Adriana fell in the grocery store and broke her arm. She claimed that leaking water from the store's freezer caused her to slip and fall. She thinks that the store should pay her medical bills. In this case, who is the defendant?

Answer:

Many people use the terms morals and ethics interchangeably but in real sense the two words have different meaning.

Personal moral depicts an idea or opinion that's driven by a desire to be good which emanated from social groups, religious belief etc.

While ethics are sets of rules, guidelines and regulations that defines allowable actions or correct behavior in a particular profession such as healthcare.

There may be conflicts of personal moral and professional ethics in the area of medical treatment of the VIP, hospital donors and celebrity patients and the general patients of a particular healthcare service provider. Some healthcare employees seems to have a belief that everybody is equal irrespective of your position in the society. This may contradict the ethical code of that particular healthcare service provider.

Healthcare service provider needs to balance their ethical professional and personal moral while dealing with patients.

Healthcare providers may face conflicts between their personal morals and professional ethics when dealing with ethical dilemmas. For example, they may need to balance their personal beliefs with the ethical duty of respecting patient autonomy.

Personal morals and professional ethics can conflict for healthcare providers when they are faced with ethical dilemmas that challenge their own beliefs and professional obligations. One example is when a healthcare provider needs to balance their personal moral beliefs against the ethical duty to respect patient autonomy. For instance, a healthcare provider may personally oppose abortion due to their religious beliefs, but they must still provide unbiased information and support to a patient who is considering the procedure, respecting the patient's right to make their own decisions.

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Answer:

horn effect

Explanation:

Answer:

Horn effect

Explanation:

Horn effect is a perception distortion that affects the way people interprets information about other's,due to one reason or the other. This is usually a type of immediate judgement discrepancy.

Judging the instructor by his sloppily appearance and untammed hair is actually a judgement discrepancy,because to you he is an unserious and unintelligent fellow. Whereby the reverse is the case here.

The FALSE statement about New Netherland is "Religious toleration was extended to Catholics and Jews," as historical records indicate Peter Stuyvesant, the colony's leader, persecuted religious dissenters not part of the Dutch Reformed Church.

The statement about New Netherland that is FALSE is "Religious toleration was extended to Catholics and Jews." While New Netherland was known for its diverse population and some degree of religious tolerance, the leader Peter Stuyvesant was known for persecution of religious dissenters who did not belong to the Dutch Reformed Church. This included other Protestant sects and certainly would have extended to Catholics and Jews, whom he did not favor. Furthermore, historical records indicate that although some level of religious tolerance was observed, especially towards Jews in the 1650s, the tolerance was not as encompassing as the statement suggests.

Other statements are accurate based on the historical context: slaves could possess "half-freedom," allowing them some rights; women did have many liberties but lost their legal identity upon marriage; and no elected assembly was established, which was a point of contentment among the settlers.

Answer:

2 pounds

Explanation:

Parameters are numbers that summarize data for an entire population. Statistics are numbers that summarize data from a sample, i.e. some subset of the entire population.

So from the question above ,the paremeter is 192 because it covers the whole population while the statistics is 190 because it is gotten from the sample, hence the difference between them is 2.

Answer: Only Jasmine and Kanti will attend the party.

Explanation: This can be Analysed this way;

1. Kanti will attend only if Jasmine is there.

2. Jasmine will be unhappy if Samir attends, therefore Jasmine is unlikely not to attend if Samir is invited.

3. Samir will attend if Kanti will attend. And Kanti will only attend if Jasmine attend

From the three statement analyzed, this means that;

Jasmine will come even if Samir and Kanti won't come. And Samir and Kanti won't come if Jasmine did not come. That means Jasmine to attendance should be considered first. Therefore Jasmine should attend the party.

Now we will consider what can hinder Jasmine from coming. From statement 2 Jasmine may not come if Samir will be there. This means that Samir's invitation should not be considered. Therefore Samir will not come because she won't be invited.

Kanti will come when Jasmine is invited, even if Samir will will come. Therefore Kanti will be at the party and should be invited.

Given the conditions, to avoid conflict, it's better not to invite Jasmine, Kanti, or Samir to the party. The decision is a result of a series of logical reasoning based on the constraints provided in the question.

This question is a logic puzzle. Following the conditional statements provided, here's some help to decide whom to invite. Since Kanti will not attend unless Jasmine also does, if you invite Jasmine, you may also want to invite Kanti. But remember, if Jasmine attends, she will become unhappy if Samir is there, and Samir will attend only if Kanti is there.

Combining these, we can conclude that if Jasmine attends, Kanti and Samir will also attend, which will make Jasmine unhappy. So to keep everyone happy, it's better not to invite any of them to the party. Ultimately, to ensure a harmonious party, it seems that Jasmine, Kanti, and Samir cannot be invited simultaneously.

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Answer:

a. Brain and spinal cord

Explanation:

The brain and spinal cord are essential components of the nervous system and damage to any of the two can cause many problems in reasoning, balance, stability of a body, among others.

Russel probably has a disease associated with damage to the brain and spinal cord that does not allow his body to stabilize, causing constant tremors in his limbs. In addition to causing cognitive defects and failures in cognitive and motor activities.

Psychological barriers to listening can include tuning out others' ideas and waiting for a pause to speak. Physical barriers can be unfamiliar jargon or poor acoustics. To combat these, one should utilize the lag time when listening and concentrate on the speaker's words. In the case study, faking attention, psychological barriers, and nonverbal distractions were barriers, whilst keeping an open mind, providing feedback, and judging ideas not appearances could help.

Psychological barriers are internal obstacles that arise from our mental and emotional states. Not paying attention to others' ideas or just waiting for the next pause to provide our input are examples of these barriers. On the other hand, physical barriers consist of external obstacles. It includes responding unfavorably to unfamiliar jargon, a difficult listening environment due to poor acoustics or fatigue, and again, waiting for a pause to add our input.

You can counter the effects of thought speed listening barriers by capitalizing lag time. This means using the time you're listening to process and understand the given information rather than form your responses. You can improve your listening abilities by concentrating on what the speaker is saying, fully focusing on their words instead of considering when to interject your ideas.

In Jim's situation, the listening barriers that apply are faking attention, psychological barriers, and nonverbal distractions. Tips to help Jim increase his listening effectiveness include: keeping an open mind, providing feedback, and judging ideas not appearances.

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Answer:

According to the provided information of the problem, the explanatory variable will be disturbance in driving from texting and the response variable will be the numbers of seconds' drivers takes to respond.

There are two types of treatments that are, driving without any disturbance and texting while driving.

While selecting the participants, it can be considered that only those participants must be selected who text while driving the car.

Talking on phone calls while driving the car, type of phone will be a lurking variable for this study.

Blinding can be used in this study by considering all that participants who never drive in their life.

Final answer:

Design an experiment by identifying the explanatory and response variables, the population, and experimental units. Include treatments and use randomization to assign them, then use placebos and blinding to address the power of suggestion and control for biases.

Explanation:

Designing an experiment involves several critical steps to ensure that it produces reliable data. First, identify the explanatory variable, the factor you are manipulating, and the response variable, the factor you are measuring changes in.

The population being studied is the entire set of individuals that the study aims to understand, while the experimental units are the individual members of the population that participate in the experiment.

The treatments are the different conditions or levels of the explanatory variable that the experimental units receive.

Treatments are assigned to the experimental units using randomization to reduce the effects of lurking variables. To deal with the potential influence of the power of suggestion, researchers can use a placebo treatment for the control group. This treatment looks like the active treatments but has no therapeutic effect.

Blinding is a technique where the participants (single-blind) or both the participants and researchers (double-blind) are unaware of who is receiving the actual treatment or the placebo.

The correct answer is postformal

Post-formal thought allows adults to mentally manipulate the vagaries and inconsistencies of everyday situations, in which simple and unambiguous answers are rarely available. Through post-formal thinking, we can reflect and choose among alternatives, recognizing that other alternatives can offer unattainable benefits from the chosen one.

Postformal thought is described as less rigid, with individuals understanding that more than one opinion may be correct when additional factors are considered.

The answer is postformal thought. This concept highlights a form of thinking in early adulthood that is more flexible, logical, and willing to accept moral and intellectual complexities than the rigid dichotomous thinking seen in adolescence. Adults in the postformal stage can integrate logic with past experiences, tolerate ambiguity, and understand that multiple perspectives can hold validity.

For example, an adolescent might view a political issue in black-and-white terms, while an adult with postformal thought might recognize valid arguments on both sides and find a balanced, nuanced perspective.

Answer and Explanation:

The answer is attached below

Answer:

Categorical Logic defines & relates various kinds of logical statements. Traditional square of opposition is a particular relationship between 4 kinds of propositions : A, E, I, O.

Explanation:

Categorical Logic is scientific method of defining & connecting : various statements about - various category or classes of objects.

Traditional square of opposition shows relationship between various kinds of propositions, asserting or denying something about - all or few members of a group :

Relationships between them :

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Liberalism is a political doctrine that helps people to keep safe there rights. It enhances the liberty of people. It is the central problem for political parties. The liberal thinks that this is the political government's responsibility to protect the right of people and protect people from harm to other people.

There is a problem that who will work for the rights of people whether the government will do it for people. Some of the liberal called neo-classical liberal. Thus in the above statement Liberal view are those view that protects the right of people and moral reasons.

We do not have access to the text or other course materials, but we can still try to answer this question with other sources.

Erik Erikson argues that the stage of identity vs, role confusion occurs between the ages of 12-18 years, and that this is the stage in which people begin to look for a sense of self and a personal identity. This is a very important stage, as it leads to people exploring their values, beliefs and goals, and in this way, creating the foundations for the adult that they will become.

An example of this development of identity involves making the decision of the occupation that a person will pursue in his future. Teenagers face some pressure from family, society and peers in order to make a choice. Some teenagers are able to handle this better than others. For example, some teenagers have the liberty to explore and consider different possible paths, which allows them to make a more informed decision. Others might experiment with different lifestyles (work, political activities, etc.). Others might feel support from their social circle. These feelings reduce the feelings of unhappiness and rebellion in teenagers, and are less likely to lead to role confusion or an identity crisis.

Prostitution is morally disapproved in almost all societies, given the degradation it represents for the people who practice it.

Prostitution is the activity that consists of offering sexual satisfaction in exchange for remuneration, in a habitual and promiscuous way.

The definition of prostitution is based on cultural values ​​that differ in various societies and circumstances, but generally refers to the sex trade of women for the satisfaction of male clients. There are also male forms of homosexual prostitution and, to a lesser extent, among men who rent their services to women.

In very permissive societies, the practice of prostitution becomes unnecessary; in cultures that are too rigid, it is persecuted and punished as an offense.

In primitive societies, in which neither private property nor the monogamous family existed, prostitution or other paid personal service was not practiced. However, there are known cases of small tribes in which men were able to incite women to sexual intercourse by offering objects they liked. In other peoples, prostitution of girls was practiced as a rite of initiation to puberty.

With the first civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, sacred prostitutes emerged, linked to certain deities and certain temples. In ancient Greece sexual practice related to religious worship also took place.

Prostitution itself, both in Greece and in Rome, was controlled by the state, which collected high taxes from prostitutes and forced them to wear clothes that identified their profession. Greek heteras or hetairas, cultured and refined courtesans who attended meetings and parties of intellectuals and politicians, exercised a respected type of prostitution.

During the European Middle Ages, the Christian church tried unsuccessfully to eliminate prostitution, but society, guided by the cult of courteous love, in which marriages were arranged for political or economic purposes, favored the flourishing of activity.

Prostitution came to be regulated and protected by law and to constitute an important source of income for the government. Courtesans were also treated with dignity in the courts of the Italian Renaissance.

In the 16th century, an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases added to the puritanism of religious reform to launch an offensive against prostitution. With industrialization, urban agglomerations once again offered conditions for the expansion of prostitution.

International cooperation initiatives to eradicate trafficking in women began in 1899. In 1921, the League of Nations established a committee to address trafficking in women and children, and in 1949, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a convention to suppress prostitution.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, most countries in the West have been inclined to decriminalize prostitution and to dissolve the link between prostitution and associated criminal activities.

In general, the prostitute is only prosecuted if he publicly incites sexual intercourse. However, the activity of pimps and people who promote prostitution, or who benefit from the sex trade, and those who compel other people to prostitute, is considered criminal.

With the advent of antibiotics and the spread of prophylactic and hygiene measures, the control of one of the related evils of prostitution - the spread of sexually transmitted diseases - seemed close. The emergence of AIDS, however, made the practice of prostitution potentially fatal for prostitutes and clients and required the intervention of the public authorities to publicize preventive measures.

In some countries, attempts have been made to re-educate prostitutes to adapt them to society by carrying out jobs considered morally worthy. In the poorest nations, however, poverty, prostitution and disease were intertwined.

Final answer:

Cyberbullying is the chosen deviant behavior for research, with references from news stories and reality shows to support the acceptance or rejection of this behavior. The demographics of the group witnessing the behavior vary, and their reactions can vary as well. The group often attempts to control cyberbullying through policies, education, and awareness initiatives.

Explanation:

For the research, I chose the deviant behavior of cyberbullying. I found several references that convey both the acceptance and rejection of this behavior in various contexts. One example is the current news stories of cyberbullying cases that have received media attention, highlighting the negative consequences it can have on victims. Another example is the portrayal of cyberbullying in reality TV shows, where it is often condemned and shown as harmful behavior.

The demographics of the group that witnesses cyberbullying can vary widely. It could be students witnessing cyberbullying incidents in their schools, parents witnessing their children being cyberbullied, or even bystanders who witness instances of cyberbullying on social media platforms.

The group's reaction to cyberbullying can also vary. Some may take action by reporting the behavior or supporting the victim, while others may ignore it or even participate in it. The reaction largely depends on individual values, beliefs, and awareness of the consequences of cyberbullying.

Groups often attempt to control deviant behavior like cyberbullying through various means. Schools and educational institutions implement policies and educational programs to prevent and address cyberbullying. Social media platforms have also introduced policies and tools to report and block cyberbullying behavior. In addition, society as a whole has raised awareness of the harmful effects of cyberbullying through campaigns and initiatives.

Answer:

Explanation:

In a workplace, use of coercive power may exists sometimes. This form of power is mostly used by higher ranks and managers in order to enhance the efficiency of the employees.

The managers may use force or other forms of threat and punishment to influence the behavior of the employees. However, excessive use of coercive power may have a negative impact in the workplace. It may increase the stress level of the employees which will adversely affect in the outcome of the production. Most employees, in fear of losing their jobs, wouldn't risk doing or trying new innovative ideas. Thus, curbing innovations and creativity among the employees.

Imposing this type of power may also have repercussive effects. Employees may start quitting their jobs which will result in high employee turnover.

The correct answer is increases stress level of the employees which adversely affects the productivity level.

A stressful work environment can be extremely damaging to the health of employees and the company's productivity. Overwork, relationship problems, inadequate or excessive demands are some of the factors that trigger stress in the daily work of organizations.

If it is not diagnosed and combated, this situation can compromise not only the company's competitiveness, but also generate costs with leave and health care.

Stress can be defined as the body's reaction to pressure situations. In general, it is not the result of a single cause. Difficulties resulting from the family environment and social relationships are fueling negative feelings, along with work issues.

The accumulation of factors that cause this state can be expressed in different physiological and psychological symptoms, which should be seen as indications that something is not right.

In the mental aspect, it is possible to observe tension, irritability, social isolation, anxiety and depression, among others, as symptoms of a stressed employee. The most frequent physical aspects are muscle and head pain, excessive tiredness, difficulty concentrating and gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory problems.

Answer: b. 3,2, 1,4

3. Allport, GW. (2001). Introduction. In S. Akhilananda, Hindu psychology: Its meaning for the West (pp. ix.x). London. England: Routledge. (Original work published 1948)

2. Allport, G.W. (1979). The nature of prejudice (25th anniversary ed.). Cambridge, MA: Addison, Wesley. (Original work published 1954)

1. Allport, G. W. (1930-1967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers (HUG 4118.10), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.

4. Allport, G.W., & Ross, M. J. (1967)IPersonal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.

Explanation:

In APA referencing style, authors are listed in alphabetical order.

When citing works by the same author(s), list works in an order that depends on the year of publication. This also applies to works published in the same year. You can add a, b, c, etc to the year to show the order they were published if they are in the same year.

The reason 3 and 2 come before 1 and 4 is due to their original publication dates which are earlier than those of works 1 and 4.

Answer: The findings show that: there were no differences between the three types of families on any of the measures of children's socioemotional development.

Explanation:  It is not the structure of the family per se that influences the socioemotional well‐being of children in different family forms. Perhaps, the quality of parent–child relationships, the quality of parents' relationships with each other, and the quality of the wider social environment appear to be more predictive of children's adjustment. Whether children have one parent or two, whether they have a genetic or gestational link to their parents, whether their parents are married or cohabiting, whether their parents are male or female, and whether their parents are of the same sex or opposite sex seem to matter less for children than does the quality of family life

Darnell could critique the email for its impersonal tone, unilateral decision-making, and lack of appreciation or compensation for the extra work required.

A critique that Darnell can make of the body of the letter involves several key aspects:

Constructive feedback could suggest implementing a more appreciative tone, offering compensation or incentives for overtime, and engaging in a dialogue about workload management to ensure a balance between business needs and employee well-being.

Answer:

c. description of the frequency of particular scores.

Explanation:

According to a different source, these are the options that come with this question:

a. statistical tool used to calculate the standard deviation.

b. measure of central tendency.

c. description of the frequency of particular scores.

d. standard for test objectiveness.

The correct option is C. A norm is the description of the frequency of particular scores, or the location of a distribution. It is a type of statistical average. We often use this word in informal settings to describe anything that cannot be considered the standard.

Answer:

Explanation:

Listening for comprehension is a type of listening which normally takes place in a classroom or during a subjective discussion. This kind of listening takes place when an individual wants to acquire specific knowledge or understanding regarding a particular subject.

It involves listening intently to the speaker so that the listener may comprehend information, ideas or knowledge that may be beneficial and important to his/her.

In this kind of listening, the listener tries to grasp ideas, components and structure of that particular topic which is being discussed.

Answer: We can conclude from the finding that deficit in social functions results in lower activation of the mirror neuron system.

Explanation: Mirror neuron system is a group of specialized neurons that “mirrors” the actions and behaviour of others. The mirror neutron is important in planning our actions as well as understanding intentions behind actions.

Answer:

collectivistic; individualistic

Explanation:

A person from collectivistic culture focused and stressed on group goals and mutual bonding while a person from individualistic culture on personal target and goals. Moreover, a person from collectivistic culture give preference to group benefits on personal benefits on the other hand person from individualistic culture only consider personal rewards and benefits,

The correct answer is collectivism, individualistic.

Collectivists believe that the individual does not exist only, but that he is part of a large collective or of small other collectives… Society, Community, Class, Gender, Boss, Worker, Poor, Rich, Man, Woman,White, Black, Police, Bandit, Right, Left.

The collectivist denies individuality and classifies individuals according to their appearances, choices, birth conditions, current situation.

Individualists believe that society does not exist, does not think and does not act, but that a society (or other collectives) are composed of individuals who think, act and live. Individualists understand that although some individuals have affinities and similarities with other individuals, they also have their own differences and peculiarities.

They understand that a society or a collective cannot exist without the individuals that compose it and that, therefore, the individualities of each one are more important than the similarities of the whole.

This is also an example of a concept that is called Selective memory.

Explanation:

People often remember the bad things they associate with a date that is supposed to go bad but they tend to forget the days when nothing happened or something good happened on that day.

This is similar to the people who argue that there are more red lights than green because they tend to forget what green lights they have passed and only remember the red ones.

All of these are good examples of the concept of selective learning wherein a person only retains the information that they want to retain and none else.

Believing Friday the 13th is unlucky because of bad experiences is an example of an illusory correlation and confirmation bias. Combatting these beliefs involves mindful critical thinking and understanding that correlation does not imply causation. Superstitious beliefs are common instances where these cognitive errors occur.

People sometimes believe that Friday the 13th is unlucky because they remember bad experiences that happened on that day, while forgetting the times when nothing significant occurred. This selective recall is an example of an illusory correlation, which is when individuals mistakenly believe there is a connection between two events when none exists. They are also demonstrating confirmation bias, where people seek out, interpret, or remember information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs, whilst often disregarding evidence that contradicts those beliefs.

To combat the tendency to believe in illusory correlations, one can be mindful of confirmation bias and make an effort to consider all evidence, not just the information that supports our hunches. Reflecting on why we hold such beliefs and examining them critically can help reduce the formation of these correlations. Additionally, educating ourselves on the logical principle that correlation does not imply causation can assist in preventing these cognitive errors.

Superstitious beliefs and false cause fallacies are common instances where illusory correlations and confirmation bias can lead to erroneous conclusions. For example, a belief in the superstition that a broken mirror brings seven years of bad luck, or that wearing a specific jersey causes a sports team to win are examples of these fallacious thoughts. Being aware of these tendencies in our reasoning can help us adopt a more critical and rational approach to the world around us.

Answer: Unrelated diversification

Explanation: Unrelated diversification is a form of diversification when the business adds new or unrelated product lines and penetrates new markets. Unrelated diversification is the most difficult kind of diversification to make successful in the long run.

The coffee shop owner's decision to acquire a laundromat, an unrelated business area, is an example of a business strategy known as conglomerate diversification.

In business strategy, when a company decides to expand its products or services into an area different than what it currently operates, it's known as diversification. In your scenario, since you own a coffee shop and decided to acquire a laundromat, this is an example of conglomerate diversification.

Conglomerate diversification refers to the expansion into unrelated businesses, here being a coffee shop and a laundromat. This type of diversification strategy involves adding new products or services that are significantly different from your current offering and serve an entirely unrelated market segment.

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You have submitted an incomplete question, please let me assume this to be your question.

Your manager is impressed with your performance supporting this information system and wants to measure your competency in the scope of your assignment. She has asked for your assessment on the major advantages of DBMS software applications such as Microsoft Access.

ANSWER: DBMS means Database Management System. They are type of softwares that helps one to manage data, by defining the data, manipulating the data, giving data a better integration, making data more easier to be used, and helps to easily retrieve data. They help one to save data in a more simple way by creating differents column for different Information. Examples of this softwares are Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, Microsoft word etc.

Microsoft Access helps one to manage data's that are related by creating a large amount of space for analysing such data, more than many other data management softwares, like Excel.

Answer:

The main threat to internal validity here is History.

Explanation:

Internal validity refers to how well a research is conducted. Internal validity determines if it's the independent variable (or another factor) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent variable.

History here alludes to the internal validity threat that refers to events outside of the experimental setting (increase in cigarette taxes) that may affect the dependent variable (smoking cessation).

Cynicism, low self-worth, uncertainty, powerlessness correlate with conspiracy belief.

Explanation:

The best predictor of belief in a conspiracy theory is belief in other conspiracy theories,” says  a psychology professor who studies conspiracy belief at the University of Westminster in England. Psychologists say that’s because a conspiracy theory isn’t so much a response to a single event.

Many believe in conspiracy theories because the humans have evolved to be suspicious and skeptic. Big events always attract conspiracy. Anxiety makes people to accept the conspiracy. many conspiracies are scary and attract attention. An important trait among conspiracy theorists is paranoia. They believe the threats they face are personally invasive than is reasonable.

Answer:

Generalised anxiety disorder

Explanation:

Mrs Aten is suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) because of are excessive worries about number of different things.

She worries most about whether people like her, She has difficulty concentrating at work, and fears making a mistake and usually has sweaty palms and sometimes has difficulty breathing which is the evidence of her having generalised anxiety disorder.

Excessive anxiety and worry can interfere with a person daily activities and may be a sign of generalized anxiety disorder even though everyone has feelings of anxiety at some point in their life. However, some people find it hard to control their worries which may have negative effects on them.

The correct answer is B and D

Ijma is a consensus or a point of Islamic law.

The closure of ijtihad appeared to be the plausible cause of the apparent stagnation and lack of creativity in Muslim jurisprudence. Although pre-modern Islamic jurists and Orientalists agree on the closure of ijtihad, these days, it has been the subject of more in-depth studies and lively discussions among academics, and it is common opinion that neither the exercise nor the theory of law Islam have ever manifested the absence of ijtihad or legal creativity.

Answer:

B. The use of qiyas lacks a unequivocal basis in the Quran, while Tradition suggest that the Prophet may on occasion have resorted to it.

And

D. Qiyas is the application of a ruling in a case already known, to a new case on which the law is silent, the application made possible by the presence of an illah shared by both cases.

Qiyas. In Islamic law, the deduction of legal prescriptions from the Quran or Sunnah by analogic reasoning.

Ijma. Consensus or agreement. One of four recognized sources of Sunni law.

Ijtihad. Islamic legal term meaning “ independent reasoning,”

Answer:

dependent: exam score, independent: presence of music,

confounding can be the fact that students in no music condition completed exam as they normally would

high validity

Explanation:

Dependent variable is the variable whose value depends on independent varaible. As independent variable is changed, the value of dependent variable changes

Students in no music condition completed exam as they normally would can be confounding as no description is given about how they would noramlly complete an exam. Any other factor and not no music condition, in normal exam condition could have affected their scores.

The experiment has high validity as the exam scores of student exposed to music was significantly higher than those not exposed to the music. The results also proved the hypothesis.