Answer:
b) sensation
Explanation:
In psychology, the term sensation refers to the process by which our brain is able to receive information via our five senses. This stimuli will later be interpreted by the process of perception.
In this example, Anthony returns home from work and he detects a strong smell of gas. He is able to smell the gas in his house because of the activation of his olfactory receptors. Since we are talking about his olfactory receptors (therefore, one of his five senses) and they are the ones that allow him to receive the information (the gas smell) this is an example of sensation.
Anthony is able to smell the gas in his house because of activation of olfactory receptors due to sensation.
Olfactory receptors are present in the nostrils of a person.
Nose is one of the 5 sensory organs and enables a person the sense of smell.This is possible with the help of Olfacory receptors present in the nostrils. Though LPG is an odourless gas i.e. it has no smell but while packaging of cylinders Ethyl Mercaptan is added to LPG for smell. Anthony was able to smell this ETHYL MERCAPTAN present in his house.Anthony was able to SENSE the gas because of olfactory receptors and hence the option B is correct that the process of sensation is responsible for the smell that Anthony experienced.
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3.6.46-T Consider the following sample data for two variables. x 7 8 5 3 9 y 7 5 9 7 7 a. Calculate the sample covariance. b. Calculate the sample correlation coefficient. c. Describe the relationship between x and y. a. s Subscript xyequals 0
a. Sample covariance is -1.5.
b. Sample correlation coefficient is -0.44
c. The sample correlation coefficient of -0.44 indicates a weak negative relationship between x and y.
Let's calculate the sample covariance, sample correlation coefficient, and describe the relationship between the two variables.
Data:
x y
7 7
8 5
5 9
3 7
9 7
a. Sample covariance:
The sample covariance (sxy) can be calculated using the following formula:
sxy = Σ(xi - x)(yi - y) / (n - 1)
where:
xi and yi are the individual data points
x and y are the sample means
n is the number of data points
Calculating the values:
x = (7 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 9) / 5 = 6.6
y = (7 + 5 + 9 + 7 + 7) / 5 = 7.2
sxy = ((7 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2) + (8 - 6.6)(5 - 7.2) + (5 - 6.6)(9 - 7.2) + (3 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2) + (9 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2)) / (5 - 1)
sxy = (-0.36 + 2.16 - 7.92 - 13.2 + 0.96) / 4
sxy ≈ -1.5
b. Sample correlation coefficient:
The sample correlation coefficient (r) can be calculated using the following formula:
r = sxy / (sx * sy)
where:
sx and sy are the sample standard deviations of x and y, respectively
Calculating the values:
sx ≈ 2.04 (you can calculate this using the same formula for standard deviation but with x values)
sy ≈ 1.08 (you can calculate this using the same formula for standard deviation but with y values)
r = -1.5 / (2.04 * 1.08)
r ≈ -0.44
c. Relationship between x and y:
The sample correlation coefficient of -0.44 indicates a weak negative relationship between x and y.
This means that as the values of x increase, the values of y tend to decrease slightly, but the relationship is not very strong.
Studies suggest that students who study with fewer distractions tend to get higher grades. What is the best scenario for being able to generalize this finding to the population?
Answer:
studying alone in your room away from distractions even musicΞ
Explanation:
As referenced by the Plaid Avenger in 'The State of States' chapter, there are numerous political parties in states with large Islamic populations (like Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan) that are pushing for ruling systems in line with the Iranian model. Select one: True False
The correct answer is True
Explanation: In that sense the claim that numerous political parties in states with large Islamic populations (like Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan) that are pushing for ruling systems in line with the Iranian model is true because they are using the Iranian model as the basis for their models.
The control group in an experiment Select one: a. is an additional replicate for statistical purposes. b. makes the experiment valid. c. allows a standard of comparison for the experimental group. d. minimizes experimental inaccuracy. e. reduces the experimental errors.
Answer:
To minimize experimental inaccuracy
Explanation:
The experimental research is very important and exploration in nature. The control group is one of the parts of this study. In this study, the control group is taken just because to minimize the inaccuracy and increase the reliability and validity of the research.
In the Control group, the independent variable is manipulated except all other variables. The control group is that of the normal population that does not get an intervention. It is the baseline of the group that help to understand the comparison of two group intervention. The control group is only the baseline of an experiment.
I don't believe that the Internet can ever be a reliable source for students to use in their work, at least as long as it remains unregulated as it is now. With so many different web sites out there and no way to verify the validity of the information on them, the Internet is just too hit and miss to be of any use. It's just like a bad baseball player; if you only hit one ball out of ten, it doesn't matter if the one you hit is a homerun — the major leagues don't want you.
a. Personal Experience and Testimonial
b. Testimonial and Authority
c. Personal Experience and Analogy
Answer: c. Personal Experience and Analogy
Explanation:
Personal experience and analogy, are different sources of evidence that are usually applied to support factual claims. Others are intuition, personal observation, appeal to authority, case example, testimonial, survey, and research study.
Personal experience refers to what we only know based on experiences we had ourselves, such as the firsts impressions on the internet in this example.
An analogy is the comparison of two different things to show a significant similarity between them, such as the baseball player reference.
Conflict theorists note that Select one: a. people of a lower social class are more likely to enjoy good health. b. people of a higher social class are more likely to live a long life. c. people of a higher social class are more likely to receive good medical care. d. people of a higher social class are more likely to live a long life and people of a higher social class are more likely to receive good medical care are correct.
Answer: C. People of a higher social class are more likely to receive good medical care
Explanation: This is the theory given by Karl Marx, the creator of communist ideology, according to which, in capitalist relations and in a market economy, there is a constant conflict over limited resources. Such a social order, according to Marx, is based on the exploitation of workers by the capitalists and thus gaining profit, and such an order can only be maintained by the domination of the ruling class. This is accomplished through a demonstration of force and power because such a system is not natural, according to Marx.
In such a system, where members of the upper classes have capital, power and influence, they will surely have privilege in all areas of life, even in medical care, that is, they are more likely to receive a good medical care. It is likely that members of the upper classes will also live longer because they have many other benefits than medical care, which all contribute to a better quality of life. But if we have to opt for one answer, it is certain that medical care is what conflicts theory advocates as a benefit to the upper classes. According to Marx, the upper classes, that is, the owners of the capital, are the ones who determine the laws, have influence on the structures of government, so all state benefits will surely go to them, and not to everyone, as envisioned in the socialist system.
A movement that advocates replacement of old ways with something new and different is a Select one: a. reform movement. b. convergence movement. c. contagion movement with mass hysteria. d. revolutionary movement.
Answer:
revolutionary movement.
Explanation:
Revolutionary movement - it is a movement that initiates to bring out some change in the old structure or to bring out something new in place of the old ones.
The main reason behind the initiate Revolution is to revolt against the policy of the government that is not beneficial for the common people. it is a revolution which induced when people want change in the society or when people are fed up from the old conventional setup of government
Using your own experience, or asking someone who has been part of an SMT, describe some of the self-managing activities of the team that made it a truly self-managing team as opposed to a traditional team.
Answer: In addition to the technical tasks expected of any employee working in a traditional organizational structure, a self-managed team develops management tasks, which include the organization of the workflow, as well as managing annual leave and absence.
Explanation:
Usually, the different team members rotate through the management and technical responsibilities, giving everyone the chance to do both. This experience in management tasks provides every team member with a better knowledge of the productive process as a whole and a better understanding of management decisions.
According to Robert Peck, __________ involves affirming self-worth through family, friendships, or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers.
Answer:
Ego differentiation
Explanation:
Robert Peck was a psychologist who focused his research on the psychosocial development through middle age and the way people this age construct their self and their ego to adjust society in a better way.
According to him, Integrity involved 3 tasks. One of these task was ego differentiation which consisted in finding other sources of self-worth (like family, community or friendships) for those who had invested heavily in their careers.
Therefore, according to Robert Peck, ego differentiation involves affirming self-worth through family, friendships, or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers.
While reviewing data from several studies of how roommates finish each other’s sentences, a researcher suddenly discovers a general principle that connects all her findings. This illustrates the ____ approach. deductive combined deductive and inductive inductive synthetic
Answer:
deductive approach
Explanation:
Deductive reasoning often referred to as deductive approach, is the process of reasoning to reach a logically certain conclusion from one or more statements. Deductive reasoning moves in that same path as conditional rationale, and it connects assumptions to judgments.
The key difference around deductive and inductive approaches to study is that while aiming for a deductive stance and monitoring theory, there is an inductive approach to generating new hypothesis that emerges from the information.
Should companies be responsible for unemployment caused by their information systems? Why or why not?
they should be reposnible
As an F1 student, if you withdraw from a course during the semester and drop below full-time status, then you are non-compliant and out of status as an F1 student. True False
It is generally true that an F1 student would become non-compliant if they withdrew from a course and dropped below full-time student status, although exceptions may exist and consultation with the school's international office or a legal professional is recommended.
Explanation:The statement you've presented is generally true. An F1 student must maintain their full-time status, typically a minimum of 12 credit hours per semester, to remain compliant with the terms of the F1 student visa. If the student withdraws from a course and drops below full-time status, they may indeed become non-compliant and technically 'out of status'. The student should consult with their school's international student office or a legal professional to understand the full implications and possible exceptions.
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When she was a child, Amy had a bad experience jumping from a diving board. To this day, she considers herself a weak swimmer. That experience affected her __________. A. self-esteem B. reflective self C. self-monitoring D. presenting self E. self-concept
Answer:
E. self-concept
Explanation:
Self-concept -
It is the collection of the beliefs or knowledge , that a person collects in his or her mind , during the growing stages , is referred to as self - concept.
Hence , the growing age of child id very important to learn and adapt new and fresh concepts in his mind .
Hence , from the given scenario of the question ,
The correct term is self - concept.
Describe a decision that you’ve had to make. Psychologists argue that we often factor in utility and the probability of the options happening. Did you use these factors in your decision? Do you think that nonverbal or verbal communication is more trustworthy? Why or why not? Which do you think tells you more about a person?
Answer: Verbal and non-verbal communication are intertwined.
Explanation:
In line with the above, it is impossible to give preference to one communication over another, because together they form the basic pattern of communication between people. Non-verbal communication refers to intentional and unintentional disclosure by the body. It is mainly used to express emotions and attitudes, to reflect personality traits, and to encourage or alter verbal communication. When non-verbal behavior is consistent with speech, the message being spoken is clear and convincing. Non-verbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position or movement, touch, and gaze.Verbal communication is language-based. Successful verbal communication is always accompanied by non-verbal communication, and therefore these two types of communication are integral. In the business world, verbal communication follows the rules of a more formal language. It is especially important in public speaking, such as presentations, public speeches, and media appearances. Such occasions require practicing oratory and presentation skills.According to structural-functionalism, family roles are functional because they create and preserve __________.
Answer: Order and stability
Explanation:
Structural-functionalism is the functionalism concept in families that depicts about building block that helps in maintaining stability and social arrangement.This order is handled through meeting emotional requirement and emphasizing relationships.
Family roles are also considered individually or socially like every other body for functioning smoothly in the society for conserving stability and social order.
Answer:
What was the answer
Explanation:
The inability to remember some or all of one's past is _____; the inability to form new memories is _____.
Answer:
Retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia
Explanation:
Retrograde amnesia: This type of amnesia occurs when a person is not able to remember memories or events. An individual is not able to recall past events, especially episodic events. On the other hand, anterograde amnesia occurs when a person is not able to create new memories. Amnesia is defined as the sudden loss of the memory in which a person loses the memory of what happened before the amnesia and what is currently going on in the life of a person. Retrograde amnesia is the failure to retrieve memory and anterograde amnesia is a failure to store memory.
The inability to remember some or all of one's past is retrograde amnesia; the inability to form new memories is anterograde amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia is a condition where an individual loses the ability to recall events or information from before the onset of amnesia. This type of memory loss typically affects memories that were formed before a traumatic event or the development of a medical condition affecting the brain. It can range from forgetting recent events to losing years of past memories.
Retrograde Amnesia:
Loss of pre-existing memories.Often caused by traumatic brain injury, severe stress, or neurological conditions.Anterograde amnesia, on the other hand, is characterized by the inability to form new memories after the event that caused the amnesia. Individuals with this condition can recall past events but struggle to remember new information or experiences that occur after the onset of amnesia.
Anterograde Amnesia:
Inability to create new memories.Commonly associated with damage to the hippocampus or other areas involved in memory processing, often due to head injury, certain medications, or chronic alcohol abuse.Both types of amnesia highlight different aspects of memory dysfunction, impacting either the recall of past experiences or the formation of new ones.
Which school of thought in psychology believes that people can freely choose to live more creative, meaningful, and satisfying lives?
Answer:
humanism
Explanation:
Humanism -
The term humanism was first given by Friedrich Niethammer , in the early 19th century .
It focus on the individuality , collectiveness , creativeness of the human being , is referred to as humanism .
According to humanism , is decribes the act of freedom , progress , which can be used for the development and promotion of any individual in the world.
Hence , from the given information of the question,
The correct answer is humanism.
Septimus files a suit against the federal government to block the enforcement of a new tax law. Septimus claims that Congress attempted to regulate indirectly, by taxation, an area over which it has no authority. If the court agrees, it will
Answer:
The answer is - Validate the tax if it bears a reasonable relationship to revenue production
Explanation:
Tax is the amount of money which is levied by the government on worker's income, transactions, goods and services and are paid to the government. If the court agrees then it will check and prove the accuracy of the tax and declare it valid if it bears any fair and sensible relationship to revenue.
If the court agrees with Septimus that Congress lacks the authority to regulate via taxation, the enforcement of the new tax law could be halted or the law itself might be overturned, adhering to the principles of the judicial process, national supremacy, and the balance of powers.
When Septimus files a suit against the federal government to block the enforcement of a new tax law because Congress lacks the authority to regulate a certain area indirectly through taxation, the court's judgment would revolve around the constitutionality of the law as well as the balance of powers between the federal and state governments. If the court agrees with Septimus, it could imply that the law is overturned or its enforcement is halted.
Tax laws and disputes are a significant part of the judicial process, and cases are commonly heard in the United States Tax Court, United States District Court, or United States Court of Federal Claims. Moreover, under the supremacy clause of Article VI, legitimate national laws supersede conflicting state laws, establishing the principle of national supremacy which prohibits states from interfering in the lawful activities of the federal government.
Analyze why older, white adults vote in elections more than other groups while describing how each political party cultivates voters and the role an interest group plays in turning people out to the polls.
Answer:
Voters of the different generations:
It is more likely for any society or a community to have a number of more experienced individuals who know more and are considered to be more concerned about the over all situations of the institutions inside a region. As, the elections are held to elect a representative or a chief executive for a state.
Explanation:
During, the elections in the United States there are certain people belonging to a specific age or generation who are more concerned about electing the right person to lead the national as a whole. As,the people from the age gap of 25-60 years are those individuals who are more concerned about the whole process of driving the government and political systems inside the country.
The tendency to resist revision of our self-perception is strong. Group of answer choices True False
Answer: The answer is definitely true
What social traditions did the ""Father of the Turks"" get rid of during his time as president of Turkey?
Answer:
d) the wearing of the fez by men and veils by women
Explanation:
In 1925. Atatürk's government introduced the Hat Law which banned the wearing of fezzes and turbans for men. Wearing of these head garments was punished by law and men were suppose to change head-wear to Western-styled hats, and public depictions were changed with the law (such as school images).
The legislation did not prohibit veils and headscarves for women, but left women to decide on their own if they would wear it or not. The public did strongly advise and encourage leaving veils and scarves only for religious occasions.
This was all part of so-called Atatürk's Reforms that had the idea to change the Republic of Turkey into the secular, modern and Western state.
Hijabs were banned later, in 1980, long after Atatürk's government, and the ban was recently lifted.
You have a listing with a couple who hold title in joint tenancy. A broker brings you an offer and the couple indicates that they will probably accept the offer, but they want to think it over for a few hours. During those few hours they are involved in a traffic accident and one of them is killed. What would be the status of the listing?
a. The listing agreement is enforceable against the surviving spouse
b. The listing agreement is cancelled.
c. The offer to purchase is void.
d. The offer to purchase is still valid.
Answer:
The answer is A- The listing agreement is enforceable against the surviving spouse
Explanation:
The listing agreement is enforceable against the surviving spouse because the couple which includes both dead and surviving spouse earlier indicated that they might accept the offer. In joint tenancy, upon the death of member the survivor immediately inherits the property. Since the couple held a title in joint tenancy then the listing contract is valid and the surviving spouse can choose to sell the property.
Give an example in which one person has an absolute advantage in doing something but another person has a comparative advantage.
Final answer:
Bob has an absolute advantage in producing both hats and scarves over Alice, but they have the same opportunity cost for both goods, meaning they have equal comparative advantages, and traditional comparative advantage would not lead to trade in this case.
Explanation:
Comparative advantage and absolute advantage are key concepts in international trade and the basis for why countries engage in trade. Suppose we have two individuals, Bob and Alice, who both make hats and scarves. Bob can produce 10 hats or 5 scarves in a day, whereas Alice can produce 8 hats or 4 scarves. Even though Bob has an absolute advantage in producing both hats and scarves because he can make more of each than Alice in the same amount of time, they can still benefit from specializing based on their comparative advantage.
Comparative advantage is about who has the lower opportunity cost. Bob's opportunity cost of making one hat is half a scarf, while Alice's opportunity cost of making one hat is also half a scarf, so they have the same opportunity cost in hats. However, for scarves, Bob's opportunity cost is two hats while Alice's is two hats as well, meaning they do not have a comparative advantage over each other since the ratios are equal, and no trade should occur based on comparative advantage for these goods. Typically, a better example would include different opportunity costs for each person.
Social network analysis can help companies divide their customers into market segments by analyzing their interconnections. True False
Answer:
The answer is - True.
Explanation:
Social Network Analysis (SNA) is the process of looking into or exploring social structures by the use of networks and graph theory in order to analyze the structural properties of networks of independent group of relationships. By analyzing interconnections of a group of people, SNA is able to divide customers into market segments.
The Tongue River Railroad Company (TRRC) proposed the construction of a 130-mile railroad line in Southeastern Montana. TRRC received the approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission. However, the Northern Plains Resource Council argued that the approval was given without a full analysis of the impact of the line on aquatic life, wildlife, and sensitive plants. What are Northern Plains Resource Council’s options? a. The best option is an MACT challenge. b. There are no options because TRRC is a private entity. c. One option is to challenge the adequacy of the EIS for the line. d. There are no options because a government agency is not taking any action, TRRC is.
Answer:
c. One option is to challenge the adequacy of the EIS for the line.
Explanation:
Tongue River Railroad is an organization which proposed to construct rail line in the Southeastern Montana which would connect the areas of Montana and Ashland. It received the approval from the Interstate Commerce Commission.
But the approval of the project was argued by the Northern Plains Resource Council (NPRC) that it might harm the wildlife, aquatic life and the sensitive plants near the line. Thus NPRC can challenge the EIS's adequacy for the construction of the line.
An EIS is an information system that is used in decision making process. Thus NPRC can challenge the correctness of the EIS given the approval without considering the ill effects to its surrounding bu the construction of the rail line.
For polychronic time oriented cultures A. plans are flexible B. time is less of a guiding force C. plans are not flexible D. time is a guiding force E. both A
Answer:
E. both A and B
Explanation:
This question is incomplete. The options for this question are:
A. plans are flexible
B. time is less of a guiding force
C. plans are not flexible
D. time is a guiding force
E. both A and B
In sociology, there are two types of time oriented cultures:
A monochronic culture is a culture that likes to do one thing at a time. These cultures think there's an appropriate time and place for things and therefore they value order and tidiness and take things very seriously.A polychronic culture likes to to do several things at the same time and they are willing to change their plans quite easily, therefore, they don't quite see time as a guiding force.Therefore, we can see that the corrects answers are: Polychronic time oriented cultures see plans as flexible and also for them time is less of a guiding force. Therefore, the correct answer is E. since both options A and B are correct.
Peggy McIntosh described ___________ as "an invisible package of unearned assests that I can count on cashing in each day but about which I was meant to remain oblivious."
Answer:
White Privilege
Explanation:
Peggy McIntosh in her essay, "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack", wrote about the hidden privileges that whites do have in society.
She asserts that white privilege is like an invisible package. These privileges are there in society but no one acknowledges it. These privileges are used every day as an unearned assets, meaning whites do not have to do much to earn these privileges compared to colored people in the society. Whites can count on (cashing) on these privileges.
________________ refers to the tendency to marry people like ourselves (for example, similar age, race, religion, and education level). Select one: a. Homosexuality b. Homogamy c. Monogamy d. Polygamy
Answer:
The answer is B. Homogamy.
Explanation:
Homogamy refers to the marriage that exists between individuals who are considered similar to each other. These similarities are established in terms of culture. The union could be established taking into account elements like socioeconomic status, class, gender or age.
Homogamy is considered an unexpected phenomenon related to people who have some kind of liking for other people who are like them or behave like them.
Consider the two secondary sources. These two sources are trying to be unbiased in their presentation of information. In what specific ways, though, is each source taking a stance in its choice of what to present and how to present that information?
There are two types of resources primary and secondary sources.
Explanation:
Primary sources provide the first hand information. They are first hand documents mostly eye witness records on a subject. People give first hand information of the past with supportive evidences which is considered to be the primary source of researching a subject.
Secondary sources are information that is taken from the factual documents which are primary sources. They are second hand accounts of a person or a subject that is published and it provides additional information about the primary resources. Secondary sources analyse and interpret the factual validity of the primary source. Both these sources serve to be important in conducting any research. Be it scientific or historical.
Final answer:
Secondary sources might exhibit bias through the selection of facts, language, and author's reputation despite efforts to be unbiased. Evaluating the credibility of these sources involves analyzing the author's purpose, diversity of perspectives, and cross-referencing sources. In journalism, an investigative approach is often favored to provide context to information presented.
Explanation:
Secondary sources are documents or recordings that relate or discuss information originally presented elsewhere. These sources often synthesize a range of primary sources and can be intended for a wide audience or for scholarly purposes. Despite the intent to remain unbiased, secondary sources can introduce bias in various ways, including their choice of what information to include and how to present it.
Ways Sources May Exhibit Bias
Selection of Facts: Emphasizing certain facts over others can indicate a bias toward a particular viewpoint.Language and Tone: The use of specific words or phrases can subtly influence how the reader perceives the information.Exclusion of Data: Omitting certain information or perspectives can skew the overall picture given to the reader.Author's Reputation: If an author is known for holding a specific stance, this can color the objectivity of the source.When evaluating sources for credibility, one should consider:
The author's purpose and whether the text is meant to inform or persuade.The inclusion of various perspectives, especially opposing ones, which may indicate a more balanced approach.The reliability and type of sources (primary, secondary, tertiary) used to underpin the presented information.Cross-referencing information with other sources to validate the accuracy and objectivity.In research, it's important to approach sources critically by trying to read both with and against the grain, which helps to reveal potential biases that might influence your understanding of the topic.
Judgment of Reportorial Approaches
In journalism, one school of thought promotes unbiased reporting, leaving the interpretation to the audience, while another advocates for investigative reporting, where the reporter evaluates and contextualizes information before presenting it. The latter approach may be favored in today's complex media landscape to help audiences navigate and understand the nuances of different stances on an issue.
"When Skippy self-disclosed to Zippy about an experience at a movie with an ex-lover, Zippy self-disclosed about the horrible breakup Zippy had with an ex-lover. What happened in this scenario
Answer:
Reciprocal self-disclosure
Explanation:
Self-disclosure is an interaction mechanism that exposes knowledge about a individual to another. Details may be concise or analytic, and may include emotions, feelings, expectations, ambitions, defeats, achievements, concerns, and wishes, as well as one's preferences, despises, and interests. This is what Skippy did .
Reciprocal self-disclosure refers to the practice upon which self-disclosure of one individual leads to self-disclosure of another.The listener is most likely to reciprocate when a person makes self-revelations by making similar self-reveals. This creates a sense of intimacy amongst them. This is what zippy did.
Question options;
Relationship stagnation
Expansion of the blind self
Enactment of social exchange theory
Reciprocal self-disclosure
Answer: RECIPROCAL SELF DISCLOSURE
self disclosure can be defined as a process of communication in which an individual reveals a previously hidden fact, information or series of facts to another individual. These can be likes, dislikes, dreams, goals, failures, fears etc.
Intimacy is achieved through self disclosure.
In this scenario, both individuals self disclosed to one another after one initiated the self disclosure. This called reciprocal i.e expressing mutual action action to one another.