Answer:
d. Epinephrine
Explanation:
The adrenal glands which are located at the top of each kidney are made up of two parts: the cortex and the medulla.
The adrenal cortex is the outer part of the adrenal gland, while the inner part is the adrenal medulla.
The adrenal medulla has tissues that are composed of popstganglionic sympathetic nervous system neurons which are involved in stimulating the medulla to secrete the epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones.
Epinephrine functions to increase cardiac output and increase level of glucose in the blood when the body is exposed to threat or stress.
Five-year-old Theresa is Christmas shopping with her mother and siblings. She looks around and realizes her mother is nowhere to be found. Theresa's _____ nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. Theresa's mother finally comes around the corner, and Theresa is filled with relief, the result of the activation of the _____ part of her nervous system.
Answer:
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
Explanation:
The sympathetic nervous system is activated when the person experiences any stress conditions. This nervous system stimulates the release of stress hormones from the adrenal gland and generates flight or fight response. There are an increased heart rate and breathing rate to increase the oxygen supply to skeletal muscles.
Once the person comes out of the stress conditions, the parasympathetic nervous system is activated which slows down the physiological responses generated by the sympathetic system. The activated parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Final answer:
Theresa's sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. Theresa's mother finally comes around the corner, and Theresa is filled with relief, the result of the activation of the parasympathetic part of her nervous system.
Explanation:
When five-year-old Theresa realizes that her mother is nowhere to be found, her sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. This is an involuntary reaction that prepares the body to respond to perceived dangers by allowing access to energy reserves and heightening sensory capacity so one might either fight off a threat or run away to safety. When Theresa sees her mother and feels relief, it is the parasympathetic part of her autonomic nervous system that becomes activated to calm her down and return her body to a state of rest.
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
Answer:
The sensory nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the motor nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
Explanation:
The sensory nervous system transmits information (internal or external stimuli) through sensory nerve cells in the body to the CNS.
The motor nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body through motor nerves cells to muscles, organs and glands.
The sensory nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the motor nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body. The sensory system collects information from the environment, while the motor system controls muscles and internal organs.
Explanation:The nervous system can be divided into two main types: the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system. The sensory nervous system is responsible for transmitting information from receptors to the Central Nervous System (CNS), picking up sensory information from the external and internal environment and transmitting it to the CNS. For instance, it allows us to feel heat when we touch a hot object or perceive a sweet taste when we eat candy.
On the other hand, the motor nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body, controlling and coordinating muscle movements and the function of internal organs. For example, it enables us to move our hand away when we touch something hot or start salivating when we taste sweet food.
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The following experiment is used for the following question. A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers, but caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Temperature Day Length Springlike Springlike Springlike Summerlike Summerlike springlike Summerlike summerlike In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). Recall that eggs from the same female were exposed to each of the eight treatments used. This aspect of the experimental design tested which of the following hypotheses?
The experiment tests the effects of environment and diet on the physical appearance of caterpillars hatching in different seasons, aiming to see if these factors can induce different phenotype expressions within the same genetic population.
Explanation:The experiment was designed to test two primary hypotheses: one related to the impact of environment (temperature and day length) and second, the impact of diet (oak flowers or leaves) on moth caterpillar appearance. Given the different physical appearances of caterpillars hatching in spring and summer despite coming from the same genetic population, the experiment is likely trying to test whether environment (springlike or summerlike conditions) and diet (oak flowers or leaves) can induce different phenotype expressions.
The uniqueness of the experiment lies in the combination of both factors as it separates the influence of the environment from the diet of the caterpillars. This dissociation will allow the biologist to identify whether it's the combinatorial effects of time/temperature of the year and the type of diet that leads to the distinct appearance of caterpillars or if any one of these factors has a dominant influence.
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Darwin noted that populations produce more offspring than will survive. Why is this fact a central component of the theory of natural selection?
Answer:
Darwin is known as the father of evolution and explains the theory of the natural selection. He explains the relationship between the evolution and the natural selection.
According to Darwin the population with more reproductive power has high chance of fitness and adapt in the environment. This is because the large number of individual in the population shows large variation with the variation in the fitness when subjected to the process of natural selection.
Discuss how the endocrine system and nervous systems become involved when a student feels stress--such as that associated with an upcoming exam. Be detailed and cite sources in this weeks posting.
Explanation:
Stress response by the body is regulated by the nervous system. As the day of the exam draws by, the cerebral cortex of the student activates the hypothalamus that triggers hormones to be released that activates the systemic branch of the autonomic nervous and endocrine system (Larissa, 2018). The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily responses such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. The endocrine system contains glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream that regulate the functions of body organs. The student's pituitary gland in response to the activated hypothalamus, which would secrete a hormone which in turn triggers the release of stress hormones from the adrenal glands and it would help the student manage stress by making nutrients available to meet the demand for energy. These hormones activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic system, causing increased heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure and the suppression of digestion (America psychological association, 2019). After the exam, the student is restored to a less tressful state. The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic system would slow the student's heartbeat and breathing and digestive processes would no longer be suppressed and the student gains appetite for food (BcCampus, 2019).
Final answer:
When a student feels stressed, the nervous and endocrine systems collaborate to initiate the body's stress response, releasing hormones like cortisol and epinephrine. This results in physiological changes such as increased heart rate and alertness. Chronic stress can impact health by affecting hormone levels and weakening the immune system.
Explanation:
When a student feels stress, such as that associated with an upcoming exam, both the endocrine system and nervous system become actively involved in generating a response to manage this stress. The nervous system, through the hypothalamus, activates the adrenal glands, signaling them to release cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline), hormones that play key roles in the body's stress response. This intricate interplay leads to physiological changes such as increased heart rate, heightened alertness, and energy mobilization - all part of the body's 'fight or flight' response.
The endocrine system directly impacts emotional and physical health by regulating hormones related to stress. For instance, cortisol helps mobilize glucose to give the body a quick energy boost, while adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure. Over time, chronic stress can lead to sustained high levels of these hormones, potentially weakening the immune system and contributing to a range of health issues.
Understanding the connection between stress, the nervous system, and the endocrine system highlights the importance of stress management techniques to maintain both physical and psychological well-being. Engaging in activities like exercise, meditation, or deep-breathing exercises can help mitigate the impact of stress on the body by regulating hormone levels and supporting immune system function.
is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information.
Answer:
DNA
Explanation:
DNA is made up of deoxyribonucleotides that are bonded together by phosphodiester bonds. DNA is packed with help of packing proteins into thread-like structures called chromatin. Condensation and compaction of chromatin forms chromosomes. DNA present in cells has the ability to replicate itself.
The parental DNA strands serve as a template and the enzyme DNA polymerase forms new DNA strands. In this way, new DNA molecules are formed during cell cycle which are then distributed among the newly formed daughter cells. This process of transmission of DNA from one generation to next carries the genetic information from the parents to the progeny in all the living beings.
The part of the nervous system that allows the brain to regulate digestion, heart rate, and respiration without our conscious attention is the?
Answer: The correct answer is Autonomic Nervous System
Explanation:
The autonomic nervous system are mainly involuntary i.e not under conscious control.
Also, it connects the central nervous system with the following:
- glands that regulate digestion
- smooth muscles that regulate respiration and the breathing process.
- cardiac muscles of the heart that regulate heart rate.
This type of research is descriptive and investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. These methods produce information only on the particular cases studied, and any more general conclusions are only propositions (informed assertions).
a. quantitative
b. ethnographic
c. microgenic
d. qualitative
Answer:
The correct answer is - option D.
Explanation:
Qualitative research is research or scientific method which is involved in various subject matters and fields, of collecting observation and nonnumeric data. This is the research normally is descriptive, exploratory and other qualitative methods to answer the question.
It is an investigation that is not just addressed what and where but also to the questions like how, and why. This is the reason these are used in small samples rather than large samples and also used on species cases to get information.
Thus, the correct answer is - option D.
Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with the host's:______.a. antibodies. b. iron-transport proteins. c. white blood cells. d. red blood cells. e. receptors.
Answer:
The correct answer is iron-transport proteins
Explanation:
Siderophores are proteins produced by bacteria, and compete with the host's iron-transport proteins. They aim to bind and "hijack" the host's cell iron molecules for their own pathogenic cell processes
Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with a host's iron-transport proteins. They chelate iron and transport it back to the bacterial cell, outcompeting host cells for this essential nutrient. This falls under microbial pathogenesis and is a strategy bacteria use to cause disease.
Explanation:Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with a host's iron-transport proteins. These bacterial proteins have high affinity for iron, which they chelate and transport back to the bacterial cell. Iron is a vital nutrient for many biological processes including DNA replication and enzymatic activities. Through this mechanism, bacteria can outcompete host cells for this essential resource.
This question comes under the topic of microbial pathogenesis, where organisms such as bacteria adopt various strategies to cause disease in the host. These strategies often involve evasion or subversion of the host's immune system, acquisition of nutrients from the host, and so on. In this specific context, siderophores aren't directly interacting with antibodies, white blood cells, red blood cells, or receptors of the host. Instead, they are usurping the host's iron supply, thereby starving the host cells of this essential nutrient.
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Which of these is an ecosystem?A. lakesB. all of the fish in Lake ErieC. Lake Erie and everything living in itD. the producers found in Lake Erie
Answer: The correct answer is Lake Erie and everything living in it
Explanation:
Ecosystem simply refers to different species of organisms living together and their RELATIONSHIP with their environment.
So, the entire species of organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms etc) living together in the aquatic environment of Lake Erie defines an ecosystem.
An ecosystem is a complex system that includes all organisms and their environment, plus their interactions. Thus, the correct answer is C. 'Lake Erie and everything living in it' which includes multiple types of organisms and their environment.
Explanation:An ecosystem is a complex system of organisms, the environment they live in, and how they interact with each other and their environment. The correct answer is C. Lake Erie and everything living in it. This includes all organisms, such as fish, plants, microorganisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) factors like water, sunlight, and climate.
Options A and D do not constitute an ecosystem by themselves as they do not account for all living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. Option B only considers one type of organism, but an ecosystem consists of multiple types of organisms existing together.
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The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right and the left ventricle pumps more blood than the right. Are these two statements true or false?
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right - True
The left ventricle pumps more blood than the right - False
Explanation:
Heart has 4 number of chambers. One among these chambers is the left ventricle. Among the four cambers of the heart, the thick one is the left ventricle. It appears below the left atrium. The left ventricle is present in the bottom left part of the heart. When the contraction of heart occurs the blood from the valve called mitral enters the left atrium from the left atrium.
The left ventricle transports the oxygenated blood to the human body. The left ventricle needs along these things for pumping the blood. The right ventricle can function by itself and is more powerful than left ventricle. The right ventricle is responsible in pumping blood to the lungs on its own.
How one lives is so far distant from how one ought to live, that he who neglects what is done for what ought to be done, sooner affects his ruin than his preservation?
Answer:
To increase the preservation of an element, it should go through all the stages as it should, which could promptly take it to its ruin phase.
This must be analyzed from the theoretical point of view, it will be worthwhile for the human to go so fast through the phases of his life, shortening the chances of subsistence or we must burn all stages in due time.
Suppose that two distantly related species live in similar environments and share a distinctive characteristic that facilitates survival in their environment but is not found in their immediate ancestors. Based on this information, this distinctive feature most likely represents________.
The distinctive feature shared by the two distantly related species, that is not found in their immediate ancestors, likely represents convergent evolution. This term describes the process by which unrelated species adapt to similar environments by developing similar traits.
Explanation:Based on the information provided, the distinctive feature shared by the two distantly related species most likely represents convergent evolution. Convergent evolution is a concept in biology that refers to the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. An example is the similarity in the shape and functions of wings found in bats (mammals) and birds (avian), despite descending from different ancestors. These species have developed similar characteristics to survive in similar environments, although this feature is not found in their immediate ancestors.
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The distinctive feature shared by two distantly related species living in similar environments, which is not present in their immediate ancestors, likely represents a classic example of convergent evolution.
Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits or characteristics in response to similar environmental pressures. In this case, these two species likely faced similar environmental challenges, prompting them to develop this shared adaptation independently.
Convergent evolution demonstrates the power of natural selection in shaping and optimizing organisms for specific ecological niches. The fact that this feature is not present in their immediate ancestors suggests that it arose in response to the specific challenges of their shared environment rather than being inherited from a common ancestor. This phenomenon highlights the remarkable ability of life to adapt to its surroundings, leading to the emergence of analogous traits in unrelated species as they independently evolve solutions to comparable ecological problems.
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What would be the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?
Answer:
A gene mutation can be described as errors in the nucleotide sequence of a gene due to errors in the DNA replication process or due to any mutagen. On the other hand, a chromosomal mutation can be described as a change in the structure of a DNA or changes in the number of chromosomes.
A gene mutation occurs in a single gene whereas a chromosomal mutation will affect many genes. Hence, gene mutations will be comparatively less lethal than chromosomal mutations.
Example of gene mutation: Sickle cell anemia
Example of chromosomal mutation: Down's Syndrome
What is the term for the procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?
Answer:
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Explanation:
In vitro fertilization is conducted when infertility is perceived in sexual partners trying to have a baby. It is the process whereby matured ova/eggs are removed from the female's reproductive system and is fertilized externally in a laboratory (usually in a glassware) using a male's sperm cell. It can be thought of as a procedure where the normal fertilization process that occurs in a female's reproductive tract (fallopian tube) is carried out outside the body, specifically in a laboratory.
In order for this procedure to be employed, the male and female must be able to produce their respective gametes. The female's ovary is usually stimulated by fertility drugs in order to yield numerous eggs, which are then extracted from her ovary and fertilized by a sperm externally (in a laboratory). The resulting fertilized egg called embryo is placed back into the female's womb to carry it as a normal pregnancy.
Vaccines against many diseases have been successfully produced in plants. Vaccine against rotavirus which causes diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and death in hundreds of thousands of infants annually worldwide have been produced using which plant?
Answer: Potato
Definition of terminologies:
1. Rotavirus is a genus of virus having double strand RNA. Rotaviruses caused the most common diarrhoeal disease among infants especially five years and below.
2. Genome refers to complete genetic information of an organism.
Explanation:
Research had shown that members of the rotavirus (e.g VP7) remain their neutralizing immunity when incorporated into the transgenic plant (potato genome). Multiplication of the virus is withhold by stabling the transcription process.
Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter?
Answer:
The correct answer is serotonin.
Explanation:
SIDS or sudden infant death syndrome refers to an inexplicable death, generally at the time of sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby of less than a 1-year-old. SIDS is also called crib death as the infants usually die in their cribs.
In children who are diagnosed with SIDS, usually possess lesser concentrations of serotonin that assist in monitoring heart rates, breathing, and sleeping. Serotonin refers to a compound, which is found in blood platelets that constricts the blood vessels. At the same time, it also functions as a neurotransmitter. It is a chemical found in the brain, which transmits messages to other cells.
What happens during crossing over
A) spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres
B) homologous chromosomes trade pieces of dna
C) sister chromatids form tetrads and line up randomly
D) tetrads separate and produce two haploid daughter cells
Answer:B) homologous chromosomes trade pieces of dna
Explanation:
Crossing over occurs between two homologous chromosome of sisters chromatid. Crossing over leads to exchange of genetic material between the two sister chromatids leading to recombination.
Answer:
a is your an
Explanation:
Gabe's wife wakes him from his peaceful slumber to tell him she heard a noise. As he slowly gets up to investigate, his heart begins to race, his mouth is dry, and he begins to sweat. Clearly his _____ nervous system has been activated.
Answer: Clearly his SYMPATHETIC nervous system has been activated.
Explanation:
The effects of the sympathetic nervous system dominate in times of EMERGENCY or STRESS. And its effects include:
- dilation of pupils to help Gabe see sharply as he investigate
- inhibition of saliva secretion as his mouth turns dry
- acceleration of heartbeat due to fear
- stimulation of sweat glands to produce sweat.
All these show clearly that Gabe's SYMPATHETIC nervous system has been activated.
Answer:
sympathetic nervous system has been activated
The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, are at about the same latitude, but Minneapolis has much hotter summers and much colder winters than Portland. Why?A) They are not at the same exact latitude. B) The ocean near Portland moderates the temperature. C) Fresh water is more likely to freeze than salt water. D) Minneapolis is much windier, due to its location in the middle of North America
Answer:
The ocean near Portland moderates the temperature.
Explanation:
The environment of any particular area is determined by the physical conditions like temperature, pressure, the location of water bodies and vegetation near the area.
Minneapolis shows the extreme climate conditions with hot summer and extreme winters because Minneapolis is located quite far away from the ocean whereas the area that are located near the oceans and beaches have moderate climate like Portland.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, have different climates despite being at the same latitude due to the moderating effect of the Pacific Ocean near Portland. The ocean causes Portland to have milder temperatures both in summer and winter compared to Minneapolis which is situated further inland. option B is the correct answer .
Explanation:The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, despite being approximately at the same latitude, experience different season temperatures. The main factor contributing to this difference is the presence of the ocean near Portland. Large bodies of water like the Pacific Ocean have a moderating effect on the climate of nearby land. This is because water has a higher specific heat capacity than land, meaning it heats and cools more slowly. As a result, coastal areas near oceans tend to have milder, more moderated temperatures throughout the year when compared to inland areas. Hence, Portland summers are cooler, and winters are warmer than Minneapolis, which is situated further inland.
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What enzymes are produced by the pancreas and what are their functions
Answer:
Protease is the enzyme that breaks down proteins
Explanation:
The tiny blue-eyed Mary flower is often one of the first flowers seen in the spring in some regions of the United States. The flower is normally blue, but sometimes a white or pink flower variation is found.
The following data were obtained after several crosses.
Parents F1 F2
Blue × white Blue 196 blue, 63 white
Blue × pink Blue 149 blue, 52 pink
Pink × white Blue 226 blue, 98 white, 77 pink
(A) The appearance of blue in the F1 generation of the pink and white cross demonstrates that flower color is not an inherited trait but is determined by the environment.
(B) Flower color depends on stages of flower development, and young flowers are white, advancing to pink and then blue.
(C) Since the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the pink and white cross do not fit the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios, blue-eyed. Mary must reproduce by vegetative propagation.
(D) Flower color is an inherited trait, and the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the flowers arising from the pink and white cross can best be explained by another gene product that influences the
phenotypic expression.
Answer:
Flower color is an inherited trait, and the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the flowers arising from the pink and white cross can best be explained by another gene product that influences the phenotypic expression.
Explanation:
The crossing between the two generations of phenotypes creates a cross between the two colors of traits indefinitely.
Flower color is an inherited trait, and the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the flowers arising from the pink and white cross can best be explained by another gene product that influences the phenotypic expression.
What are phenotypes?The phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes.
Phenotype refers to an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.
Phenotypic variation in humans is a direct consequence of genetic variation, which acts in conjunction with environmental and behavioral factors to produce phenotypic diversity.
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A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds.Which of the following procedures was most likely followed to determine the change in beak size?1. A few finches were trapped in 1981 and again in 1987, and their beak sizes were compared.2. The beak size in fifteen finches was measured in 1987, and the beak size in the original finches was determined by estimation.3. The beak size in a large number of finches was measured every year from 1981 to 1987.4. Finches were captured and bred in 1981, and the beak size of the offspring was measured.
Answer: 4. The beak size in a large number of finches was measured every year from 1981 to 1987
Explanation:
The answer in a way, is in the first sentence of the question. The researcher spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change. This would require a lot of long term examination of a large sample of finches, across many many generations. Evolutionary change takes time and successive generations for natural selection to select for the favoured character trait. Seeing as the researcher was studying not just the occurrence of evolutionary change but it's rate, it is imperative that the a lot of observation and data collection be carried out along a long period of time. This type of study is called a longitudinal study.
To determine the evolution of beak size in finches during a six-year drought, the biologist likely measured beak sizes in a large number of finches every year from 1981 to 1987, providing direct evidence of natural selection and evolutionary change.
Explanation:The procedure most likely followed to determine the change in beak size of finches during an intense drought from 1981 to 1987 is procedure 3: The beak size in a large number of finches was measured every year from 1981 to 1987.
This would provide the most accurate, long-term data about changes in beak size. This constant monitoring of beak size in a substantial population of finches over the course of the years would give the most reliable evidence of any changes in beak size that took place during the drought.
By following evolutionary change over a considerable span of time, the biologist would be able to observe the natural selection in progress as finches with larger beaks, better equipped to deal with the scarcity of thin-walled seeds, would have had a survival advantage and passed their traits onto their offspring.
This is an example of how changes in the environment can lead to an evolutionary response in a population.
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A lipopolysaccharide molecule that is released from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria cell walls and causes the symptoms of the bacterial infection is called ________.
Answer:
It is called an Endotoxin
Explanation:
Lipopolysaccharide are large molecules found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and it of lipids and polysaccharide. Apart from forming part of the structure of the bacteria, it protects the bacteria from chemical attacks.
Unlike exotoxins are substances such as proteins, that are secreted by the bacteria and are released outside hence causing an infection.
Endotoxins are substances that are part of the cell example is the lipopolysaccharide.dotoxins E /
Final answer:
The lipopolysaccharide molecule released from gram-negative bacteria that causes infection symptoms is called endotoxin. It includes a toxic component known as lipid A, which can lead to inflammatory responses and, if in high concentrations, endotoxic shock.
Explanation:
A lipopolysaccharide molecule that is released from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria cell walls and causes the symptoms of the bacterial infection is called endotoxin. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS), specifically the lipid A component, is the toxic part of the molecule. During both normal replication and cell death, fragments of LPS are released, which can trigger a host's immune response. If the concentration of endotoxin is low, it may benefit the host by providing defense against infection. However, high levels of endotoxin can lead to excessive inflammation, potentially resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure, multi-organ failure, and even death, a condition known as endotoxic shock.
Dietary glucose is transported into a cell against its concentration gradient with the aid of membrane proteins called Na /glucose _____.
Answer:
Na+/glucose symporters.
Explanation:
Na+/glucose symporters helps in transporting the glucose across the membrane. It is a transmembrane protein and glucose transport is an example of secondary active transport Na ions is required to drive the transport of glucose.
As it is a symporter so this protein transport sodium and glucose in the same direction. ATP energy is used to transport the glucose against the concentration gradient. Na+/glucose symporters are present on epithelial cell with binds to both Na and glucose and transport them simultaneously in the epithelial cell. So the right answer is Na+/glucose symporters.
The missing phrase is 'co-transporters'. Na/glucose co-transporters assist in the transport of glucose into a cell against its concentration gradient through secondary active transport mechanism.
Explanation:The missing word in the statement is co-transporters. Dietary glucose is transported into a cell against its concentration gradient with the aid of membrane proteins called Na/glucose co-transporters. This is a mechanism in which the glucose molecules are able to move into cells from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which ordinarily would require energy. However, this process is coupled with the transport of sodium ions down their concentration gradient, providing the necessary energy for the glucose transport. This process is an example of secondary active transport.
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Two populations of a species of squirrel are geographically isolated from each other. Although they have the same population density, one population is significantly larger in number than the other. A new bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time.
Which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two populations?
(A) The two populations will be equally affected, because the ability to trigger an immune response is randomly distributed among all squirrels of that species.
(B) The larger population will be less affected by the disease than will the smaller population, because the mutation rate of the larger population is higher than the mutation rate of the smaller population.
(C) The smaller population will be more affected than will the larger population, because the smaller population has less genetic variation than the larger population has.
(D) The smaller population will be less affected than will the larger population, because the smaller population exhibits more genetic drift than the larger population exhibits.
Answer:
C) The smaller population will be more affected than will the larger population, because the smaller population has less genetic variation than the larger population has.
Explanation:
Genetic variations are present in the natural populations. Some of the genetic traits become adaptive under the changed environmental conditions and allow the individuals carrying them to survive and reproduce. In this way, the genetic variations help to maintain a population.
Therefore, a larger population of a squirrel species with more genetic variations will have less intense impacts of a disturbance/natural calamity and/disease. On the other hand, a smaller population of the same species with a lesser number of squirrels has fewer genetic variations. This population is more likely to be affected in a negative way by a disturbance such as pathogen.
The best prediction is that the smaller population of squirrels will be more affected by the disease due to less genetic variation and greater susceptibility to genetic drift, potentially resulting in a greater loss of alleles and individuals with disease resistance.
Explanation:The question asks how a new bacterial disease will affect two geographically isolated populations of squirrels, one larger and one smaller, but with the same population density. Genetic diversity is a key factor in determining a population's ability to cope with diseases. Since smaller populations tend to have less genetic variation, they are more susceptible to disease. In contrast, larger populations usually maintain a wider array of alleles, providing them with greater resilience to evolving pathogens.
Therefore, the more likely scenario is that the smaller population will be more affected by the disease due to less genetic variation, meaning they have fewer chances for individuals to possess or develop resistance to the disease. This is underlined by the concept of genetic drift, which has a greater impact on smaller populations. If a few individuals with beneficial mutations or immune to the disease exist, in a small population, their loss or failure to breed can have a dramatic impact on the population's overall genetic structure and survival.
Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?
a. diphtheria
b. measles
c. tuberculosis
d. botulism
e. the common cold
Answer: d) botulism
Explanation:
Droplet transmission occurs when bacteria or viruses travel on relatively large respiratory droplets that people sneeze, cough, drip, or exhale.
Many common infections can spread by droplet transmission in at least some cases, including: Common cold, Diphtheria, Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum), Influenza, Meningitis, Mycoplasma, Mumps, Pertussis (whooping cough), Plague, Rubella, Strep (strep throat, scarlet fever, pneumonia), Tuberculosis, measles.
Frequent hand cleansing, especially with instant hand sanitizers, can help prevent droplet transmission.
The ability of one or more organisms in a population to tolerate a chemical such as a pesticide or antibiotic designed to kill it and to reproduce more rapidly than the members of the population that do not have such genetic traits is called?
Answer:
The correct answer is- Resistance
Explanation:
The ability of any organism in a population to tolerate a chemical like insecticide, pesticide or antibiotic which is designed to kill it or slow its reproduction is called resistance.
For example, the antibiotic resistance is seen in some bacteria like MRSA(Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus). They gain this resistance because they have some variant traits in their genome which provide them resistance against these chemicals.
These individual are selected through natural selection when the environmental condition changes and become adverse. So the correct answer is resistance.
A little girl was playing in the snow one day and found that she was wiping her nose quite often. The "runny nose" that she was experiencing due to the cold temperatures resulted from:_______.
a. the slowed activity of nasal cilia.
b. an insufficient production of mucus.
c. an inadequate supply of blood to the nasal epithelium.
d. a build up of tears in the nasal septum.
Answer:
Answer is A, the slowed activity of the nasal cilia.
Explanation:
The nasal cilia are hair-like structure or projection. which are found in the mucus membrane. The germ , dust or particles that could cause irritation to the lung, are captured by the mucus. This mucus are moved away from the lung by the nasal cilia, either through the nose or swallow.
They can also be found at the air passage , moving mucus out of the lung.
In the case of the little girl, the girl experienced a running nose due to the slow activity of the nasal cilia, this is because of the col temperature.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Inside the nose contains special lining of mucosa that produces mucus. The mucosa lining also includes cilia, or tiny hair-like structures. As air passes through the nose, the nasal cilia are always in motion to trap harmful particles in the form of mucus. They are trapped in the nose as mucus.
In cold temperatures, the pace of the nasal cilia is slowed down. As the cell trapped mucus increases, the mucus stays in the nose and then drips or dribbles out of the nose causing running nose.
When the human virus HIV first appeared, the mortality rate was close to 100%. However, recent information shows some individuals are unaffected by the virus. Why is this not surprising?
A) Individuals started to use protective measures more frequently.
B) The virus mutated through natural selection.
C) Humans are genetically diverse, and some are immune to the virus.
D) New pharmaceutical medicines were produced that were more effective.
Answer:
The correct answer is C) Humans are genetically diverse, and some are immune to the virus.
Explanation:
Human Immuno virus is the virus that is responsible for causing a deadly disease called AIDS in humans. When this virus has first appeared the mortality rate was close to 100% but now it is found that some people are not affected by this virus because they have some variation in their genome which does not allow the HIV to infect immune cells.
Some humans have mutated CCR5 gene and CCR5 gene plays an important role in HIV entry in the immune cell. These individuals with mutated CCR5 gene do not allow the entry of the HIV in the immune cell and protect these people from HIV infection. So some humans are immune to the HIV therefore the right answer is C.
Some individuals are unaffected by the HIV due to genetic diversity and natural immunity.
Explanation:The reason it is not surprising that some individuals are unaffected by the HIV is that humans are genetically diverse, and some have natural immunity to the virus. This genetic diversity means that different individuals may have different variations in their DNA, some of which may confer resistance to the virus.
While protective measures, such as safe sex practices and the use of antiretroviral medications, have helped reduce the transmission and impact of HIV, the primary reason for some individuals being unaffected is their natural genetic immunity.
Learn more about HIV immunity here:
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