glucose. As a stomach related organ, the pancreas secretes stomach related compounds into the duodenum through conduits
Answer:
Pancreas
Explanation:
This large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. This accessory organ is called the pancreas.
The pancreas has dual function as an endocrine gland and digestive function. As an endocrine gland, it secretes glucagon and insulin which is necessary for blood sugar level maintenance. It also secret digestive enzymes which are needed for the digestion of food.
Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of
hindsight bias T/F
Hindsight bias refers to perceiving past events as more predictable than they actually were.
Explanation:The concept described in the question is known as hindsight bias. Hindsight bias refers to the tendency to view past events as more predictable than they actually were.
In this case, Professor Smith provided two contradictory pieces of information to different classes. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received demonstrates hindsight bias, as they likely perceived the information as predictable after hearing it, even though the two statements contradicted each other.
This phenomenon is common in psychology and can influence our understanding of events and our perception of our own decision-making abilities.
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Why did the Federalists believe the addition of the Bill of Rights was unnecessary to the Constitution?
Answer:
they thought that the constitution so far is securing the people rights
The Federalists believed that the Bill of Rights was unnecessary to the Constitution because they thought the limited powers granted to Congress and the restrictions in the Constitution were enough to protect individual rights.
Explanation:The Federalists believed that the addition of the Bill of Rights was unnecessary to the Constitution for a few reasons. First, they argued that the limited powers granted to Congress and the restrictions on those powers in Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution were sufficient to protect individual rights. Second, they feared that listing some rights might invite violations of rights that weren't included. Lastly, they pointed out that the state constitutions already included declarations of rights, and the Articles of Confederation did not include a specific listing of rights either.
True or False: Developing an effective team culture is an important step in putting a vision into action.
Answer:True
Explanation:
A
True- An effective team culture will help the team pursue the vision established as a coach.
Harold decided that it was time to invest his money. He was quite excited and told his wife about his new financial venture. She was very supportive. A year later, when five of the six companies he invested in went bankrupt, Harold's wife's response was, "There was no way either one of us could have predicted this outcome." She is NOT engaging in:_______.
Answer: Hindsight bias
Explanation:
Hindsight bias is used to describe the tendency of people overestimating their ability to having an outcome that was never thought of.
"There was no way either one of us could have predicted this outcome." She is NOT engaging in Hindsight bias.
What is Hindsight bias?Hindsight bias is when we look back on an event that we couldn't have predicted at the time and think the result was apparent. It is additionally known as the "knew-it-all-along" effect.
The hindsight bias is the propensity for people to think they knew how an event would turn out before it actually did. You may claim that after watching a baseball game, you knew in advance which team would win.
Confirmation bias, sampling bias, and brilliance prejudice are three examples of biases that might affect our ability to objectively assess information.
It has been discovered that hindsight bias is more likely to happen when an event's outcome is bad rather than good.
Thus, it is Hindsight bias.
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The great scientist Alfred Wegener proposed that continents have moved, while other scientists such as T.C. Chamberlin argued against Wegener. Wegener’s ideas eventually won, and are now widely accepted, because:A) Wegener’s ideas were more beautiful, and so were favored by the intellectual elite.B) Wegener’s ideas did a better job of predicting the results of new observations and experiments.C) Wegener’s ideas appealed to dead white European males, whereas Chamberlin’s didn’t.D) Wegener’s ideas appalled dead white European males, and we all know that in this politically correct era, dead white European males cannot get a fair shake.E) Wegener won the Nobel prize.
Answer:
B) Wegener’s ideas did a better job of predicting the results of new observations and experiments.
Explanation:
In 1912, the German scientist Alfred Wegener introduced the theory of continental drift, which revolutionized the concept of terrestrial dynamics. Since its emergence, the idea that the continents could move by completely changing the configuration of lands and seas was, in addition to shocking, controversial. But he was the first to elaborate a coherent explanation.
Wegener's ideas about continental drift won out because they led to better predictive power in light of new evidence supporting plate tectonics. The correct answer is: B) Wegener’s ideas did a better job of predicting the results of new observations and experiments.
Alfred Wegener's ideas about the movement of continents, known as the theory of continental drift, eventually became widely accepted primarily because his ideas resulted in better predictions about the results of new observations and experiments. While Wegener did not win a Nobel Prize and despite the criticisms of his lack of mechanism, his hypotheses were strengthened by subsequent evidence that cemented plate tectonics as the mechanism behind continental movement.
Later discoveries in the mid-20th century, involving seafloor spreading, magnetic striping on the ocean floor, and the mapping of the oceanic trenches, contributed to the establishment of the theory of plate tectonics. Wegener's original evidence, such as puzzle-like fit of continents, fossil correlations across oceans, and geological formations, pointed toward the conclusion that continents had indeed moved. These findings greatly improved upon Wegener's original hypotheses, showing that his concepts, while needing refinement, were on the right path.
A supervisor tells an employee "Send me a memo as soon as possible". The employee finishes the important project she was working on and then writes the memo when she has free time. She believed this was as soon as possible. The supervisor is angry because the employee did not write the memo immediately. This is an example of communication disrupted by
Answer:
semantic noise
Explanation:
Semantic noise is the disturbance in the communication transmission or messages which interferes with interpretation in the message which is likely due to the ambiguity in the words, or in sentences or the symbols used in transmission of the messages.
In the context, when a supervisor asks an employee to write a memo "as soon as possible", the employee writes the memo after finishing an important project that she was working on. The employee believes that the she has done the supervisors work very soon as was possible for her but to the supervisor the employee was late and so he was angry.
There is a disturbance in the communication known as the semantic noise disturbance where the listener derives a different meaning or conclusion from the message but it means same thing.
According to Henri Fayol's principles of management, _____ advocates that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss to avoid confusion and conflict.
Answer:
Unity of command.
Explanation:
As it's name suggests, the unity of commands involves, just as the exercise explains, dvocates that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss to avoid confusion and conflict. Given that every employee reports to one person, this avoids confusion when fulfilling or discharging his or her duties effectively.
__________ refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations, jobs, and places of work.
Answer:
Gender segregated work
Explanation:
Even these days, The organization is based on male and female segregation occupation work. It is wrong to promote the equality of number, it is right to promote equality of opportunity.
The gender difference is a very old concept from ancient times because it started from that time when it has been understood that women are rearer of children and men are for hunting.
We can say that all professions are differentiated between male and female. There is a society that explains the gender differences based on work.
Thus there are many occupations where employment occur based on gender differences.
What term is used for an external factor that may influence or distort the measurements in a research study?
Answer: Artifacts
Explanation:
Artifacts are the components that are disrupt the external validity or internal validity of result in any research.Artifacts tend to modify or change the authenticity of participant and equipment involved in research field with their presence.
Impact of artifacts can also be influential to understand the process through observing evidences. They impact evidences, documents,tools, equipment, etc.
A confounding variable is the term used for an external factor that could influence or distort measurements in a research study. These variables can interfere with the outcomes and make the results less reliable.
Explanation:The term used to denote an external factor that may influence or distort the measurements in a research study is referred to as a confounding variable. In social science research, these types of variables can often complicate, or confound, the results of a study. Consider the case where a researcher wants to test whether a new education strategy improves student success rates. A confounding variable could be the different teachers' teaching styles that vary across the population sample. Unless controlled, this variable could potentially distort the outcome of the study making the results less reliable.
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What are the different constitutional responsibilities of the House and Senate that affect the policy-making process?
Final answer:
The House and Senate have distinct constitutional responsibilities, with the House initiating spending bills and having the power to impeach, while the Senate provides 'advice and consent' for presidential appointees and ratifies treaties. The Senate also acts as a check on the House with a more deliberative legislative approach. Both chambers can create their rules and manage member discipline, which, along with the presidential veto power, shapes the policy-making process.
Explanation:
The United States Constitution delineates specific responsibilities for the House of Representatives and the Senate, each affecting the policy-making process uniquely. The House, whose members are elected for two-year terms, has the exclusive power to initiate spending bills and is also at the forefront of impeaching officials and choosing the President in an Electoral College deadlock. Conversely, the Senate, with members elected for six-year terms, has the responsibility for the 'advice and consent' process regarding presidential appointments and the power to ratify treaties. A key difference is that the House is more hierarchical and responsive to immediate constituent demands, leading to rapid policy changes, whereas the Senate is seen as a moderating body with the ability to slow down legislation.
Another difference is that the Senate acts as a check on the House, providing a more deliberative approach to proposed legislation. Utilizing longer debates and fewer restrictions on the procedure, the Senate serves to balance out the swift-moving, often partisan-driven House actions. Article 5 of the Constitution grants both the House and Senate the ability to establish their own rules, and censure, and expel members, ensuring each body governs its proceedings effectively.
Presidential Veto Power over Congress:
When both chambers pass a bill, it moves to the president for approval. Should the president sign it, the bill becomes law, or it can become law automatically if left unsigned for ten days (except in specific circumstances). This presidential veto power serves as an additional check in the policy-making process, influencing the legislative strategies of both the House and Senate.
Jeremy sells encyclopedias for a company, visiting each house in a particular neighborhood and convincing the residents to buy the books. The people at the first few homes asked some questions, and even though he was not able to provide satisfactory answers, Jeremy understood the questions were being asked. To provide satisfactory answers to the next person, what step must Jeremy take?
Your question is missing the options. I've found the complete question online. It is as follows:
Jeremy sells encyclopedias for a company,visiting each house in a particular neighborhood and convincing the residents to buy the books.
The people at the first few homes asked some questions, and even though he was not able to provide satisfactory answers, Jeremy understood the questions were being asked. To provide satisfactory answers to the next person, what step must Jeremy take?
a. Prepare
b. Rephrase the question
c. Use organizational signposts
d. Stay on message
Answer:
The best answer is letter A. prepare.
Explanation:
This is a simple problem of preparation. Jeremy was perfectly able to understand the questions, but he did not have a satisfactory answer to give. That means he is most likely lacking the necessary knowledge to provide a good answer. Before he begins visiting houses again, Jeremy must prepare. He must ask someone from his company or, in case he has received any, read the material given to him by his employers to find the information the residents need. Also, it would be advisable for him to come up with a list of possible questions and their answers, so that he won't be often taken by surprise when residents come up with different questions.
Barker (2014) describes ________ as a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.
Answer:
social welfare
Explanation:
According to Barker, it is important to meet and support the social, educational, economic and heath needs of the society. So for him welfare of the society by the nation's programs, services and the benefits from these will help people and support them to maintain the society by fulfilling their social, educational, economical and health related needs by these welfare programs.
Hence the answer is -- social welfare.
If a population has a negative growth rat the population is
A decreasing in size
B reducing the death rate
C reducing the emigration rate
D decreasing in biodiversity
A population has a negative growth rate the population is decreasing in size.
A. decreasing in size
Explanation:
Negative populace development implies that there are a greater number of people leaving the populace than joining the populace. For people, leaving the populace typically implies either biting the dust or emigrating ceaselessly from the nation.
On the off chance that the absolute populace development rate is negative, populace size will decay since this implies the per capita birth rate is lower than the per capita demise rate. There are a few nations around the globe that have encountered contracting populaces. It incorporates numerous nations that accomplished a negative populace development rate.
Glenda finds herself constantly checking her phone and thinking about the activities she engages in online. Explain how the following behaviors could have a negative impact on her life, related to her use of social media:
• Ostracism
• Narcissism
Answer:
Ostracism
If Glenda is ostracized, it means that she is excluded from social groups is real life, and this rejection leads her to take refuge in her online presence. It is a negative feedback loop because the more she is ostracized, the more obsessed she because with the online world.
Narcissism
If Glenda is a narcisist, she will use social media to showcase how good or superior she perceives herself to be, and how great her life is in regards to everyone else's life, even if in reality, her life is average, and her personal qualities are not extraordinary. This would cause constant cognitive disonance, self-esteem issues, and obsessive social media use.
Ostracism would affect her because she would have alienated herself from the world around her. Narcissism would make her feel that she is better than everyone else.
What is ostracism?This is a situation where a person has gotten out of touch with others. She has built her life around her phone so she has alienated herself from others.
Narcissism is the tendency to feel that one is superior and every other person is not up to their standard.
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A group of buildings developed in a line along the frontage of a main highway would most likely be a(n): (a)neighborhood shopping center. (b)industrial park. (c)strip shopping center. (d)commercial strip development.'
Answer:
Commercial strip development
Explanation:
Commercial strip development - is referred to that development where each constructed structure has accessibility to the main road and parking area. it is also known as a strip mall.
This development has served the purpose of connecting the downtown area with the nearby neighborhood. Example of Commercial strip development is office park and shopping malls
Thrasymachus thought that "might makes right" because _______. a. justice is defined by whoever has the most power b. people need to have a powerful ruler c. ethics is generally relative to the observer d. strength is always a good thing
Answer:
A). Justice is defined by whoever has the most power.
Explanation:
Thrasymachus, the advocate and philosopher believed in the proposition that 'might can make right' because he thought that 'justice is defined by whoever having the most power'. He described in his book that that 'justice is nothing but the advantage or possession of the stronger'. He strongly believed in the natural statutes and thus, states that the one is strong or powerful, he/she possesses the authority, power, and justice to rule over the ones who are feeble and week. Therefore, according to his proposition option A is the correct answer.
Professor Dooley examined the literature on AIDS and could find nothing that examined children's attitudes toward parents and friends with AIDS. To examine this topic, Dooley should undertake a__________
Answer: exploratory study - no information about any specific constructs
Dr. Lin and Dr. Marino both study obesity. Dr. Lin relates the likelihood of obesity to levels of the trait of neuroticism—the tendency to experience upsetting emotions. Dr. Marino relates obesity to the frequency with which individuals eat alone, with family members, or in the presence of larger groups of friends, acquaintances, or strangers. Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding the subfields in which the researchers specialize?
A) Marino is a social psychologist.
B) Lin is a social psychologist.
C) Marino is a personality psychologist.
D) Lin is a behavioral psychologist.
Final answer:
Dr. Marino likely specializes in social psychology because his research focuses on the social aspects of eating, whereas Dr. Lin likely specializes in personality psychology as her research looks at neuroticism, a personality trait.
Explanation:
Regarding the subfields in which Dr. Lin and Dr. Marino specialize, it is likely that Dr. Marino is a social psychologist and Dr. Lin is a personality psychologist. Dr. Marino's research on the social contexts of eating behaviors is characteristic of social psychology, which focuses on how people interact and relate to one another in various settings, including the influence of group dynamics on personal behaviors. Dr. Lin looks at the trait of neuroticism and its relationship to obesity. Since neuroticism is a personality trait, this suggests Dr. Lin employs a personality psychology approach, which examines individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Therefore, the most likely answer is:
A) Marino is a social psychologist.
C) Lin is a personality psychologist.
The two variables in an experiment are the _________, which is manipulated by the researcher, and the _________, which is a characteristic or measurement that resulted from the manipulation:
(a) independent variable; dependent variable
(b) dependent variable; independent variable
Final answer:
The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the dependent variable is what is measured in response. The correct pair is (a) independent variable; dependent variable.
Explanation:
The two variables in an experiment are the independent variable, which is manipulated by the researcher, and the dependent variable, which is a characteristic or measurement that resulted from the manipulation. The correct answer to the student's question is (a) independent variable; dependent variable. In any experimental study, the researcher applies a change to the independent variable and then measures the effects on the dependent variable. An experiment is designed to determine whether changes in the independent variable lead to changes in the dependent variable.
________ refers to one's sense of self-respect or self-worth, which is the result of the relationships formed throughout life with family, friends, peers, and significant others.
Answer: Self-esteem
Explanation:
Self-esteem is a person's overall personal value. This defines the answer to the question.
Romina is at a large party with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend about her latest romantic breakup, Romina hears her name spoken from the other side of the room. She immediately looks in the direction of the voice and sees the person who spoke her name. This ability to detect one's name being spoken in this situation is an example of the _____ effect.
Answer:
Cocktail party effect
Explanation:
In psychology, the term cocktail party effect refers to the phenomenon by which the brain can focus its attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out the other stimuli that are not relevant to it. This phenomenon happens specially during loud parties where the listener is able to focus his/her attention in one particular stimulus.
In this example Romina is at a large party (which is loud) and she suddenly hears her name spoken from the other side of the room. We can see that despite the noise going on, she was able to detect her name being spoken in a loud situation. Therefore, this would be an example of the cocktail party effect.
In order to understand the emotions, impulses, and habits of humans over the life span, it is important to understand how those same emotions, impulses, and habits developed within Homo sapiens over the past 100,000 years. This concept is consistent with _____ theory.
Answer:
Evolutionary theory
Explanation:
The change in heritable characteristics such as physical or behavioural change in biological populations over time or successive generation is what is refers to ask Evolution. The theory was first formulated by Darwin in his book titled 'On the Origin of Species' in 1859.
Taking emotions, impulses, and habits of humans over the past 100,000 years, one will knows that these characters follow the behavioural characteristics of those in past otherwise refers to as Homo Sapiens derived from Latin name meaning 'wise man' and was introduced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus. This theory is called Evolution Theory.
Answer: Evolutionary
Explanation: Evolutionary theory postulates that the systematic change in organisms be it plants, animals are based on precedence, that is the changes could be traced back to the origin or pre-existing types of this organisms or species, which has gradually been subjected to change over time. Summarily, Evolutionary theory explains the changes in the inheritable traits or characteristics of biological species or population over time. This theory first postulated by Charles Darwin explains that understanding the modification and changes in the inheritable traits of species due to genetic drift, pre-existing organisms of the biological population will have to be studied.
A researcher who is studying in a local school district realizes that its problems are also occurring in the majority of public school districts within the United States. This researcher is connecting ______ to ______ social phenomena.
Answer:This researcher is connecting micro to macro social phenomena.
Explanation:Micro social phenomena are those matters that the society faces at a lower level of social structure such as issues which occurs in the local neighborhood i.e local school districts. Macro social phenomena refers analysis of social structures at a large scale such as public school district.
Answer:
Micro to macro
Explanation:
Explanation:
Micro social phenomena looks at small-scale relationshipsmbetween individuals, such as conversation or group dynamics. A good example local school district. Macro social phenomena looks at large-scale social processes, such as social stability and change. An example a problem occuring in majority of the public schools within the United States.
The researchers want to find out if the micro issues have any connection to the macro issues to draw a conclusion.
Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?
Answer: conflict theory
Explanation: Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources.
Karl Marx Is the proponent of this theory, he emphasized that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. It argues further that social order is maintained by domination and power , as against consensus and conformity. Proponents of this theory sees Social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of resources, power and inequality. Conflict theory explains social change better as against social stability. The theory explains that individuals and groups within the society interact on the basis of conflict, it further argue that conflict breed in the society when a powerful few rules against the interest of the less powerful majority.
The route reconnaissance obtains detailed information about a specified route and terrain where the enemy could influence movement along a specific ________________________ such as a road, railway, or cross-country mobility corridor.
Answer:
Along a specific line of communications
Explanation:
The route reconnaissance obtains detailed information about a specified route and terrain where the enemy could influence movement along a specific line of communications such as a road, railway, or cross-country mobility corridor. In the army, route reconnaissance also includes involves obtaining information on a specific route or terrain where the enemies can influence movement, it provides updated information on route condition. With the advert of advanced technology, drone planes with cameras are deployed in route reconnaissance.
Route reconnaissance involves detailed observation of a specified area (road, railway, or cross-country corridor) for understanding its topography, probable obstacles, enemy positions to best strategize troop or vehicle movement.
Explanation:The route reconnaissance is a military term that refers to the collective efforts to gather detailed information about a specific route and surrounding terrain. This is where an enemy could possibly influence movement along a specific area such as a road, railway, or a cross-country mobility corridor. The purpose is to understand the topography, the possible obstacles, enemy movements, and determine the best route for troops or vehicles.
For example, a recon team might be sent to study a mountain pass to ensure it can be safely navigated by a convoy of vehicles. They would look for things like hidden enemy positions, the quality of the road, and natural obstacles that might hinder movement.
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Jerrod is relatively new to Xenon Corporation and wants to make sure that he makes a good impression on his coworkers and supervisor. He agrees with the supervisor's opinion most of the time and is always doing nice things for him. Jerrod makes sure that he associates with the "right" people and is constantly complimenting others about their good work.
Jerrod is attempting to use
A) politics.
B) impression management.
C) defensive behavior.
D) his power base.
E) interdependence.
Answer:
b) impression management
What theory of justice would most likely approve of an equal distribution of goods such as money or shelter?
Answer:
Distributive justice
Explanation:
Distributive justice describes the idea that resources should be justly allocated. Distributive justice is studied in philosophy, social sciences. In psychology, distributive justice is described as fairness in distribution of rewards and costs among group members or society such as when workers are rewarded according to how many hours they work. It is different from just process which is involved with how law is administered-just or unjust.