An older man retires from his job, stops golfing, and cancels his newspaper subscription. After his wife dies, he lives alone, loses touch with his children, and stops seeing old friends. His situation most closely illustrates the _______ theory.
activity
continuity
disengagement
gerotranscendence

Answer:

sleep terror; nightmare

Explanation:

Even though they have strong similarities (Dreams that are perceive as 'scary' or uncomfortable) there are some distinct differences between the two.

- Nightmare occurs during REM while sleep terror occurs between cycles.

- Between the two, sleep terror tend to be accompanied by physical response such as screaming or other violent movements.

- Nightmare tend to be remembered by the receiver for a long period of time, while sleep terror tend to be dissapear from the receiver's recollection when they woke up.

Based on their sleep patterns and reactions, it appears that Jeff experienced a night terror, while Franco experienced a nightmare. Night terrors happen during non-REM slow-wave sleep and are typically characterized by screaming and not being fully awake. Conversely, nightmares occur during REM sleep, often remembered vividly, and occur later in the sleep period.

Based on the description of the incidents, it appears that Jeff likely experienced a night terror, which is characterized by high heart rate and breathing, screaming, and the person appearing not fully awake. This disorder is more common during non-REM stage 3 sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep. On the other hand, Franco appears to have experienced a nightmare. Unlike night terrors, nightmares usually occur during the REM sleep phase, known for its high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Nightmares tend to strike in the later parts of the sleep period and are often remembered in detail.

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Answer:

when they go our they go to a casino or a public place

When parents are warm and sensitive, their children are more likely to react in a concerned way to others' distress. This comes from their learned empathy and emotional response. Other parenting styles like permissiveness, authoritarianism, or discouraging emotional expressiveness might not foster the same empathy in children.

When parents are warm and sensitive, their children are likely to react in a concerned way to the distress of others. This is because children learn empathy and emotional response by observing and imitating their parents. Parents who are engaged, supportive, and responsive to their own and their children's feelings facilitate the development of empathy in their children. Children exposed to this parenting style are likely to be more sensitive to others' distress. This sensitive and responsive parenting approach fosters children's emotional development and influences their social behaviors and interpersonal relationships. In contrast, parental permissiveness, authoritarianism, or discouraging emotional expressiveness may not provide the same basis for children to develop empathy and concern for others' distress.

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Answer:

Role conflict

Explanation:

Role conflict occurs when an individual experiencing a contradicting demand on different type of social roles that he/she has.

In the example above, the cop is experiencing a conflict based on his different roles as a law enforcement and as a friend.Eventually, he will eventually forced to sacrifice one role for the other, and will leave some sort of damage to his status in the role that he sacrificed.

Answer:

Using social networks

Explanation:

Social networks are powerful platforms that connect people, serving as the stage for the debate of ideas. These platforms are used as the main tool of cyber works. A cyberfeminist may use them to expose her social patterns, for example, by denouncing her perception of demonizing women by traditional media.

An example: Suppose the cover of a magazine about a woman leader has a pejorative bias, treating her as if she were a harsh, nervous manager. A cyberfeminist can use social networks to question what the journal's treatment would be if the manager were a man whose cover would probably treat him as an efficient manager.

A cyberfeminist would use digital platforms to counteract biased portrayals of female politicians in traditional media, arguing that these platforms offer a way to share more balanced and equitable narratives.

They would argue that the traditional media often portray female politicians through a lens of gender bias, focusing on their appearance, clothing, and family life rather than their policies and achievements.

For example, as observed by political scientists Erika Falk and Elisabeth Gidengil, stories about women in politics frequently mention their appearance and instances of combative behavior, reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes.

A cyberfeminist would advocate for using social media and other online tools to provide a more balanced and equitable portrayal of female leaders.

By leveraging these digital spaces, female politicians can share their own stories and perspectives directly with the public, bypassing traditional media filters and biases. This strategy empowers women and helps reshape the narrative to focus on their professional capabilities and contributions rather than superficial or negative attributes.

Answer:    Sex ratio

Explanation:  The sex ratio or the gender ratio, as some argue, because according to some scientists these two terms are not interchangeable, is the ratio between the number of men and the number of women in the population. This ratio varies and depends on the type of society, i.e. it depends on economic, social, cultural, biological and technological conditions. The ratio of genders in the population, that is, the number of men and women can be affected by migration, higher mortality in some of the gender, as well as the average length of the life of the genders.

The measure comparing the number of men to women in a population is the sex ratio, a key demographic statistic that reflects the balance between males and females, influenced by various biological, social, and economic factors.

The measure that compares the number of men to women in a population is the sex ratio. The sex ratio is a demographic statistic used to describe the balance between males and females in a given population, typically expressed as the number of males for every 100 females. A low sex ratio indicates there are fewer than 100 males for every 100 females, while a high sex ratio suggests there are more than 100 males for every 100 females. This ratio helps understand population dynamics, influences of gender roles, economic decisions, and even the impacts of government policies on population compositions. Globally, more males are born than females, but due to higher mortality rates among males, the ratio can vary significantly across different regions. Factors affecting the sex ratio include infant mortality rates, males' higher exposure to risky behaviors, and the natural longevity of females in comparison to males.

its inherent ethnocentric bias

The correct answer is C. Its inherent ethnocentric bias

Explanation:

In the modernization theory proposed by sociologists such as Talcott Parsons, nations that are classified as underdeveloped can become develop or high-income nations if these grow industrially because this implies economic growth and changes in society. This means this theory states countries can progress if they follow a specific path.

The main issue with this is that it implies an ethnocentric bias because progress in this theory is only defined by the progress of big and developed nations most authors of the theory lived in. This is bias because nations might not need to grow industrially to improve their conditions or might not have the conditions to follow the path proposed for modernization.

The correct answer is C. Goodness-of-fit

Explanation:

In psychology and culture, the concept "goodness-of-fit" refers to the compatibility or lack of compatibility between the values, expectations or features of an environment or culture and an individual personality or temperament. This also determines the adaptation of the individual to its context and affects the emotional aspects of an individual because if the individual behavior and traits differ from the one expected in his context rejection occurs. This concept is the one that explains the situation presented because in this each child is not compatible with its context and therefore does not fit but if they could change their context they would fit. Also, goodness-of-fit explains this situation because it shows in each environment there are values and behaviors and individuals can fit into them and adapt to their context or on the opposite experience rejection.

The concept of goodness-of-fit explains cultural differences in what is considered a 'difficult' child. It refers to the match between a child's temperament and cultural expectations. Therefore, option c, goodness-of-fit, is correct.

Complete Question:

Characteristics considered typical of a “difficult” child vary from one culture to another. For example, Nanta of the Masai tribe would consider a quiet and shy infant “difficult” to care for in her society. In Japan, Akiko considers her demanding, highly energetic son “difficult.” This cultural difference can best be explained by which of the following?

a. heritability

b. cultural character

c. goodness-of-fit

d. adaptability

Final answer:

The advantage of using interviews in Hochschild's research was that it enabled her to construct detailed portraits of couples' domestic lives, through direct quotations and nuanced understanding of experiences. The correct answer is B.

Explanation:

The advantages that came from Arlie Hochschild's decision to use interviews as a research method in her study 'The Second Shift' include the ability to gather direct quotations, construct an intimate portrait of married couples, and capture the nuances of their experiences. Among the options provided, the correct answer is B. It allowed her to gather direct quotations and construct an intimate portrait of married couples. Interviews provided a detailed understanding of how couples perceived and divided their domestic labor, and enabled Hochschild to explore the complexities and discrepancies between couples' reports and their actual practices. However, it is important to note that the use of interviews does not ensure that respondents are always honest and forthcoming (A), does not necessarily include a large group of participants (C), and does not create control and experimental groups (D).

Answer is B) Sweden.

Sweden is recognized as the most liberal Western country in terms of sexual attitudes, with comprehensive sex education and few media regulations, leading to low rates of teen pregnancy and STDs.

Of the Western countries listed, Sweden is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex. In Sweden, there are very few regulations on sexual images in the media, and sex education is a compulsory part of the school curriculum starting at a young age.

This permissive approach has helped the country maintain some of the world's lowest rates of teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. In contrast, sexual attitudes in the United States are considered more conservative compared to most Western societies.

The correct answer is B. Symbolic interactionism

Explanation:

In societies, religion plays an important role and because of this, in sociology there are different perspectives that aim at explaining the role of religion, this includes the Functionalist perspective that explains religion is necessary for social stability; the Conflict theory that states religion and religious institutions create inequality that leads to conflict and the symbolic interactionism in which the importance of religion relies on the impact it has on each individual especially in terms of symbols and interaction that affect the perception of religion and its impact on well-being in each individual. Therefore, the theoretical perspective that would approach religion from a micro-level and study the impact of it in an individual's sense of support and well-being is the Symbolic interactionism.

Symbolic interactionism is the main theoretical perspective that would approach religion from the micro-level, studying how religion impacts an individual's support and well-being.

The main theoretical perspective that would approach religion from the micro-level is Symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals interpret and create meaning in their interactions with others. In the study of religion, symbolic interactionism would examine how religious symbols, rituals, and interactions shape an individual's sense of support and well-being.

For example, a symbolic interactionist might study how participating in religious ceremonies and engaging in religious conversations with others in their community influences an individual's perception of their social support network and their overall well-being.

While functionalism, conflict theory, and feminism can also offer insights into the study of religion, they tend to focus more on macro-level societal structures and power dynamics, rather than individual experiences and interpretations.

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All of the following are characteristics of global cities, except host influential philosophers.

Answer:

autostereotypes and heterostereotype

Explanation:

Stereotypes about one's own group are called Autostereotypes , whereas stereotypes about other groups are called Heterostereotypes. Option (a) is correct.

Stereotypes is a widespread, frequently unjustified, and unfounded assumption about all individuals or things that share a certain trait.

According to sociology, there are "autostereotypes" and "heterostereotypes" (conceptions about others) (conceptions of oneself). Autostereotypes create preconceived notions about a group, moderating the integration of members based on preexisting traits. Lack of critical thought causes beliefs about the group or country we belong to to be overwhelmingly favorable since we tend to define ourselves against "others," giving ourselves superior traits. On the other side, our perceptions of others are typically unfavorable: "others" are demonized. Prejudices are basic terms for autostereotypes and heterostereotypes.

Therefore, Option (a) is correct. Stereotypes about one's own group are called Autostereotypes , whereas stereotypes about other groups are called Heterostereotypes.

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The correct answer is A. Continued to gradually rise

Explanation:

In demographics, life expectancy refers to the average people in a zone or a country lives and that is directly linked to infant mortality, wards, epidemics, health systems, among others. Because of this, life expectancy varies according to the country and also according to time. In the case of U.S., it has been estimated nowadays life expectancy is around 79 years but this was lower in previous decades, for example during the World Wars life expectancy was around 60 years which means in general terms it has continued to gradually rise in the last decades.

The correct answer is D. George H. Mead

Explanation:

In sociology, the Conflict Theory is one of the main theories designed to explain relationships in society this theory states society prompts inequality and inequality leads to change, this was first proposed by Karl Marx during the 19th century and then elaborated by multiple sociologists including C. Wright Mills that made some of the concepts of Marx more complex during the 20th century and Willam Domhoff who is a contemporary sociologist that work in the ideas of Conflict Theory in the last decade. On the other hand, Geroge H. Mead is a sociologist that proposed Symbolic interaction which is a different theoretical perspective and therefore he is the one that is not associated with conflict theory.

The correct answer is A. Interact

Explanation:

Sociology is the disciple or study of society including the structures of it, the interaction, the culture and in general terms all the elements that relate to it. Because of this one of the most important concept for sociologies is "society" about this they define "society" as a group of people or individuals that commonly share the same territory or live in a certain area but also share cultural features and are involved constantly in social interaction, as it is this interaction the one that creates social relationships and that made possible cultural and interactional elements in society. This means, for a group of people to be part of a society they need to live in the same are and interact. Therefore, a sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined are share culture, but also those who interact.

Final answer:

A sociologist defines a society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: interact. This is the correct option that completes the definition of a society in sociological terms.

Explanation:

In sociological studies, a society is more than just a group of individuals who live close to one another. It encompasses those who are linked by common territorial boundaries and who share cultural elements, such as language, dress, norms of behavior, and artistic forms. This shared culture is essential to the coherence and function of society. Interaction among members is a fundamental aspect, as it enables the continued shared understanding of their culture and the coordination of their actions. Therefore, working in the same industry or speaking different languages, while they could be aspects of a society, are not defining characteristics. A society is built upon the interactions between people who critically share a common culture. Key examples include the systemic coordination of efforts, adhering to societal norms, and functioning within a common political structure.

Answer:

B. Reaction force

Explanation:

Reaction force is a team that consist of a group of people who are assigned to deal with unexpected situation in a certain area.

Since the problem that appear  in the area of incident tend to be unknown, this team deal with a lot of uncertainty during the planning part of their operation. Because of this, it is important for the team to take a lot of members with different variety of skill sets in order to be able to handle unique types of incidents on a short period of time.

Answer:

Voting boots

Explanation:

A voting booth is a room or a cabin in a poling station where voters can cast their votes in privacy. A voting boot does not influence voting, it is merely a place where a vote can be cast.

Race, social class and ethnicity all influence voting practices as they all influence the voters' decision for whom to vote. People from different races vote for different candidates, and it is proven that belonging to a specific social class can change the voters' perspective. Ethnicity plays a role as well and so does cultural background, it influences the voters' needs and makes them vote for the candidate truest to their values and beliefs.

Position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms.

The functionalist and conflict perspectives share the position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms. Option A is correct.

Social norms are defined as the group-wide standards of acceptable behavior. Social norms may be both informal understandings that guide the conduct of society members and formalized into regulations and laws.

Religion, according to the functionalist and conflict perspectives, is related to social control, enforcing social norms. The religion is a conservative force that serves a constructive role for society and people. It contributes to the formation of social order and the maintenance of value consensus.

Therefore, option A is correct.

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Answer:

B. maximum levels of pollution that factories may emit

Explanation:

Command and control policy refers to a type of policy that create some sort of limitation to a certain action in order to avoid negative consequences on national level.

Creating maximum levels of pollution WILL LIMIT the amount of waste that the companies could produce and force them to actually make effort to manage their waste and protect the environment.

Final answer:

The command-and-control policy example among the options is b. maximum levels of pollution that factories may emit, which involves setting specific limits for pollution emissions and mandates on pollution-control technologies.

Explanation:

Of the options given, b. maximum levels of pollution that factories may emit is an example of a command-and-control policy. These types of policies set specific limits for pollution emissions and require specific pollution-control technologies to be used by firms. They are designed to protect the environment by directly regulating the amount and type of pollution that is allowed.

Command-and-control approaches to pollution specify how much pollution a particular polluter can emit, or particular pollution-abatement technologies firms must adopt. For example, regulations around Nitrous Oxide (NOx) emissions prescribe how much NOx vehicles can emit. This direct regulatory approach is a form of command-and-control policy.

Other examples of command-and-control regulation include laws that require the installation of certain equipment on automobile tailpipes or on smokestacks to reduce pollution, and government requirements like those for auto companies to improve car emissions by a certain date.

Answer: the correct answer is secured worker's rights.

Explanation: Among the reasons socialism never developed into a political movement in the United States was that trade unions secured workers’ rights .

Final answer:

Trade unions in the United States were successful in securing workers' rights, which diminished the need for a socialist movement. They provided protection and collective bargaining, leading to improved working conditions within a capitalist framework, reducing the appeal for a shift towards socialism.

Explanation:

Among the reasons socialism never developed into a significant political movement in the United States is that the success of trade unions and the government in securing workers' rights reduced the perceived need for socialism. Unions provided protection and bargaining power for workers, leading to improved conditions and wages without the necessity of a socialist framework. The passage of laws improving workers' rights made many workers feel less need for unions, and thus less need for the socialist ideologies that were often associated with union organization and activism.

As unions grew in strength, especially during periods like the Progressive Era and under the administration of Franklin Roosevelt, they were able to achieve many of the goals that would be similar to a socialist agenda, such as better pay and safer working conditions. This process diminished the appeal of socialism as a separate political movement, because the workforce was already experiencing improvements within a capitalist framework.

Answer:

The correct answer to the question: What is the most important commodity in a postindustrial society, would be: Information.

Explanation:

Now that the economic systems have evolved from the Industrial Revolution, and given the advancement in mechanization and technology, it is possible to find that information is the most valuable asset and access to it, to communication systems, categorizes a country into one of the four groups, depending on on what their economy focuses, and produces. As such, countries whose economies are still based on agriculture, and mining, are called primary, those who start to focus on manufacturing, more than agriculture, are called secondary. Those nations that specialize in the offering of services, are called tertiary, and those focused on learning, and research, as well as technological and scientific advancement, are part of the quaternary group. It is thus, well known, that those countries whose economies are within the third and fourth categories produce information, gather information, and distribute it, and have the power over communications systems, thus making them the most advanced, and powerful, in the world.

The most important commodity in a postindustrial society is information. Postindustrial societies, which rely more on service jobs than manufacturing, often use technologies that generate and distribute information. Therefore, the acquisition and control of information often determines social, economic, and political power.

In a postindustrial society, the most important commodity is often considered to be information. A postindustrial society is a term used to describe a stage of society's development in which the service sector generates more wealth than the industrial sector. This is often marked by a shift from manufacturing jobs to service jobs, and a reliance on a variety of technologies that facilitate the generation and distribution of information. As a result, information has taken on the role of a commodity, and its acquisition, control, and application often determine social, economic, and political power. For example, fields such as information technology, computer science, and digital marketing, all involve the manipulation and control of information.

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The correct answer is B. Dependency theorist

Explanation:

The dependency theory is an economical and social theory that was developed during the 1960s and 1970s to explain the economic situation of underdeveloped nations. According to this theory global economy is controlled by certain wealthy states that use undeveloped nation, its resources and different economic strategies such as tariffs and interest rates  to keep economy of developed or high-income nations which implies high-income nations benefit and low-income  or undeveloped nations cannot progress and its economy depends on those nations that control the global economy. Therefore, if a sociologist states core nations control the global economy and use different strategies that favor high-income nations over low-income nations he is a dependency theorist as it is in dependency theory high-income nations dominate the economy and benefit from low-income nations.

Answer:Web Ethnography

Explanation:

According to the researchers, John Mihelich and also John Papineau use to study Parrotheads

When Cyber-ethnography, also known as virtual ethnography or web ethnography, digital ethnography, and also most commonly online ethnography, is an online research method that adapts ethnographic methods to the study of the communities and also cultures created through computer-mediated social interaction.

Thus, As modifications of the term ethnography, cyber-ethnography, online ethnography, and also virtual ethnography.

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An example of a regressive tax is an excise tax, and in terms of effective tax rates, a sales tax can be viewed as a regressive tax. The statements regarding regressive tax structures imposing increasing marginal tax rates and being the most common structure are incorrect. The option (C) is correct.

When the average tax rate decreases as the taxable amount increases, a regressive tax structure is present. This type of tax is detrimental to lower-income earners because it takes a larger percentage of their income compared to those with higher incomes.

Moreover, the claim that regressive tax structures are the most common tax rate structure is also incorrect, as progressive taxes are more commonly implemented, particularly in income tax systems.

This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:

Which of the following is true? Multiple Choice:

(A) A regressive tax rate structure imposes an increasing marginal tax rate as the tax base increases.

(B) Regressive tax structures are the most common tax rate structure.

(C) An example of a regressive tax is an excise tax.

(D) In terms of effective tax rates, a sales tax can be viewed as a regressive tax.

The correct statements are: An example of a regressive tax is an excise tax and In terms of effective tax rates, a sales tax can be viewed as a regressive tax.

A regressive tax is characterized by its tendency to impose a higher burden on lower-income individuals, as they pay a larger percentage of their income compared to those with higher incomes. This type of tax structure is often exemplified by excise taxes, which are specific taxes levied on certain goods, such as tobacco or alcohol.

Additionally, sales taxes are frequently viewed as regressive as well. Since lower-income individuals typically allocate a greater proportion of their income towards purchasing goods subject to sales tax, they end up paying a larger share of their income in taxes compared to wealthier individuals.

Answer:

Functionalism

The correct answer is D. All of the above

Explanation:

In society, there are multiple types of groups that influence our behavior, ideas, values among others and therefore, different types of groups should be used to determined certain behaviors and attitudes such as self-destructive behavior and low-self esteem this includes reference groups which are peer groups people use to measure themselves and therefore groups that directly influence the individual's behavior; but besides this, in-groups or the groups individuals belong to and out-groups or groups individuals do not belong to also influence behaviors and attitudes as individuals tend to modify their behavior and attitude to fit to in-groups and oppose or avoid belonging to out-groups. Considering this, in the case presented the parents need to look at all of the above (reference groups,in-groups, and out-groups).

The correct answer is D. Earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

Explanation:

The word "meritocracy" refers to a system used in politics and other fields including jobs in which those individuals that are talented, performed better than others or achieve certain goals are provided with economical benefits or more power. This system differs from others as the key factor is the performance of the individual rather than his education or experience. Therefore, under meritocracy, a physician's assistant would earn a pay raise for doing an excellent job as in meritocracy those that perform well are the ones that have benefits including payment raise.

In a meritocracy, a physician's assistant would likely earn a pay raise for excellent work, as meritocracies reward hard work and talent with recognition and better compensation.

Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would earn a pay raise for doing excellent work. Meritocracy is a system where individuals are rewarded for their abilities and effort, which means that within such a framework, hard work and talent are expected to be recognized and rewarded with better pay and advancement opportunities. It does not necessarily imply that all individuals in the same position would receive identical compensation, as personal achievements and contributions are factored into earnings and career progression.

The correct answer is A. Class traits

Explanation:

In sociology, a social class refers to a specific group of people that belongs to a specific category in the social hierarchy defined by different aspects such as the political power, accessibility to resources, role in society, education and social status. Additionally, it is common each class is defined and identified according to a set of norms, customs, behaviors, and preferences that are commonly known as social traits and do not only make each social class different but also are linked to other aspects such as education and prestige. Therefore, the behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are the class traits.