A pluripotent stem cell _____.

a. can develop into a new organism if placed in a womb after its first four divisions during fertilization
b. can differentiate as one type of cell only
c. is an adult stem cell
d. does not have the ability to develop into a new organism, but can give rise to any of the cell types in a body
e. can allow regeneration of human body parts such as limbs

Answer:

Synthetic

Explanation:

Synthetic drugs are drugs that are man-made and chemically-created in a lab by modifying the molecular or chemical structure of another substance. The synthetic drug now has properties and effects that are similar to that of the substance that is being mimicked.

Various illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine are being synthesized to create synthetic drugs to mimic them. An example of a synthetic drug is synthetic marijuana also called Spice or K2.

Answer: When norepinephrine binds to alpha receptors of the iris of the eye, it causes contraction of the ciliary muscles of the eye which brings about pupil dilation.

Stimulation of alpha receptors of the smooth muscle vasculature results in vasoconstriction of blood vessels.

Explanation: Alpha receptors are adrenergic receptors that respond to norepinephrine. They are subdivided into two (2) types:

Alpha 1, found in smooth muscle heart, liver, pregnant uterus, male sexual organs and blood vessels, with effects including vasoconstriction, intestinal relaxation, uterine contraction and papillary dilation.

Alpha 2, found in platelets, vascular smooth muscle, nerve termini and pancreatic islets, with effects including platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and inhibition of norepinephrine release and of insulin secretion.

Answer:

By establishing linking features of fossils in different age brackets through radioactive dating

Explanation:

Radioactive dating estimates the age of fossils and rock. Fossils are remains of living organisms that are primarily found in the sedimentary rocks. Carbon dating is used to determine the age of the fossils that are not older than 50 thousand years.  

For fossils older than that uranium dating is used. Based on the age estimation of fossils, fossils belonging to the same age bracket are grouped from the oldest time to the most recent time thereby marking the common characteristics of different fossils at each age brackets. In this way radioactive dating helps the scientist in establishing evolutionary links.

Radiometric dating supports the theory of evolution by natural selection by providing evidence for the timeline of life on Earth, enabling scientists to study the sequence in which different species have appeared or disappeared. Also, it evidences the concept of deep time, essential for the concept of gradual evolutionary change.

Radiometric dating is a method used by scientists to date geological materials such as rocks, and it provides support for the theory of evolution by natural selection in several ways.

Firstly, it gives us an understanding into the timeline of life on Earth. By accurately estimating the age of fossils, we can create a timeline for when specific organisms existed, how they evolved over time, and the order in which they appeared or disappeared. This timeline is essential for the theory of evolution.

Also, it aids in the evidence of gradual change (evolution) over long periods of time (deep time). In other words, by showing that the Earth is billions of years old, radiometric dating supports the idea that slow, progressive changes (i.e., 'natural selection') have shaped life as we know it today.

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Answer: A mature parent cell is approximately 4 µm, while a budding cell is 3 µm. Since the shape of a yeast is a sphere, we can use the formula below:

V= (4/3)π.r³, considering that π=3,14 and r is for ratio of the sphere, which is half of it's diameter.

For a parent cell, the volume is: 33 µm³

For a budding cell, the volume is: 14 µm³

Since the volume determines how much cytoplasm a cell has, then a budding cell needs to grow the mature parent cell - its own current volume, so the result would be 19 µm³ of cytoplasm.

To calculate the surface area, we use another formula that is presented below:

A= 4.π.r²

For a parent mature cell, the surface is 50 µm²

For a budding cell, the surface is 28 µm²

Since the surface determines how much plasma membrane a cell has, to know how much the budding cell needs to grow up to a mature state is simply using the surface area of the parent cell - the current surface area of it, resulting in 22  µm².

To find the size differences between a mature yeast cell and a budding cell, we first calculate their sizes using the scale bar. We apply those sizes to the formulas for surface area and volume of a sphere to find the amount of plasma membrane and cytoplasm the budding cell needs to reach full size. Growth limitations are also discussed by considering the surface area-to-volume ratio.

The subject of this question concerns the cellular processes of yeast, which are eukaryotic fungi. Specifically, it deals with the size of yeast cells and their budding - a model of asexual reproduction. Yeast cell size can be found based on the scale bar provided. Assuming these are spherical cells, we can use the formula for sphere volume and surface area (4πr² and 4/3πr³ respectively) to calculate these parameters. Here 'r' is the radius of the cell which will be about half of the determined size.

It's important to note that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. This is crucial for understanding cell efficiency and the need for cell division when the cell gets too large.

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Answer:

Living environment.

Explanation:

The illness may be defined as any kind of disease or sickness that affects the normal body condition. Bacteria, virus and other disease causing organisms can cause illness.

Both the external and internal environmental factors might responsible for the illness. The positive and healthy living environment is important to keep the individual's healthy and free from any illness. The internal living environment represents the physiological condition of the body and the external living environment represents the physical condition like proper sanitation, proper hygiene is important for the client success.  

Thus, the answer is living environment.

Answer:

Following Statements are true.

1. Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.

3. Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.

4. Positional information controls pattern formation.

6. Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.

Explanation:

The formation of an eukaryotic organisms's spatial organization which includes organ formation and tissue arrangement is called as Pattern formation.

Molecular signals are received by cell. This phenomenon collectively refereed as positional information. Through this phenomenon cells are informed about their locomotion with respect to body axes and other cells. Regulation of pattern formation is controlled by Positional information.

When body axes is established a gene called homeotic gene start working as regulatory genes. This gene identify specific body segment in an organism which results in the formation of segment-specific body structures in the correct locations on the body.

Answer:

b) Bioremediation

Explanation:

The use of natural occuring or intentionally introduced micoorganisms to treat environmental pollutants is called as Bioremediation.

Answer: Excessive movements of the walls of the  abdomen

Basically babies belly breathe, that is they undergo abdominal pattern of respiration( instead of the abdomino- thoracic pattern in  adult), through their abdomen.

This is because,  their thoracic walls are not fully functional to undergo  the normal adult mechanisms  of breathing.

The ribs are short in length due to incomplete ossification. They curve out wards, at low angle, their sternum, is shaped horizontally.

These features reduce the activities   of the inter coastal muscles and the thoracic cage  in the mechanism of  infants breathing,compare to the long ribs, obliquely shaped rib cage,  with lower  sternum  of  adult which  permit the  abdominal-thoracic  breathing pattern.

Therefore ,when the diaphragm distends during breathing ,its movement pushes the organs of the abdomen down; because infants have rapid respiratory  rates, the distends created  rapid  expansion and contraction of the walls of the abdomen to gain enough abdominal pressure.

This together with the movement of  organs of the abdomen   from  the  pathways of diaphragm  created the  excessive  movements of the abdominal walls. This rapid abdominal wall movements creates discomfort and distress for the infant during this mechanisms.

Explanation:

Final answer:

D. Excessive abdominal wall motion is a sign of respiratory distress in infants since they rely more on their diaphragm for breathing compared to adults.

Explanation:

Based on the anatomical and physiological differences between an infant and an adult, excessive abdominal wall motion would suggest respiratory distress in an infant but would be less likely to be observed in an adult. In infants, particularly those with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), the underdeveloped intercostal muscles and the reliance on the diaphragm for breathing make abdominal movement more pronounced when they experience respiratory distress. Adults typically have stronger chest muscles, allowing them to rely less on abdominal muscles for breathing, making excessive abdominal wall motion less common in adult respiratory distress.

Answer:

Cells

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct answer is D. fitness

Explanation:

The ability of an organism to survive up to reproductive age and produce its offspring is called biological fitness. The fitness of any individual can be measured by the genetic contribution of that individual into the next generation.

This means that the higher the number of offspring produced by any individual higher would be its biological fitness. By averaging the fitness of population members the fitness of a population can be calculated. So fitness is the correct answer.

Answer:

C4

Explanation:

Plants present under the conditions of higher temperatures have several adaptations to reduce water loss. One such adaptation is the C4 photosynthetic pathway. In C4 pathways, plants perform the primary fixation of CO2 into C4 acids in mesophyll cells. These C4 acids are then transported to the bundle sheath cells where they are being decarboxylated to release CO2. The released CO2 enters into Calvin cycle and glucose is produced while the C3 acids are transported back to the mesophyll cells to continue the process.

In these plants, RuBisCo is present in bundle sheath cells and the higher concentration of CO2 around this enzyme increases the photosynthetic efficiency by reducing photorespiration. Thereby, these plants have a higher photosynthetic rate and do not need to open stomata more to support photosynthesis.

Gravity is a force of attraction and friction is a force of opposing motion.

Explanation:

When an object is subjected to a push or a pull then it is called as force. The Newton is the unit of force and when all the forces that are acting on an object is integrated it gives to the Net force. When two objects contacts each other there exits friction. It is the force that is responsible in opposing the motion of the objects as they contact each other.

The force that is attractive and results in pulling of the objects is Gravity. The attraction that exists between two objects is because of the mass. The acceleration that is being induced in an object that is in movement with the gravitational force is called as acceleration due to gravity.

Answer:

abd

Explanation:

because thats just what it is

Answer:

Plants use light energy for anabolic reactions

No, an animal would not use the same kind of energy

Explanation:

Anabolic reaction is a metabolic reaction in which smaller molecules combine to form larger molecules.

An example of an anabolic reaction in plants is photosynthesis

Plants use light energy from sunlight to manufacture glucose and oxygen from carbon(iv)oxide and water.

On the other hand, animals use chemical energy from catabolic reactions for anabolic reactions

Full question from alternative source:

Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait. for the following families, determine the most likely genotypes of the parents

Part A

Two normal parents have five children, four normal and one albino. What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?

Part B

A normal male and an albino female have six children, all normal. What is the most likely genotypes of the parents?

Part C

A normal male and an albino female have six children, three normal and three albino. What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?

Part D

Suppose that one of the normal children from Part B and one of the albino children from Part C become the parents of 8 offspring. What would be the expected number of normal and albino offspring?

Answer:

Part A - both heterozygous for the trait (Aa)

Part B - female aa, male likely AA

Part C - female aa, male Aa

Part D - 4 normal, 4 albino (50:50)

Explanation:

Part A

We are told that albinism is a recessive trait. Lets call it a and the normal allele A. Since neither of the parents have it, that must mean they each possess at least one copy of the dominant allele (either AA or Aa). Most of their children are normal, but 1 is albino. The albino child must have inherited two copies of the a allele, one from each parent. This means each parent must possess an a allele and must both be Aa.

Part B

Since the trait is recessive, we already know that the albino female must have the genotype aa. If her husband in homozygous normal (AA), all their children will be heterozygous (Aa), and therefore normal, which is the case in this cross. Therefore aa and AA are the most likely genotypes. However, it is still possible that the male has the genotype Aa. This would mean they had a 50:50 chance of producing an albino offspring. We know they have six normal children, so this is unlikely.

Part C

Since the trait is recessive, we know the female has the genotype aa. Unlike the last family, this family has some albino children. This means that the husband must be a carrier of the trait, but he is unaffected, so must be Aa.

As described in part B, if he is Aa and she is aa, they will have 50:50 normal:albino children. This is the ratio in this family.

Part D

The normal children from Part B are all heterozygous for the trait (Aa), inheriting one normal allele from their father, and one albino allele from their mother. The albino children from part C are all aa. Therefore, the cross is Aa x aa. We can draw a punnett square:

                  Aa

             A         a

       a   Aa       aa

aa   a   Aa       aa

Half the children have the genotype Aa, and half have the genotype aa. That means half will be normal and half will be albino. Therefore, 4 normal, 4 albino.

If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during anaphase of meiosis I, what will be the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes with respect to the normal haploid number (n)?

a) n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1

b) n + 1; n + 1; n; n

c) n + 1; n - 1; n; n

d) n + 1; n - 1; n - 1; n - 1

Answer:

a) n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1

Explanation:

Separation of homologous chromosomes occurs during anaphase-I of meiosis. This event reduces the chromosome number from 2n to "n" in the daughter cells. If a pair of homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase-I, both the homologous chromosomes of that pair would be present in one daughter cell of the meiosis-I (n+1) while the other daughter cell would lack that chromosome (n-1).

Meiosis-II would maintain this chromosome number. Therefore, two gametes will have one extra chromosome (n+1) while the two gametes would lack one chromosome (n-1).

Answer:

a) n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1

Explanation:

Answer:

The PCR machine consist of a thermal cycle that increases and decreases the temperature of the sample. When the temperature is increased, the double-stranded DNA template mixture is denatured or separated into single strands.

Answer:

A,B and c only

Explanation:

Cell signalling is the transfer of information from one cell to another.

It is important for growth, development and immunity.

An error can lead to serious problems such as diabetes and cancer.

Therefore this process is highly regulated. A signal in the cascade can be interrupted or turned off when;

The barr bodies will be present in only female control, and absent in all the rest. While SRY gene will be absent in only the female control and present in all rest.

The Barr bodies are the dark bodies that are seen inside the nucleus of WBCs in females. These are actually the condensed X chromosomes which is seen in females as they have 2 X chromosomes and one of them remain silent and is seen as Barr bodies.

The SRY gene is actually the TDF gene or Testis Determining factor which secretes a protein called the Sex determining Region Y protein. Its present in the Y chromosome of males and one of the very few functional genes of Y chromosome.

In the given Karyotype of the 2 athletes, we can see that both the athletes are males as they are having one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. So they are males. And hence, both of them will be having the SRY gene and in both of them, Bare bodies will be absent.

Answer:

Molecular biology aims to study the processes that are carried out in living beings from a molecular point of view

Explanation:

-Genoma: A set of genes contained in chromosomes, can be interpreted as the totality of the genetic material that an organism or a species has

-Chromosome: Each of the highly organized structures, formed by DNA and proteins, and contains most of the genetic information of a living being

-Gen: Molecular unit of genetic inheritance, where genetic information is stored and can be transmitted to the offspring

- Replication fork: Joint between two strands of DNA when it is self-replicating. Each of the DNA strands serve as a template for the synthesis of the new DNA

-Okazaki fragment: Short strands of DNA newly synthesized in the discontinuous strand. They are synthesized in the 5 '→ 3' direction from RNA primers that are later eliminated

-Genotype: Genetic information that an organism has, in the form of DNA

-Fenotype: Expression of the genotype according to a specific environment. They include both physical and behavioral traits

-Codon: Three nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA corresponding to a specific parameter

-Anticodon: Three nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence of three other nucleotides found in messenger RNA

-Promotor: DNA section that controls the initiation of RNA transcription

-Intrón: Region of the DNA that is part of the primary transcription of RNA and are removed from the mature transcript, before its translation

-Exon: Portion of gene encoding amino acids

-The modified plasmid size from 1 to more than 1000 kilograms of bases

-The size of the bacterial genome ranges from 0.58 megabases to 10 Mb in several species of cyanobacteria, with the exception of Bacillus megaterium, which has a 30 Mb genome

-The size of the eukaryotic genome is very variable, for example, the smallest sequenced is that of Guillardia theta, of only 0.55 Mb, yeast (1.2 Mb) to amoeba (686,000 Mb).

-In the DNA, the purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G). The pyrimidines are thymine (T) and cytosine (C). In the case of RNA, the purines are A and G and the pyrimidines are C and U (uracil)

-Transcription involves the copy of DNA in RNA. This is the process of gene expression, in which genes are converted into proteins. DNA replication is the process of copying DNA into a cell so that there are two equal copies. As a result, two double chain propellers are obtained, two exact copies. Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule into an amino acid sequence during protein synthesis.

-Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds that bind the nitrogen bases, causing other enzymes to copy the DNA sequence. The primase synthesizes small fragments of RNA on the lagging chain in DNA replication, of about 10 nucleotides, called primers. DNA polymerase III performs the replicative process, its function is the synthesis of DNA. It has review activity, 3’-5 ’exonuclease. DNA polymerase I has three activities. It has polymerase activity, synthesis in the 5’-3 ’direction. A 3’5 ’exonuclease activity, erroneous nucleotide removal, and a 5’-3’ exonuclease activity, which from a nick resynthesizes a portion of DNA by removing the existing one. This enzyme does not carry out the replication process. RNA polymerase is capable of using ribonucleotides to synthesize RNA from a DNA sequence that serves as a template. Ligase catalyzes the binding of two molecules from the formation of covalent bonds accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

The first -pass effect occurs with the orally passed drugs. The drugs that are taken orally moves to different parts of the body.

The drug administered inside the body is reduced in concentration before it reaches the systematic circulation of the body.

It can be defined as the loss of fraction of drug during the process of absorption which is related to liver and gut wall.

Hence, the correct answer is option B

Answer:

Ecological species concept

Explanation:

A species is a group of living organism consisting of individuals that can interbreed.

There are different types of species concepts. For instance, Ecological species concept defines species are a group of individuals that share the same ecological niche.

Therefore, when the biologist did not consider the physical similarities of the wolf spiders rather their ecological niche to group them.

I shows he utilized the ecological species concept.

Answer:

Option (C)

Explanation:

Catabolism is usually defined as a metabolic activity where the complex food molecules are disintegrated into simpler molecules. This process results in the release of energy. This disintegration is facilitated by the enzymes that are present inside the mouth of an organism. For example, glycolysis is a process where the glucose molecules are disintegrated with the help of enzymes, and in return, it releases acid (pyruvic acid) and a certain amount of energy.

The above-given condition is an example of this catabolism process.

Thus, the correct answer is option (C).

Answer:

c. An example of sustainable use is that water extracted from underground resources must be equal to or less than the water that recharges the underground resources Human population must decline for the foreseeable future to maintain

Explanation:

Sustainability is the capacity by which an element, system or process, remains active over time. The element resists, endures, remains. Also, there is a compatibility between the activity considered and the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, avoiding the degradation of the source and sink functions such as water.

Answer:

Option c: An example of sustainable use is that water extracted from underground resources must be equal to or less than the water that recharges the underground resources

Explanation:

The term "Sustainability" implies a compromise between the use of a resource and its recharge to maintain a balance of its existence as Earth's natural resource. It means we cant deplete this resource, and shortly or long afterwards to pretend its regeneration.  The resource must always exist.  Its availability should not be compromised.

Answer:

The best way is to list her diagnosis is to place it under; other psychotic disorders and under  other  schizophrenia spectrum. Since the  manifestation of this disorder did not meet the full criteria, it  better to place her diagnosis under broad schizophrenic spectrum,  in relevance to other psychotic disorders

This classification   is applicable when  symptoms of a disease produces a notable distress in a patient, but failed to meet the any of the full  DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia listed in the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.

it is also applicable when the  medical subject can not discern  why the symptoms does not meet the  full criteria; or when relevant data are lacking  for further diagnosis.

Explanation

Answer:

A 53-year-old man presents with inability to concentrate, itching in his fingers and toes, elevated blood pressure, and unexplained weight loss. He is diagnosed with primary polycythemia. The primary goal of his treatment will be to: total reduction of blood production which would help to solve other issues

Explanation:

polycythemia is a condition that entails the high production of the erythrocytes which is detrimental to good health condition. Food that increases blood production such as proteinous food like beans, egg, milk e.t.c would be avoided in order to maintain normal blood production

The main treatment objective for primary polycythemia is to lower the elevated hematocrit and blood viscosity, reducing blood pressure and improving symptoms.

The primary goal of treatment for a 53-year-old man diagnosed with primary polycythemia would be to reduce the elevated hematocrit and viscosity of the blood to decrease blood pressure and alleviate symptoms such as difficulty concentrating and itching in the fingers and toes. Polycythemia vera, a bone marrow disease, results in excessive production of immature erythrocytes, which can lead to complications such as raised blood pressure due to increased blood viscosity. Treatment typically involves phlebotomy to reduce blood volume and medications to lower the risk of blood clots. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiopharmaceuticals may be used to suppress the overactive bone marrow.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

This is a typical dihybrid cross involving two genes; one coding for eye color and the other for seed shape. According to Mendel, for each trait, an organism (fruitfly in this case) receives two forms of a gene called ALLELE, from each parent. These two alleles get separated into gametes in an equal frequency during meiosis.

In this case of heterozygous parents i.e. they have a combination of the variant genes (alleles) that controls both traits, each parent has a brown and red allele for one gene and a straight and curled allele for the other gene. These two alleles for each gene were each received from the male and female parent.

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes (similar but non-identical chromosomes received from each parent) separate. Hence, each allele of all the genes separates into gametes. Both red and brown allele separates into different gametes, while straight and curled alleles also separate into different gametes. This happens in a way that each gamete must contain one allele of each gene. Both occurs in meiosis I because the alleles for the different traits are borne on homologous chromosomes, which separate in the Anaphase stage of meiosis I.

Answer:

If a researcher is studying on the dosage level of some drugs, He is doing a PHARMACOLOGICAL studies

Explanation:

Pharmacology is simply the study of how drugs interact with the body and how the body responds to the drugs. It is simply the study of what drugs does to a body and what a body does to the same drug. Pharmacology is divided into two parts ; Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetics

Answer:

Biologically  based

Explanation:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical equipment/device used to diagnose the internal organs of the brain. It is something which is not recommended in a psychiatric therapy. Thus, if MRI is recommended by a psychiatrist, it simply means that the psychiatrist want to get assured that the problems related with the brain are not due to any biological cause.

Answer:

I think its D

Explanation: