A healthy immune system depends on an adequate supply of proteins that bind to and neutralize harmful invaders. what are these proteins known as?
The proteins that bind to and neutralize harmful invaders in the body are known as antibodies or immunoglobulins. The complement system, consisting of about 20 types of proteins, works alongside these antibodies to destroy pathogens. Neutralization, a process resulting from the action of antibodies, prevents pathogens from infecting cells.
Explanation:The proteins that bind to and neutralize harmful invaders, generally referred to as pathogens, are known as Antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Ig). These proteins are produced by plasma cells, a type of B cells, in response to an antigen, which is a chemical structure on the surface of the pathogens. Antigens bind to T or B lymphocyte antigen receptors, therefore activating B cells and leading to them differentiating into cells producing antibodies.
Another type of proteins that contribute to the immune response are the ones forming the Complement system. Comprising approximately 20 types of proteins, this system functions in harmony with the adaptive immune system to destroy extracellular pathogens. The complement proteins bind to the surfaces of microorganisms and are particularly attracted to pathogens already marked by antibodies.
The process in which antibodies disable pathogens or toxins is known as Neutralization. It prevents them from attaching to cells, therefore inhibiting potential infections. The neutralizing antibodies play a crucial role in the protective effects of vaccines as they help the body develop immunity against diseases.
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What is the most important property of water for protecting fish in a shallow pond on a hot summer day
True or False? The current growth associated with the human population places pressure on resources and social organization.
Biological organization extends beyond the organism to include which of the following?
A.populations,communities, and ecosystems
B. DNA,RNA , and protein
C. Cells, tissues, and organs
Answer:
the right answer is (populations, communities, and ecosystems)
Explanation:
While studying the embryos of deer and hens, Bryan found marked similarities in them. Even though deer and hens are very different as adults, their embryos are very similar. Which of the following correctly explains this similarity? Deer and hens share an common, early ancestor. Deer and hens share a common, recent gene pool. Deer and hens share a common habitat.
) how does a cladogram communicate the order in which a set of related species evolved?
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
They are made up of twin infolding of mucous membrane that are extended across the larynx from back to front.
What Tension on the vocal cords is regulated?The vocal cords' size has an impact on voice pitch. The recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve controls the laryngeal folds, which vibrate when speaking or singing and are open when breathing.
Because the vocal folds are linked to the arytenoids and move together with them, the arytenoid cartilages aid in the movement of the vocal folds, allowing tension, relaxation, or approximation of these.
The arytenoids are also linked to several intrinsic laryngeal muscles and ligaments, which can move them.The vocal control system may become uncoordinated during extended periods of muscle stress in the voice box.
Therefore, movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles.
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One function of glial cells is to
Glial cells are essential for the proper function of the nervous system. They guide developing neurons, buffer harmful ions and chemicals, produce myelin sheaths around axons, and protect the nervous system against infections. Various types of glial cells including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia each play specific roles in these processes.
Explanation:One function of glial cells is to provide support to the nervous system in various ways. These include guiding developing neurons to their destinations, buffering ions and chemicals that could harm neurons, and producing myelin sheaths around axons to enhance communication between neurons. Of note, the different types of glial cells such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia each play a specific role within the central and peripheral nervous system.
Astrocytes, abundant in the central nervous system, contribute to various functions including the regulation of ion concentration in spaces between cells, intake and breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and the formation of the blood-brain barrier which separates the brain from the circulatory system. Oligodendrocyte cells and Schwann cells play significant roles in the production of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system respectively, enhancing the speed and efficiency of electrical signals along neurons.
While supporting and protecting neurons, microglia also play an important role in safeguarding the nervous system against infections. All these functions underline the fact that glial cells are critical for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
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In 1996, a cloning experiment produced the sheep named dolly. contrary to the more traditional method of cloning by embryo splitting, dolly was produced by which procedure?
The definition that offers the broadest range of substances that can be considered acids is the:
The broadest definition of acid was given by G. N. Lewis in 1923. He described that an acid (Lewis acid) is any substance, such as the H+ ion, that can accept a pair of non-bonding electrons. In simple words, the definition of Lewis acid is a substance which accepts an electron-pair.
Answer:
Lewis definition or Lewis acid
What is the advantage for scientists of using non scientists to collect data?
Consider a cell that has three pairs of chromosomes. what fraction of the gametes produced from this cell will contain only maternal chromosomes?
What is the advantage to a sessile animal to produce free swimming larvae?
A sessile animal to produce free swimming larvae has primarily and radial symmetry. The advantage of this is that the primary and radial symmetry allows for the animals to reach out in all directions from one center such as during feeding. Since they don’t have a high degree of controllable movement even during food collecting periods, they can travel much greater distances than the bottom-dwelling adults, increasing their range. Secondarily, radial symmetric animals are able to receive stimuli from all directions which have efficient defense mechanisms due to their radial symmetric distribution.
Final answer:
Sessile animals like sponges produce free-swimming larvae to spread offspring across new environments, promoting survival and genetic diversity, despite high predation and low survival rates.
Explanation:
The advantage to a sessile animal, such as a sponge, to produce free swimming larvae is that it allows the larvae to disperse into new environments, which increases the likelihood of species survival. Since sessile organisms are fixed in one place, having free-swimming larvae ensures that their offspring can settle in new locations where competition for resources may be lower, and there's a potential for greater access to food. This strategy also contributes to greater genetic diversity within a population, as larvae can travel and potentially mix with different gene pools. External fertilization is common in many aqueous environments, which helps protect the eggs from drying out and permits broadcast spawning, a process where eggs and sperm are released into the water. While this results in a high risk of predation and low survival rates for the eggs, the massive production of eggs increases the chance of fertilization and ensures some will survive to adulthood.
Before conducting an experiment, a scientist needs to review _____.
A. polls about public opinion
B. details about whether the experiment is important enough
C. trends involving consumers
D. results of other experiments related to the subject
Answer: D. results of other experiments related to the subject.
A literature review is necessary for a researchers to search and read, once before designing the research plan. It helps the researcher to know the process, conclusion, results, advantages and drawbacks of previous research work in the chosen subject. It makes the researcher aware about how his/her research question is appropriate and original. The results of previous studies if correctly matches with the hypothesis can be conclusive and useful for referring for current study if not than relevant precautions can be taken so, that they do not repeat in the current study.
Therefore, before conducting an experiment, a scientist needs to review the results of other experiments related to the subject.
What is a possible cost of using renewable energy resources
The decline in bone breakdown and increased mineralization causes blood calcium to ____________ back to normal levels.
The was a massive scientific undertaking meant to identify and sequence all of the genes found in a human cell. this is just one example of , the bran
Because the majority of cell differentiation occurs during the ____ phase, this is the time when exposure to teratogens can do the most damage.
1 pts tracy learned to keep her tent from sagging by strengthening connections between its support poles. for tracy to learn, changes in her brain that involved the strengthening of connections between neurons likely occurred. this process is known as
Team-teaching is most often used when A. one teacher doesn't understand the curriculum and needs the guidance of a more experienced teacher. B. new policies must be created and the work load is too much for one teacher. C. there are too many children to teach at one time. D. there are large numbers of children at the same or similar age that can be broken into two or more groups for instruction or activity.
The correct answer is D. there are large numbers of children at the same or similar age that can be broken into two or more groups for instruction or activity.
Took the pf test and got 100%
What type of earth scientist would most likely study the earth's storms?
When was the mathematical structure of science discovered?
A cell goes through cellular respiration and produces ATP which it then uses to move a molecule across the cell membrane. How does the energy in the original glucose molecule change during this process?
Answer: Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that involves the oxidation of biological fuel (glucose) in presence of inorganic electron acceptor ( oxygen) in order to release large amount of energy in the form of ATP( adenosine triphosphate) that is upto 38 molecules.
CO₂ and H₂O are produced as waste products. The energy from ATP is utilized for various cellular activities.
The energy from glucose is changed to ATP through a series of metabolic reactions that occur in three phases that is glycolysis, kreb cycle, and electron transport chain.
When an athlete first starts to exercise, her initial energy needs are provided primarily by the aerobic energy system?
The tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body is the:
What process can be described as two cell divisions genetic variation and haploid cells
The right answer is meiosis.
Meiosis is the process of double cell division allowing the formation of gametes, or sexual cells in eukaryotic organisms. It differs from mitosis, somatic cell division, which takes place only in a time. From a diploid mother cell, we obtain four haploid daughter cells with different genetic material.
* A first division of meiosis: the reduction division.
* A second division of meiosis: the equational division.
This process generates genetic diversity. It leads to the formation of haploid cells, designed to fuse with others, so as to obtain diploid cells after fertilization.
Read the following statements that describe how information flows in the nervous system. What is the correct order in which they occur? 1) Response is carried to glands or muscles. 2) Information is gathered. 3) Information is processed and a response is formed. A. 3,2,1 B. 3,1,2 C. 2,3,1 D. 1,2,3
Answer: C. 2 , 3, 1
Explanation:
The nervous system is a complex network of neurons that carry messages in a body of particular animal.
The flow of information starts from the receptor which is the sense organ . The sensory neurons gathers the signals from the sensory organ and release them through neurons that are interconnected. Then they are received by the relay neuron which is in the spinal cord.Then the spinal cord sends signals back through the motor neuron to the muscle. Thus response is carried to glands or muscles to take away organ from danger.
Hence, the correct order in which they occur :
2) Information is gathered.
3) Information is processed and a response is formed.
1) Response is carried to glands or muscles.
Which carbohydrate can be used by the body as an immediate source of energy? glucose
cellulose
chitin
glycogen
Glucose is an important energy source of the body. It can be rapidly used as a fuel for the energy needs of the body or can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.
Further Explanation:
Carbohydrates are macromolecules which are composed of atoms of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. The carbohydrates are used as a fuel to perform normal body functions. They are categorized as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
The monosaccharides are simple sugars namely fructose, galactose, and glucose. These monosaccharides have a similar molecular formula [tex]\textbf{C}_{6}\textbf{H}_{12}\textbf{O}_{6}[/tex] but show different arrangements of atoms in their structural formula. The disaccharides are made when two simple sugars are linked together. For example, glucose and fructose are linked or bonded together to form sucrose. The molecules containing three to six monosaccharide units form the oligosaccharides.
The polysaccharides are complex molecules consisting of monosaccharide units in large numbers. For example, cellulose is a vital structural constituent in plants and is comprised of many glucose units. Starch and glycogen are found respectively in plants and animals as an energy source. They are long-chain branching polymers of glucose. Chitin is also a fibrous component present in the cell walls of fungi. It is a polymer of a glucose derivative which is N-acetylglucosamine.
In order to use energy stored in glycogen, cellulose, and chitin, they have to be broken down into simple molecules or monosaccharides (glucose). This glucose is then utilized during cellular respiration to form ATP (adenosine 5' triphosphate).
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Answer Details:
Grade: High School
Subject: Biochemistry
Chapter: Carbohydrates
Keywords:
Carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, glucose, starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose, ATP, cellular respiration, macromolecules, simple sugars.
Glucose is the immediate source of energy for the body as it is a primary fuel for cellular activities. It is broken down from carbohydrates and transported in the bloodstream. The cells use glucose to produce energy via cellular respiration.
The carbohydrate that can be used by the body as an immediate source of energy is glucose. Glucose is a monosaccharide and is the primary source of fuel for cellular activities in the body. When we consume carbohydrates, they are broken down into glucose, which is then transported through the bloodstream to be used by cells for energy production via a process known as cellular respiration.
By gaining weight slowly and steadily, you add less body fat and more ____________________.
What happens if homeostasis is disrupted in a living organisms